diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/logical/UnnestOperator.java b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/logical/UnnestOperator.java
index 7efee75..b9ac62f 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/logical/UnnestOperator.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/logical/UnnestOperator.java
@@ -23,12 +23,22 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.base.LogicalOperatorTag;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.base.LogicalVariable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.expressions.IVariableTypeEnvironment;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.properties.VariablePropagationPolicy;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.typing.ITypingContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.visitors.ILogicalOperatorVisitor;
 
 public class UnnestOperator extends AbstractUnnestOperator {
 
     private LogicalVariable positionalVariable;
+
+    /**
+     * Used to set the position offset for positional variable
+     */
+    private ILogicalExpression positionOffsetExpr;
+
+    /**
+     * Specify the type of the positional variable
+     */
     private Object positionalVariableType;
 
     public UnnestOperator(LogicalVariable variable, Mutable<ILogicalExpression> expression) {
@@ -67,6 +77,14 @@
         return positionalVariableType;
     }
 
+    public void setPositionOffsetExpr(ILogicalExpression posOffsetExpr) {
+        this.positionOffsetExpr = posOffsetExpr;
+    }
+
+    public ILogicalExpression getPositionOffsetExpr() {
+        return this.positionOffsetExpr;
+    }
+
     @Override
     public <R, T> R accept(ILogicalOperatorVisitor<R, T> visitor, T arg) throws AlgebricksException {
         return visitor.visitUnnestOperator(this, arg);
@@ -88,4 +106,24 @@
         }
         return env;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public VariablePropagationPolicy getVariablePropagationPolicy() {
+        return new VariablePropagationPolicy() {
+
+            @Override
+            public void propagateVariables(IOperatorSchema target, IOperatorSchema... sources)
+                    throws AlgebricksException {
+                if (sources.length > 0) {
+                    target.addAllVariables(sources[0]);
+                }
+                for (LogicalVariable v : variables) {
+                    target.addVariable(v);
+                }
+                if (positionalVariable != null) {
+                    target.addVariable(positionalVariable);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/logical/visitors/FDsAndEquivClassesVisitor.java b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/logical/visitors/FDsAndEquivClassesVisitor.java
index cebddee..3a2617f 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/logical/visitors/FDsAndEquivClassesVisitor.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/logical/visitors/FDsAndEquivClassesVisitor.java
@@ -404,7 +404,8 @@
     @Override
     public Void visitRunningAggregateOperator(RunningAggregateOperator op, IOptimizationContext ctx)
             throws AlgebricksException {
-        propagateFDsAndEquivClasses(op, ctx);
+        ctx.putEquivalenceClassMap(op, new HashMap<LogicalVariable, EquivalenceClass>());
+        ctx.putFDList(op, new ArrayList<FunctionalDependency>());
         return null;
     }
 
@@ -646,4 +647,4 @@
         return null;
     }
 
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/HashPartitionMergeExchangePOperator.java b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/HashPartitionMergeExchangePOperator.java
index 9955a63..3f1aae2 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/HashPartitionMergeExchangePOperator.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/HashPartitionMergeExchangePOperator.java
@@ -44,9 +44,11 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.jobgen.impl.JobGenContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.data.IBinaryComparatorFactoryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.data.IBinaryHashFunctionFactoryProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.data.INormalizedKeyComputerFactoryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.IConnectorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryHashFunctionFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITuplePartitionComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.job.IConnectorDescriptorRegistry;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.partition.FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory;
@@ -142,27 +144,32 @@
         int n = orderColumns.size();
         int[] sortFields = new int[n];
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[n];
-        {
-            int j = 0;
-            for (OrderColumn oc : orderColumns) {
-                LogicalVariable var = oc.getColumn();
-                sortFields[j] = opSchema.findVariable(var);
-                Object type = env.getVarType(var);
-                IBinaryComparatorFactoryProvider bcfp = context.getBinaryComparatorFactoryProvider();
-                comparatorFactories[j] = bcfp.getBinaryComparatorFactory(type, oc.getOrder() == OrderKind.ASC);
-                j++;
+
+        INormalizedKeyComputerFactoryProvider nkcfProvider = context.getNormalizedKeyComputerFactoryProvider();
+        INormalizedKeyComputerFactory nkcf = null;
+
+        int j = 0;
+        for (OrderColumn oc : orderColumns) {
+            LogicalVariable var = oc.getColumn();
+            sortFields[j] = opSchema.findVariable(var);
+            Object type = env.getVarType(var);
+            IBinaryComparatorFactoryProvider bcfp = context.getBinaryComparatorFactoryProvider();
+            comparatorFactories[j] = bcfp.getBinaryComparatorFactory(type, oc.getOrder() == OrderKind.ASC);
+            if (j == 0 && nkcfProvider != null && type != null) {
+                nkcf = nkcfProvider.getNormalizedKeyComputerFactory(type, oc.getOrder() == OrderKind.ASC);
             }
+            j++;
         }
 
         IConnectorDescriptor conn = new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, tpcf, sortFields,
-                comparatorFactories);
+                comparatorFactories, nkcf);
         return new Pair<IConnectorDescriptor, TargetConstraint>(conn, null);
     }
-    
+
     public List<LogicalVariable> getPartitionFields() {
         return partitionFields;
     }
-    
+
     public List<OrderColumn> getOrderColumns() {
         return orderColumns;
     }
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/PreclusteredGroupByPOperator.java b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/PreclusteredGroupByPOperator.java
index 51b009f..bcd998d 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/PreclusteredGroupByPOperator.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/PreclusteredGroupByPOperator.java
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.base.ILogicalExpression;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.base.ILogicalOperator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.base.LogicalExpressionTag;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.base.LogicalOperatorTag;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.base.LogicalVariable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.base.PhysicalOperatorTag;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.expressions.VariableReferenceExpression;
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.jobgen.impl.JobGenHelper;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.base.AlgebricksPipeline;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.operators.aggreg.NestedPlansAccumulatingAggregatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.operators.aggreg.NestedPlansRunningAggregatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.job.IOperatorDescriptorRegistry;
@@ -76,13 +78,19 @@
         }
         // compile subplans and set the gby op. schema accordingly
         AlgebricksPipeline[] subplans = compileSubplans(inputSchemas[0], gby, opSchema, context);
-        IAggregatorDescriptorFactory aggregatorFactory = new NestedPlansAccumulatingAggregatorFactory(subplans, keys,
-                fdColumns);
+        IAggregatorDescriptorFactory aggregatorFactory;
+
+        if (((AbstractLogicalOperator) (gby.getNestedPlans().get(0).getRoots().get(0).getValue())).getOperatorTag() == LogicalOperatorTag.RUNNINGAGGREGATE) {
+            aggregatorFactory = new NestedPlansRunningAggregatorFactory(subplans, keys, fdColumns);
+        } else {
+            aggregatorFactory = new NestedPlansAccumulatingAggregatorFactory(subplans, keys, fdColumns);
+        }
 
         IOperatorDescriptorRegistry spec = builder.getJobSpec();
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = JobGenHelper.variablesToAscBinaryComparatorFactories(
                 columnList, context.getTypeEnvironment(op), context);
-        RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor = JobGenHelper.mkRecordDescriptor(context.getTypeEnvironment(op), opSchema, context);
+        RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor = JobGenHelper.mkRecordDescriptor(context.getTypeEnvironment(op), opSchema,
+                context);
 
         PreclusteredGroupOperatorDescriptor opDesc = new PreclusteredGroupOperatorDescriptor(spec, keys,
                 comparatorFactories, aggregatorFactory, recordDescriptor);
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/RunningAggregatePOperator.java b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/RunningAggregatePOperator.java
index 21def02..c5326ce 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/RunningAggregatePOperator.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/RunningAggregatePOperator.java
@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.operators.logical.AbstractLogicalOperator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.operators.logical.IOperatorSchema;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.operators.logical.RunningAggregateOperator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.properties.IPartitioningProperty;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.properties.IPartitioningRequirementsCoordinator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.properties.IPhysicalPropertiesVector;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.properties.PhysicalRequirements;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.properties.StructuralPropertiesVector;
@@ -62,22 +60,8 @@
     @Override
     public PhysicalRequirements getRequiredPropertiesForChildren(ILogicalOperator op,
             IPhysicalPropertiesVector reqdByParent) {
-        IPartitioningProperty pp = null;
-        RunningAggregateOperator ragg = (RunningAggregateOperator) op;
-        for (Mutable<ILogicalExpression> exprRef : ragg.getExpressions()) {
-            StatefulFunctionCallExpression f = (StatefulFunctionCallExpression) exprRef.getValue();
-            IPartitioningProperty p = f.getRequiredPartitioningProperty();
-            if (p != null) {
-                if (pp == null) {
-                    pp = p;
-                } else {
-                    throw new IllegalStateException("Two stateful functions want to set partitioning requirements: "
-                            + pp + " and " + p);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        StructuralPropertiesVector[] r = new StructuralPropertiesVector[] { new StructuralPropertiesVector(pp, null) };
-        return new PhysicalRequirements(r, IPartitioningRequirementsCoordinator.NO_COORDINATION);
+
+        return emptyUnaryRequirements();
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/SortMergeExchangePOperator.java b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/SortMergeExchangePOperator.java
index dc345ac..b03b99d 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/SortMergeExchangePOperator.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/SortMergeExchangePOperator.java
@@ -39,9 +39,11 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.jobgen.impl.JobGenContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.data.IBinaryComparatorFactoryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.data.IBinaryHashFunctionFactoryProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.data.INormalizedKeyComputerFactoryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.IConnectorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryHashFunctionFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITuplePartitionComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.job.IConnectorDescriptorRegistry;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.partition.FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory;
@@ -128,6 +130,10 @@
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comps = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[n];
         IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] hashFuns = new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[n];
         IVariableTypeEnvironment env = context.getTypeEnvironment(op);
+
+        INormalizedKeyComputerFactoryProvider nkcfProvider = context.getNormalizedKeyComputerFactoryProvider();
+        INormalizedKeyComputerFactory nkcf = null;
+
         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
             sortFields[i] = opSchema.findVariable(sortColumns[i].getColumn());
             Object type = env.getVarType(sortColumns[i].getColumn());
@@ -135,9 +141,12 @@
             comps[i] = bcfp.getBinaryComparatorFactory(type, sortColumns[i].getOrder() == OrderKind.ASC);
             IBinaryHashFunctionFactoryProvider bhffp = context.getBinaryHashFunctionFactoryProvider();
             hashFuns[i] = bhffp.getBinaryHashFunctionFactory(type);
+            if (i == 0 && nkcfProvider != null && type != null) {
+                nkcf = nkcfProvider.getNormalizedKeyComputerFactory(type, sortColumns[i].getOrder() == OrderKind.ASC);
+            }
         }
         ITuplePartitionComputerFactory tpcf = new FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory(sortFields, hashFuns);
-        IConnectorDescriptor conn = new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, tpcf, sortFields, comps);
+        IConnectorDescriptor conn = new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, tpcf, sortFields, comps, nkcf);
         return new Pair<IConnectorDescriptor, TargetConstraint>(conn, TargetConstraint.ONE);
     }
 
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/UnnestPOperator.java b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/UnnestPOperator.java
index bf45e18..bf2f68a 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/UnnestPOperator.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/core/algebra/operators/physical/UnnestPOperator.java
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.operators.logical.UnnestOperator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.jobgen.impl.JobGenContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.jobgen.impl.JobGenHelper;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.base.IScalarEvaluatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.base.IUnnestingEvaluatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.operators.std.UnnestRuntimeFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
@@ -57,10 +58,7 @@
             IOperatorSchema opSchema, IOperatorSchema[] inputSchemas, IOperatorSchema outerPlanSchema)
             throws AlgebricksException {
         UnnestOperator unnest = (UnnestOperator) op;
-        if (unnest.getPositionalVariable() != null) {
-            throw new AlgebricksException("Cannot generate runtime for unnest with positional variable "
-                    + unnest.getPositionalVariable());
-        }
+
         int outCol = opSchema.findVariable(unnest.getVariable());
         ILogicalExpression unnestExpr = unnest.getExpressionRef().getValue();
         IExpressionRuntimeProvider expressionRuntimeProvider = context.getExpressionRuntimeProvider();
@@ -79,8 +77,18 @@
         UnnestingFunctionCallExpression agg = (UnnestingFunctionCallExpression) unnestExpr;
         IUnnestingEvaluatorFactory unnestingFactory = expressionRuntimeProvider.createUnnestingFunctionFactory(agg,
                 context.getTypeEnvironment(op.getInputs().get(0).getValue()), inputSchemas, context);
+
+        // for position offset
+        ILogicalExpression posOffsetExpr = unnest.getPositionOffsetExpr();
+        IScalarEvaluatorFactory posOffsetExprEvalFactory = null;
+        if (posOffsetExpr != null) {
+            posOffsetExprEvalFactory = expressionRuntimeProvider.createEvaluatorFactory(posOffsetExpr,
+                    context.getTypeEnvironment(op.getInputs().get(0).getValue()), inputSchemas, context);
+        }
+
         int[] projectionList = JobGenHelper.projectAllVariables(opSchema);
-        UnnestRuntimeFactory unnestRuntime = new UnnestRuntimeFactory(outCol, unnestingFactory, projectionList);
+        UnnestRuntimeFactory unnestRuntime = new UnnestRuntimeFactory(outCol, unnestingFactory, projectionList,
+                unnest.getPositionalVariable() != null, posOffsetExprEvalFactory);
         RecordDescriptor recDesc = JobGenHelper.mkRecordDescriptor(context.getTypeEnvironment(op), opSchema, context);
         builder.contributeMicroOperator(unnest, unnestRuntime, recDesc);
         ILogicalOperator src = unnest.getInputs().get(0).getValue();
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-rewriter/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/rewriter/rules/IntroHashPartitionMergeExchange.java b/algebricks/algebricks-rewriter/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/rewriter/rules/IntroHashPartitionMergeExchange.java
index af11b70..82e6970 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-rewriter/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/rewriter/rules/IntroHashPartitionMergeExchange.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-rewriter/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/rewriter/rules/IntroHashPartitionMergeExchange.java
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.operators.physical.HashPartitionMergeExchangePOperator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.operators.physical.SortMergeExchangePOperator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.properties.OrderColumn;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.algebra.util.OperatorPropertiesUtil;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.core.rewriter.base.IAlgebraicRewriteRule;
 
 public class IntroHashPartitionMergeExchange implements IAlgebraicRewriteRule {
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@
                 hpe.getDomain());
         op1.setPhysicalOperator(hpme);
         op1.getInputs().get(0).setValue(op2.getInputs().get(0).getValue());
+        op1.computeDeliveredPhysicalProperties(context);
         return true;
     }
 
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/NestedPlansAccumulatingAggregatorFactory.java b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/NestedPlansAccumulatingAggregatorFactory.java
index 8f2eaac..09354a5 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/NestedPlansAccumulatingAggregatorFactory.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/NestedPlansAccumulatingAggregatorFactory.java
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.FrameTupleAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.AbstractAccumulatingAggregatorDescriptorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.AggregateState;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptorFactory;
 
-public class NestedPlansAccumulatingAggregatorFactory implements IAggregatorDescriptorFactory {
+public class NestedPlansAccumulatingAggregatorFactory extends AbstractAccumulatingAggregatorDescriptorFactory {
 
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
     private AlgebricksPipeline[] subplans;
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            public void outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+            public boolean outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
                     AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
                 for (int i = 0; i < pipelines.length; i++) {
                     outputWriter.setInputIdx(i);
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@
                     offset = fieldEnds[i] - start;
                     tupleBuilder.addField(data, start, offset);
                 }
+                return true;
             }
 
             @Override
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            public void outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+            public boolean outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
                     AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
                 throw new IllegalStateException("this method should not be called");
             }
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/NestedPlansRunningAggregatorFactory.java b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/NestedPlansRunningAggregatorFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc9c805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/NestedPlansRunningAggregatorFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.operators.aggreg;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.common.exceptions.AlgebricksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.base.AlgebricksPipeline;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.base.IPushRuntime;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.base.IPushRuntimeFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.operators.std.NestedTupleSourceRuntimeFactory.NestedTupleSourceRuntime;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameTupleAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.FrameTupleAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.FrameTupleAppender;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.util.FrameUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.AggregateState;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptorFactory;
+
+public class NestedPlansRunningAggregatorFactory implements IAggregatorDescriptorFactory {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    private AlgebricksPipeline[] subplans;
+    private int[] keyFieldIdx;
+    private int[] decorFieldIdx;
+
+    public NestedPlansRunningAggregatorFactory(AlgebricksPipeline[] subplans, int[] keyFieldIdx, int[] decorFieldIdx) {
+        this.subplans = subplans;
+        this.keyFieldIdx = keyFieldIdx;
+        this.decorFieldIdx = decorFieldIdx;
+    }
+
+    /* (non-Javadoc)
+     * @see edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptorFactory#createAggregator(edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext, edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor, edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor, int[], int[])
+     */
+    @Override
+    public IAggregatorDescriptor createAggregator(final IHyracksTaskContext ctx, RecordDescriptor inRecordDescriptor,
+            RecordDescriptor outRecordDescriptor, int[] keyFields, int[] keyFieldsInPartialResults,
+            final IFrameWriter writer) throws HyracksDataException {
+        final RunningAggregatorOutput outputWriter = new RunningAggregatorOutput(ctx, subplans, keyFieldIdx.length,
+                decorFieldIdx.length, writer);
+        final NestedTupleSourceRuntime[] pipelines = new NestedTupleSourceRuntime[subplans.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < subplans.length; i++) {
+            try {
+                pipelines[i] = (NestedTupleSourceRuntime) assemblePipeline(subplans[i], outputWriter, ctx);
+            } catch (AlgebricksException e) {
+                throw new HyracksDataException(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        final ArrayTupleBuilder gbyTb = outputWriter.getGroupByTupleBuilder();
+
+        final ByteBuffer outputFrame = ctx.allocateFrame();
+        final FrameTupleAppender outputAppender = new FrameTupleAppender(ctx.getFrameSize());
+        outputAppender.reset(outputFrame, true);
+
+        return new IAggregatorDescriptor() {
+
+            @Override
+            public void init(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+                    AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < pipelines.length; ++i) {
+                    pipelines[i].open();
+                }
+
+                gbyTb.reset();
+                for (int i = 0; i < keyFieldIdx.length; ++i) {
+                    gbyTb.addField(accessor, tIndex, keyFieldIdx[i]);
+                }
+                for (int i = 0; i < decorFieldIdx.length; ++i) {
+                    gbyTb.addField(accessor, tIndex, decorFieldIdx[i]);
+                }
+
+                // aggregate the first tuple
+                for (int i = 0; i < pipelines.length; i++) {
+                    outputWriter.setInputIdx(i);
+                    pipelines[i].writeTuple(accessor.getBuffer(), tIndex);
+                    pipelines[i].forceFlush();
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void aggregate(IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex, IFrameTupleAccessor stateAccessor,
+                    int stateTupleIndex, AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
+                for (int i = 0; i < pipelines.length; i++) {
+                    outputWriter.setInputIdx(i);
+                    pipelines[i].writeTuple(accessor.getBuffer(), tIndex);
+                    pipelines[i].forceFlush();
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+                    AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public AggregateState createAggregateStates() {
+                return new AggregateState();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void reset() {
+
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor,
+                    int tIndex, AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("this method should not be called");
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void close() {
+
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private IFrameWriter assemblePipeline(AlgebricksPipeline subplan, IFrameWriter writer, IHyracksTaskContext ctx)
+            throws AlgebricksException, HyracksDataException {
+        // plug the operators
+        IFrameWriter start = writer;
+        IPushRuntimeFactory[] runtimeFactories = subplan.getRuntimeFactories();
+        RecordDescriptor[] recordDescriptors = subplan.getRecordDescriptors();
+        for (int i = runtimeFactories.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            IPushRuntime newRuntime = runtimeFactories[i].createPushRuntime(ctx);
+            newRuntime.setFrameWriter(0, start, recordDescriptors[i]);
+            if (i > 0) {
+                newRuntime.setInputRecordDescriptor(0, recordDescriptors[i - 1]);
+            } else {
+                // the nts has the same input and output rec. desc.
+                newRuntime.setInputRecordDescriptor(0, recordDescriptors[0]);
+            }
+            start = newRuntime;
+        }
+        return start;
+    }
+
+    private static class RunningAggregatorOutput implements IFrameWriter {
+
+        private FrameTupleAccessor[] tAccess;
+        private RecordDescriptor[] inputRecDesc;
+        private int inputIdx;
+        private ArrayTupleBuilder tb;
+        private ArrayTupleBuilder gbyTb;
+        private AlgebricksPipeline[] subplans;
+        private IFrameWriter outputWriter;
+        private ByteBuffer outputFrame;
+        private FrameTupleAppender outputAppender;
+
+        public RunningAggregatorOutput(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, AlgebricksPipeline[] subplans, int numKeys,
+                int numDecors, IFrameWriter outputWriter) throws HyracksDataException {
+            this.subplans = subplans;
+            this.outputWriter = outputWriter;
+
+            // this.keyFieldIndexes = keyFieldIndexes;
+            int totalAggFields = 0;
+            this.inputRecDesc = new RecordDescriptor[subplans.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < subplans.length; i++) {
+                RecordDescriptor[] rd = subplans[i].getRecordDescriptors();
+                this.inputRecDesc[i] = rd[rd.length - 1];
+                totalAggFields += subplans[i].getOutputWidth();
+            }
+            tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(numKeys + numDecors + totalAggFields);
+            gbyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(numKeys + numDecors);
+
+            this.tAccess = new FrameTupleAccessor[inputRecDesc.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < inputRecDesc.length; i++) {
+                tAccess[i] = new FrameTupleAccessor(ctx.getFrameSize(), inputRecDesc[i]);
+            }
+
+            this.outputFrame = ctx.allocateFrame();
+            this.outputAppender = new FrameTupleAppender(ctx.getFrameSize());
+            this.outputAppender.reset(outputFrame, true);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void open() throws HyracksDataException {
+
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void nextFrame(ByteBuffer buffer) throws HyracksDataException {
+            int w = subplans[inputIdx].getOutputWidth();
+            IFrameTupleAccessor accessor = tAccess[inputIdx];
+            accessor.reset(buffer);
+            for (int tIndex = 0; tIndex < accessor.getTupleCount(); tIndex++) {
+                tb.reset();
+                byte[] data = gbyTb.getByteArray();
+                int[] fieldEnds = gbyTb.getFieldEndOffsets();
+                int start = 0;
+                int offset = 0;
+                for (int i = 0; i < fieldEnds.length; i++) {
+                    if (i > 0)
+                        start = fieldEnds[i - 1];
+                    offset = fieldEnds[i] - start;
+                    tb.addField(data, start, offset);
+                }
+                for (int f = 0; f < w; f++) {
+                    tb.addField(accessor, tIndex, f);
+                }
+                if (!outputAppender.append(tb.getFieldEndOffsets(), tb.getByteArray(), 0, tb.getSize())) {
+                    FrameUtils.flushFrame(outputFrame, outputWriter);
+                    outputAppender.reset(outputFrame, true);
+                    if (!outputAppender.append(tb.getFieldEndOffsets(), tb.getByteArray(), 0, tb.getSize())) {
+                        throw new HyracksDataException(
+                                "Failed to write a running aggregation result into an empty frame: possibly the size of the result is too large.");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
+            // clearFrame();
+        }
+
+        public void setInputIdx(int inputIdx) {
+            this.inputIdx = inputIdx;
+        }
+
+        public ArrayTupleBuilder getGroupByTupleBuilder() {
+            return gbyTb;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void fail() throws HyracksDataException {
+        }
+
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/SerializableAggregatorDescriptorFactory.java b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/SerializableAggregatorDescriptorFactory.java
index d4161fc..39db3e1 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/SerializableAggregatorDescriptorFactory.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/SerializableAggregatorDescriptorFactory.java
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.FrameTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.AbstractAccumulatingAggregatorDescriptorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.AggregateState;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptorFactory;
 
-public class SerializableAggregatorDescriptorFactory implements IAggregatorDescriptorFactory {
+public class SerializableAggregatorDescriptorFactory extends AbstractAccumulatingAggregatorDescriptorFactory {
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
     private ICopySerializableAggregateFunctionFactory[] aggFactories;
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            public void outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tb, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+            public boolean outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tb, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
                     AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
                 byte[] data = accessor.getBuffer().array();
                 int startOffset = accessor.getTupleStartOffset(tIndex);
@@ -125,10 +125,11 @@
                         throw new HyracksDataException(e);
                     }
                 }
+                return true;
             }
 
             @Override
-            public void outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tb, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+            public boolean outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tb, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
                     AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
                 byte[] data = accessor.getBuffer().array();
                 int startOffset = accessor.getTupleStartOffset(tIndex);
@@ -144,6 +145,7 @@
                         throw new HyracksDataException(e);
                     }
                 }
+                return true;
             }
 
             @Override
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/SimpleAlgebricksAccumulatingAggregatorFactory.java b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/SimpleAlgebricksAccumulatingAggregatorFactory.java
index 8e472ec..9b638b4 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/SimpleAlgebricksAccumulatingAggregatorFactory.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/aggreg/SimpleAlgebricksAccumulatingAggregatorFactory.java
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.VoidPointable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.FrameTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.AbstractAccumulatingAggregatorDescriptorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.AggregateState;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptorFactory;
 
-public class SimpleAlgebricksAccumulatingAggregatorFactory implements IAggregatorDescriptorFactory {
+public class SimpleAlgebricksAccumulatingAggregatorFactory extends AbstractAccumulatingAggregatorDescriptorFactory {
 
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
     private IAggregateEvaluatorFactory[] aggFactories;
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            public void outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+            public boolean outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
                     AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
                 IAggregateEvaluator[] agg = (IAggregateEvaluator[]) state.state;
                 for (int i = 0; i < agg.length; i++) {
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@
                         throw new HyracksDataException(e);
                     }
                 }
+                return true;
             }
 
             @Override
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            public void outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+            public boolean outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
                     AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
                 throw new IllegalStateException("this method should not be called");
             }
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/base/AbstractOneInputOneOutputOneFramePushRuntime.java b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/base/AbstractOneInputOneOutputOneFramePushRuntime.java
index 6c1dd5e..b079c3e 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/base/AbstractOneInputOneOutputOneFramePushRuntime.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/base/AbstractOneInputOneOutputOneFramePushRuntime.java
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@
             FrameUtils.flushFrame(frame, writer);
             appender.reset(frame, true);
             if (!appender.append(tb.getFieldEndOffsets(), tb.getByteArray(), 0, tb.getSize())) {
-                throw new IllegalStateException(
-                        "Could not write frame (AbstractOneInputOneOutputOneFramePushRuntime.appendToFrameFromTupleBuilder).");
+                throw new HyracksDataException(
+                        "Could not write frame: the size of the tuple is too long to be fit into a single frame. (AbstractOneInputOneOutputOneFramePushRuntime.appendToFrameFromTupleBuilder)");
             }
         }
         if (flushFrame) {
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/group/MicroPreClusteredGroupRuntimeFactory.java b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/group/MicroPreClusteredGroupRuntimeFactory.java
index 200e5c5..7ecb288 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/group/MicroPreClusteredGroupRuntimeFactory.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/group/MicroPreClusteredGroupRuntimeFactory.java
@@ -63,8 +63,6 @@
             for (int i = 0; i < comparatorFactories.length; ++i) {
                 comparators[i] = comparatorFactories[i].createBinaryComparator();
             }
-            final IAggregatorDescriptor aggregator = aggregatorFactory.createAggregator(ctx, inRecordDesc,
-                    outRecordDesc, groupFields, groupFields);
             final ByteBuffer copyFrame = ctx.allocateFrame();
             final FrameTupleAccessor copyFrameAccessor = new FrameTupleAccessor(ctx.getFrameSize(), inRecordDesc);
             copyFrameAccessor.reset(copyFrame);
@@ -78,6 +76,8 @@
 
                 @Override
                 public void open() throws HyracksDataException {
+                    IAggregatorDescriptor aggregator = aggregatorFactory.createAggregator(ctx, inRecordDesc,
+                            outRecordDesc, groupFields, groupFields, writer);
                     pgw = new PreclusteredGroupWriter(ctx, groupFields, comparators, aggregator, inRecordDesc,
                             outRecordDesc, writer);
                     pgw.open();
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/meta/SubplanRuntimeFactory.java b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/meta/SubplanRuntimeFactory.java
index 0499684..e5bede2 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/meta/SubplanRuntimeFactory.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/meta/SubplanRuntimeFactory.java
@@ -107,7 +107,8 @@
                             FrameUtils.flushFrame(frame, writer);
                             appender.reset(frame, true);
                             if (!appender.appendConcat(tRef.getFrameTupleAccessor(), tRef.getTupleIndex(), ta, t)) {
-                                throw new IllegalStateException("Could not write frame.");
+                                throw new HyracksDataException(
+                                        "Could not write frame: subplan result is larger than the single-frame limit.");
                             }
                         }
                     }
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/sort/InMemorySortRuntimeFactory.java b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/sort/InMemorySortRuntimeFactory.java
index b299e78..131eea0 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/sort/InMemorySortRuntimeFactory.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/sort/InMemorySortRuntimeFactory.java
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.FrameSorter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.FrameSorterMergeSort;
 
 public class InMemorySortRuntimeFactory extends AbstractOneInputOneOutputRuntimeFactory {
 
@@ -52,12 +52,12 @@
 
         return new AbstractOneInputOneOutputPushRuntime() {
 
-            FrameSorter frameSorter = null;
+            FrameSorterMergeSort frameSorter = null;
 
             @Override
             public void open() throws HyracksDataException {
                 if (frameSorter == null) {
-                    frameSorter = new FrameSorter(ctx, sortFields, firstKeyNormalizerFactory, comparatorFactories,
+                    frameSorter = new FrameSorterMergeSort(ctx, sortFields, firstKeyNormalizerFactory, comparatorFactories,
                             outputRecordDesc);
                 }
                 frameSorter.reset();
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/std/NestedTupleSourceRuntimeFactory.java b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/std/NestedTupleSourceRuntimeFactory.java
index 5486fae..55dbcbb 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/std/NestedTupleSourceRuntimeFactory.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/std/NestedTupleSourceRuntimeFactory.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.operators.base.AbstractOneInputOneOutputOneFramePushRuntime;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.util.FrameUtils;
 
 public class NestedTupleSourceRuntimeFactory implements IPushRuntimeFactory {
 
@@ -64,5 +65,10 @@
         public void fail() throws HyracksDataException {
             writer.fail();
         }
+
+        public void forceFlush() throws HyracksDataException {
+            FrameUtils.flushFrame(frame, writer);
+            appender.reset(frame, true);
+        }
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/std/RunningAggregateRuntimeFactory.java b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/std/RunningAggregateRuntimeFactory.java
index e92724a..cfc2bb6 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/std/RunningAggregateRuntimeFactory.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/std/RunningAggregateRuntimeFactory.java
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.api.IPointable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.VoidPointable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.util.FrameUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.FrameTupleReference;
 
 public class RunningAggregateRuntimeFactory extends AbstractOneInputOneOutputRuntimeFactory {
@@ -89,6 +90,10 @@
 
             @Override
             public void open() throws HyracksDataException {
+                if(!first){
+                    FrameUtils.flushFrame(frame, writer);
+                    appender.reset(frame, true);
+                }
                 initAccessAppendRef(ctx);
                 if (first) {
                     first = false;
@@ -96,12 +101,18 @@
                     for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                         try {
                             raggs[i] = runningAggregates[i].createRunningAggregateEvaluator();
-                            raggs[i].init();
                         } catch (AlgebricksException ae) {
                             throw new HyracksDataException(ae);
                         }
                     }
                 }
+                for (int i = 0; i < runningAggregates.length; i++) {
+                    try {
+                        raggs[i].init();
+                    } catch (AlgebricksException ae) {
+                        throw new HyracksDataException(ae);
+                    }
+                }
                 writer.open();
             }
 
diff --git a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/std/UnnestRuntimeFactory.java b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/std/UnnestRuntimeFactory.java
index df70437..88dc19f 100644
--- a/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/std/UnnestRuntimeFactory.java
+++ b/algebricks/algebricks-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/algebricks/runtime/operators/std/UnnestRuntimeFactory.java
@@ -14,11 +14,15 @@
  */
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.operators.std;
 
+import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.common.exceptions.AlgebricksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.base.IScalarEvaluator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.base.IScalarEvaluatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.base.IUnnestingEvaluator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.base.IUnnestingEvaluatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.evaluators.ConstantEvaluatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.operators.base.AbstractOneInputOneOutputOneFramePushRuntime;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.algebricks.runtime.operators.base.AbstractOneInputOneOutputRuntimeFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
@@ -26,6 +30,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.api.IPointable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.VoidPointable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 
 public class UnnestRuntimeFactory extends AbstractOneInputOneOutputRuntimeFactory {
 
@@ -36,12 +41,20 @@
     private int outColPos;
     private final boolean outColIsProjected;
 
+    private final boolean hasPositionalVariable;
+    private IScalarEvaluatorFactory posOffsetEvalFactory;
+
     // Each time step() is called on the aggregate, a new value is written in
     // its output. One byte is written before that value and is neglected.
     // By convention, if the aggregate function writes nothing, it means it
     // produced the last value.
 
     public UnnestRuntimeFactory(int outCol, IUnnestingEvaluatorFactory unnestingFactory, int[] projectionList) {
+        this(outCol, unnestingFactory, projectionList, false, null);
+    }
+
+    public UnnestRuntimeFactory(int outCol, IUnnestingEvaluatorFactory unnestingFactory, int[] projectionList,
+            boolean hashPositionalVariable, IScalarEvaluatorFactory posOffsetEvalFactory) {
         super(projectionList);
         this.outCol = outCol;
         this.unnestingFactory = unnestingFactory;
@@ -52,6 +65,11 @@
             }
         }
         outColIsProjected = outColPos >= 0;
+        this.hasPositionalVariable = hashPositionalVariable;
+        this.posOffsetEvalFactory = posOffsetEvalFactory;
+        if (this.posOffsetEvalFactory == null) {
+            this.posOffsetEvalFactory = new ConstantEvaluatorFactory(new byte[5]);
+        }
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -68,6 +86,9 @@
             private IUnnestingEvaluator agg;
             private ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder;
 
+            private int tupleCount;
+            private IScalarEvaluator offsetEval = posOffsetEvalFactory.createScalarEvaluator(ctx);
+
             @Override
             public void open() throws HyracksDataException {
                 initAccessAppendRef(ctx);
@@ -77,6 +98,7 @@
                     throw new HyracksDataException(ae);
                 }
                 tupleBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(projectionList.length);
+                tupleCount = 1;
                 writer.open();
             }
 
@@ -86,6 +108,16 @@
                 int nTuple = tAccess.getTupleCount();
                 for (int t = 0; t < nTuple; t++) {
                     tRef.reset(tAccess, t);
+
+                    try {
+                        offsetEval.evaluate(tRef, p);
+                    } catch (AlgebricksException e) {
+                        throw new HyracksDataException(e);
+                    }
+
+                    @SuppressWarnings("static-access")
+                    int offset = IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.getInt(p.getByteArray(), p.getStartOffset());
+
                     try {
                         agg.init(tRef);
                         boolean goon = true;
@@ -94,21 +126,33 @@
                             if (!agg.step(p)) {
                                 goon = false;
                             } else {
-                                if (!outColIsProjected) {
+
+                                if (!outColIsProjected && !hasPositionalVariable) {
                                     appendProjectionToFrame(t, projectionList);
                                 } else {
                                     for (int f = 0; f < outColPos; f++) {
                                         tupleBuilder.addField(tAccess, t, f);
                                     }
-                                    tupleBuilder.addField(p.getByteArray(), p.getStartOffset(), p.getLength());
-                                    for (int f = outColPos + 1; f < projectionList.length; f++) {
+                                    if (outColIsProjected) {
+                                        tupleBuilder.addField(p.getByteArray(), p.getStartOffset(), p.getLength());
+                                    } else {
+                                        tupleBuilder.addField(tAccess, t, outColPos);
+                                    }
+                                    for (int f = outColPos + 1; f < (hasPositionalVariable ? projectionList.length - 1
+                                            : projectionList.length); f++) {
                                         tupleBuilder.addField(tAccess, t, f);
                                     }
                                 }
+                                if (hasPositionalVariable) {
+                                    // Write the positional variable as an INT32
+                                    tupleBuilder.getDataOutput().writeByte(3);
+                                    tupleBuilder.getDataOutput().writeInt(offset + tupleCount++);
+                                    tupleBuilder.addFieldEndOffset();
+                                }
                                 appendToFrameFromTupleBuilder(tupleBuilder);
                             }
                         } while (goon);
-                    } catch (AlgebricksException ae) {
+                    } catch (AlgebricksException | IOException ae) {
                         throw new HyracksDataException(ae);
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/context/IHyracksCommonContext.java b/hyracks/hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/context/IHyracksCommonContext.java
index c75f9f9..1af32de 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/context/IHyracksCommonContext.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/context/IHyracksCommonContext.java
@@ -25,4 +25,6 @@
     public IIOManager getIOManager();
 
     public ByteBuffer allocateFrame() throws HyracksDataException;
+    
+    public void deallocateFrames(int frameCount);
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-client/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/client/dataset/DatasetClientContext.java b/hyracks/hyracks-client/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/client/dataset/DatasetClientContext.java
index aa7008f..3ea81ef 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-client/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/client/dataset/DatasetClientContext.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-client/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/client/dataset/DatasetClientContext.java
@@ -41,4 +41,10 @@
         return ByteBuffer.allocate(frameSize);
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public void deallocateFrames(int frameCount) {
+        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
+        
+    }
+
 }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-control/hyracks-control-nc/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/control/nc/Task.java b/hyracks/hyracks-control/hyracks-control-nc/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/control/nc/Task.java
index c72ced1..20075ff 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-control/hyracks-control-nc/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/control/nc/Task.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-control/hyracks-control-nc/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/control/nc/Task.java
@@ -115,6 +115,11 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    public void deallocateFrames(int frameCount) {
+        joblet.deallocateFrames(frameCount);
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public int getFrameSize() {
         return joblet.getFrameSize();
     }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-control/hyracks-control-nc/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/control/nc/resources/memory/MemoryManager.java b/hyracks/hyracks-control/hyracks-control-nc/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/control/nc/resources/memory/MemoryManager.java
index 8add260..4829173 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-control/hyracks-control-nc/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/control/nc/resources/memory/MemoryManager.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-control/hyracks-control-nc/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/control/nc/resources/memory/MemoryManager.java
@@ -26,10 +26,11 @@
 
     @Override
     public boolean allocate(long memory) {
-        if (this.memory.addAndGet(-memory) < 0) {
-            this.memory.addAndGet(memory);
-            return false;
-        }
+        // commented as now the deallocation is not implemented yet.
+        //        if (this.memory.addAndGet(-memory) < 0) {
+        //            this.memory.addAndGet(memory);
+        //            return false;
+        //        }
         return true;
     }
 
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-hadoop/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/hadoop/mapreduce/MapperOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-hadoop/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/hadoop/mapreduce/MapperOperatorDescriptor.java
index 04b91b2..31cd29b 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-hadoop/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/hadoop/mapreduce/MapperOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-hadoop/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/hadoop/mapreduce/MapperOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.util.FrameUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.base.AbstractSingleActivityOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.base.AbstractUnaryOutputSourceOperatorNodePushable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.Algorithm;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortRunGenerator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortRunMerger;
 
@@ -53,8 +54,8 @@
     private final MarshalledWritable<Configuration> config;
     private final IInputSplitProviderFactory factory;
 
-    public MapperOperatorDescriptor(IOperatorDescriptorRegistry spec, int jobId, MarshalledWritable<Configuration> config,
-            IInputSplitProviderFactory factory) throws HyracksDataException {
+    public MapperOperatorDescriptor(IOperatorDescriptorRegistry spec, int jobId,
+            MarshalledWritable<Configuration> config, IInputSplitProviderFactory factory) throws HyracksDataException {
         super(spec, 0, 1);
         this.jobId = jobId;
         this.config = config;
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@
 
             public void initBlock(int blockId) throws HyracksDataException {
                 runGen = new ExternalSortRunGenerator(ctx, new int[] { 0 }, null, comparatorFactories,
-                        helper.getMapOutputRecordDescriptorWithoutExtraFields(), framesLimit);
+                        helper.getMapOutputRecordDescriptorWithoutExtraFields(), Algorithm.MERGE_SORT, framesLimit);
                 this.blockId = blockId;
             }
 
@@ -114,7 +115,8 @@
                     runGen.nextFrame(frame);
                     fta.reset(frame, true);
                     if (!fta.append(tb.getFieldEndOffsets(), tb.getByteArray(), 0, tb.getSize())) {
-                        throw new HyracksDataException("Record size (" + tb.getSize() + ") larger than frame size (" + frame.capacity() + ")");
+                        throw new HyracksDataException("Record size (" + tb.getSize() + ") larger than frame size ("
+                                + frame.capacity() + ")");
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -224,7 +226,7 @@
                     comparators[i] = comparatorFactories[i].createBinaryComparator();
                 }
                 ExternalSortRunMerger merger = new ExternalSortRunMerger(ctx, runGen.getFrameSorter(),
-                        runGen.getRuns(), new int[] { 0 }, comparators,
+                        runGen.getRuns(), new int[] { 0 }, comparators, null,
                         helper.getMapOutputRecordDescriptorWithoutExtraFields(), framesLimit, delegatingWriter);
                 merger.process();
             }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-hadoop/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/hadoop/mapreduce/ShuffleFrameReader.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-hadoop/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/hadoop/mapreduce/ShuffleFrameReader.java
index 30ba3ec..3bb78f9 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-hadoop/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/hadoop/mapreduce/ShuffleFrameReader.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-hadoop/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/hadoop/mapreduce/ShuffleFrameReader.java
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
             runs.add(rfw.createReader());
         }
         RunFileWriter rfw = new RunFileWriter(outFile, ctx.getIOManager());
-        ExternalSortRunMerger merger = new ExternalSortRunMerger(ctx, null, runs, new int[] { 0 }, comparators,
+        ExternalSortRunMerger merger = new ExternalSortRunMerger(ctx, null, runs, new int[] { 0 }, comparators, null,
                 recordDescriptor, framesLimit, rfw);
         merger.process();
 
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/collectors/SortMergeFrameReader.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/collectors/SortMergeFrameReader.java
index 235b0d0..2dda9cc 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/collectors/SortMergeFrameReader.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/collectors/SortMergeFrameReader.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameReader;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.RunMergingFrameReader;
@@ -31,18 +32,21 @@
     private final int nSenders;
     private final int[] sortFields;
     private final IBinaryComparator[] comparators;
+    private final INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer;
     private final RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor;
     private final IPartitionBatchManager pbm;
 
     private RunMergingFrameReader merger;
 
     public SortMergeFrameReader(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int maxConcurrentMerges, int nSenders, int[] sortFields,
-            IBinaryComparator[] comparators, RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor, IPartitionBatchManager pbm) {
+            IBinaryComparator[] comparators, INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer, RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor,
+            IPartitionBatchManager pbm) {
         this.ctx = ctx;
         this.maxConcurrentMerges = maxConcurrentMerges;
         this.nSenders = nSenders;
         this.sortFields = sortFields;
         this.comparators = comparators;
+        this.nmkComputer = nmkComputer;
         this.recordDescriptor = recordDescriptor;
         this.pbm = pbm;
     }
@@ -57,7 +61,7 @@
             List<IFrameReader> batch = new ArrayList<IFrameReader>();
             pbm.getNextBatch(batch, nSenders);
             merger = new RunMergingFrameReader(ctx, batch.toArray(new IFrameReader[nSenders]), inFrames, sortFields,
-                    comparators, recordDescriptor);
+                    comparators, nmkComputer, recordDescriptor);
         } else {
             // multi level merge.
             throw new HyracksDataException("Not yet supported");
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/connectors/MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/connectors/MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor.java
index 32269bd..1cf402b 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/connectors/MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/connectors/MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor.java
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITuplePartitionComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
@@ -39,19 +41,23 @@
     private final ITuplePartitionComputerFactory tpcf;
     private final int[] sortFields;
     private final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories;
+    private final INormalizedKeyComputerFactory nkcFactory;
     private final boolean stable;
 
-    public MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(IConnectorDescriptorRegistry spec, ITuplePartitionComputerFactory tpcf,
-            int[] sortFields, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories) {
-        this(spec, tpcf, sortFields, comparatorFactories, false);
+    public MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(IConnectorDescriptorRegistry spec,
+            ITuplePartitionComputerFactory tpcf, int[] sortFields, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories,
+            INormalizedKeyComputerFactory nkcFactory) {
+        this(spec, tpcf, sortFields, comparatorFactories, nkcFactory, false);
     }
 
-    public MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(IConnectorDescriptorRegistry spec, ITuplePartitionComputerFactory tpcf,
-            int[] sortFields, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories, boolean stable) {
+    public MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(IConnectorDescriptorRegistry spec,
+            ITuplePartitionComputerFactory tpcf, int[] sortFields, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories,
+            INormalizedKeyComputerFactory nkcFactory, boolean stable) {
         super(spec);
         this.tpcf = tpcf;
         this.sortFields = sortFields;
         this.comparatorFactories = comparatorFactories;
+        this.nkcFactory = nkcFactory;
         this.stable = stable;
     }
 
@@ -71,9 +77,10 @@
         for (int i = 0; i < comparatorFactories.length; ++i) {
             comparators[i] = comparatorFactories[i].createBinaryComparator();
         }
+        INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer = nkcFactory == null ? null : nkcFactory.createNormalizedKeyComputer();
         IPartitionBatchManager pbm = new NonDeterministicPartitionBatchManager(nProducerPartitions);
         IFrameReader sortMergeFrameReader = new SortMergeFrameReader(ctx, nProducerPartitions, nProducerPartitions,
-                sortFields, comparators, recordDesc, pbm);
+                sortFields, comparators, nmkComputer, recordDesc, pbm);
         BitSet expectedPartitions = new BitSet();
         expectedPartitions.set(0, nProducerPartitions);
         return new PartitionCollector(ctx, getConnectorId(), index, expectedPartitions, sortMergeFrameReader, pbm);
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/AbstractAccumulatingAggregatorDescriptorFactory.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/AbstractAccumulatingAggregatorDescriptorFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48ee410
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/AbstractAccumulatingAggregatorDescriptorFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+
+public abstract class AbstractAccumulatingAggregatorDescriptorFactory implements IAggregatorDescriptorFactory {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    /* (non-Javadoc)
+     * @see edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptorFactory#createAggregator(edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext, edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor, edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor, int[], int[], edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameWriter)
+     */
+    @Override
+    public IAggregatorDescriptor createAggregator(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, RecordDescriptor inRecordDescriptor,
+            RecordDescriptor outRecordDescriptor, int[] keyFields, int[] keyFieldsInPartialResults, IFrameWriter writer)
+            throws HyracksDataException {
+        return this
+                .createAggregator(ctx, inRecordDescriptor, outRecordDescriptor, keyFields, keyFieldsInPartialResults);
+    }
+
+    abstract protected IAggregatorDescriptor createAggregator(IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
+            RecordDescriptor inRecordDescriptor, RecordDescriptor outRecordDescriptor, int[] keyFields,
+            final int[] keyFieldsInPartialResults) throws HyracksDataException;
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/AbstractRunningAggregatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/AbstractRunningAggregatorDescriptor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3dcd4c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/AbstractRunningAggregatorDescriptor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameTupleAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+
+public abstract class AbstractRunningAggregatorDescriptor implements IAggregatorDescriptor {
+
+    /* (non-Javadoc)
+     * @see edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptor#outputPartialResult(edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder, edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameTupleAccessor, int, edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.AggregateState)
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+            AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /* (non-Javadoc)
+     * @see edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptor#outputFinalResult(edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder, edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameTupleAccessor, int, edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.AggregateState)
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+            AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/HashSpillableTableFactory.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/HashSpillableTableFactory.java
index ecd5284..df74a93 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/HashSpillableTableFactory.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/HashSpillableTableFactory.java
@@ -38,9 +38,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.structures.SerializableHashTable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.structures.TuplePointer;
 
-/**
- *
- */
 public class HashSpillableTableFactory implements ISpillableTableFactory {
 
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
@@ -104,7 +101,7 @@
         }
 
         final IAggregatorDescriptor aggregator = aggregateFactory.createAggregator(ctx, inRecordDescriptor,
-                outRecordDescriptor, keyFields, keyFieldsInPartialResults);
+                outRecordDescriptor, keyFields, keyFieldsInPartialResults, null);
 
         final AggregateState aggregateState = aggregator.createAggregateStates();
 
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/IAggregatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/IAggregatorDescriptor.java
index afe460c..f9d4cd3 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/IAggregatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/IAggregatorDescriptor.java
@@ -18,9 +18,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
 
-/**
- *
- */
 public interface IAggregatorDescriptor {
 
     /**
@@ -82,9 +79,10 @@
      * @param offset
      * @param state
      *            The aggregation state.
+     * @return TODO
      * @throws HyracksDataException
      */
-    public void outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+    public boolean outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
             AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException;
 
     /**
@@ -97,9 +95,10 @@
      * @param offset
      * @param state
      *            The aggregation state.
+     * @return TODO
      * @throws HyracksDataException
      */
-    public void outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+    public boolean outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
             AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException;
 
     public void close();
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/IAggregatorDescriptorFactory.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/IAggregatorDescriptorFactory.java
index a4c0564..241956b 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/IAggregatorDescriptorFactory.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/IAggregatorDescriptorFactory.java
@@ -16,17 +16,15 @@
 
 import java.io.Serializable;
 
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameWriter;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 
-/**
- *
- */
 public interface IAggregatorDescriptorFactory extends Serializable {
 
     IAggregatorDescriptor createAggregator(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, RecordDescriptor inRecordDescriptor,
-            RecordDescriptor outRecordDescriptor, int[] keyFields, final int[] keyFieldsInPartialResults)
-            throws HyracksDataException;
+            RecordDescriptor outRecordDescriptor, int[] keyFields, final int[] keyFieldsInPartialResults,
+            IFrameWriter writer) throws HyracksDataException;
 
 }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/aggregators/MultiFieldsAggregatorFactory.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/aggregators/MultiFieldsAggregatorFactory.java
index 239f24f..08b2218 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/aggregators/MultiFieldsAggregatorFactory.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/aggregators/MultiFieldsAggregatorFactory.java
@@ -21,16 +21,14 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.AbstractAccumulatingAggregatorDescriptorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.AggregateState;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IAggregatorDescriptorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IFieldAggregateDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.group.IFieldAggregateDescriptorFactory;
 
-/**
- *
- */
-public class MultiFieldsAggregatorFactory implements IAggregatorDescriptorFactory {
+public class MultiFieldsAggregatorFactory extends AbstractAccumulatingAggregatorDescriptorFactory {
 
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
     private final IFieldAggregateDescriptorFactory[] aggregatorFactories;
@@ -78,8 +76,8 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            public void outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
-                    AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
+            public boolean outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor,
+                    int tIndex, AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
                 DataOutput dos = tupleBuilder.getDataOutput();
 
                 int tupleOffset = accessor.getTupleStartOffset(tIndex);
@@ -90,11 +88,11 @@
                             ((AggregateState[]) state.state)[i]);
                     tupleBuilder.addFieldEndOffset();
                 }
-
+                return true;
             }
 
             @Override
-            public void outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+            public boolean outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
                     AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
                 DataOutput dos = tupleBuilder.getDataOutput();
 
@@ -110,6 +108,7 @@
                     }
                     tupleBuilder.addFieldEndOffset();
                 }
+                return true;
             }
 
             @Override
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/external/ExternalGroupMergeOperatorNodePushable.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/external/ExternalGroupMergeOperatorNodePushable.java
index 21b3b60..fdb59a4 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/external/ExternalGroupMergeOperatorNodePushable.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/external/ExternalGroupMergeOperatorNodePushable.java
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@
     private final Object stateId;
     private final int[] keyFields;
     private final IBinaryComparator[] comparators;
+    private final INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer;
     private final AggregateState aggregateState;
     private final ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder;
     private final int[] storedKeys;
@@ -76,7 +79,7 @@
     private final FrameTupleAccessor outFrameAccessor;
 
     ExternalGroupMergeOperatorNodePushable(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, Object stateId,
-            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories, int[] keyFields,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories, INormalizedKeyComputerFactory nmkFactory, int[] keyFields,
             IAggregatorDescriptorFactory mergerFactory, boolean isOutputSorted, int framesLimit,
             RecordDescriptor outRecordDescriptor) throws HyracksDataException {
         this.stateId = stateId;
@@ -85,13 +88,14 @@
         for (int i = 0; i < comparatorFactories.length; ++i) {
             comparators[i] = comparatorFactories[i].createBinaryComparator();
         }
+        this.nmkComputer = nmkFactory == null ? null : nmkFactory.createNormalizedKeyComputer();
         int[] keyFieldsInPartialResults = new int[keyFields.length];
         for (int i = 0; i < keyFieldsInPartialResults.length; i++) {
             keyFieldsInPartialResults[i] = i;
         }
 
         aggregator = mergerFactory.createAggregator(ctx, outRecordDescriptor, outRecordDescriptor, keyFields,
-                keyFieldsInPartialResults);
+                keyFieldsInPartialResults, writer);
         aggregateState = aggregator.createAggregateStates();
 
         storedKeys = new int[keyFields.length];
@@ -181,7 +185,7 @@
             FrameTupleAccessor[] tupleAccessors = new FrameTupleAccessor[inFrames.size()];
             Comparator<ReferenceEntry> comparator = createEntryComparator(comparators);
             ReferencedPriorityQueue topTuples = new ReferencedPriorityQueue(ctx.getFrameSize(), outRecordDescriptor,
-                    runNumber, comparator);
+                    runNumber, comparator, keyFields, nmkComputer);
             /**
              * current tuple index in each run
              */
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/external/ExternalGroupOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/external/ExternalGroupOperatorDescriptor.java
index b914702..9296ffa 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/external/ExternalGroupOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/external/ExternalGroupOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@
                 IRecordDescriptorProvider recordDescProvider, final int partition, int nPartitions)
                 throws HyracksDataException {
             return new ExternalGroupMergeOperatorNodePushable(ctx, new TaskId(new ActivityId(getOperatorId(),
-                    AGGREGATE_ACTIVITY_ID), partition), comparatorFactories, keyFields, mergerFactory, isOutputSorted,
-                    framesLimit, recordDescriptors[0]);
+                    AGGREGATE_ACTIVITY_ID), partition), comparatorFactories, firstNormalizerFactory, keyFields,
+                    mergerFactory, isOutputSorted, framesLimit, recordDescriptors[0]);
         }
 
     }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/hash/GroupingHashTable.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/hash/GroupingHashTable.java
index f8ba003..3c0eb2b 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/hash/GroupingHashTable.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/hash/GroupingHashTable.java
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
         }
 
         this.aggregator = aggregatorFactory.createAggregator(ctx, inRecordDescriptor, outRecordDescriptor, fields,
-                keyFieldsInPartialResults);
+                keyFieldsInPartialResults, null);
 
         this.aggregateStates = new AggregateState[INIT_AGG_STATE_SIZE];
         accumulatorSize = 0;
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/preclustered/PreclusteredGroupOperatorNodePushable.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/preclustered/PreclusteredGroupOperatorNodePushable.java
index 35cb9e1..71af928 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/preclustered/PreclusteredGroupOperatorNodePushable.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/preclustered/PreclusteredGroupOperatorNodePushable.java
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
             comparators[i] = comparatorFactories[i].createBinaryComparator();
         }
         final IAggregatorDescriptor aggregator = aggregatorFactory.createAggregator(ctx, inRecordDescriptor,
-                outRecordDescriptor, groupFields, groupFields);
+                outRecordDescriptor, groupFields, groupFields, writer);
         final ByteBuffer copyFrame = ctx.allocateFrame();
         final FrameTupleAccessor copyFrameAccessor = new FrameTupleAccessor(ctx.getFrameSize(), inRecordDescriptor);
         copyFrameAccessor.reset(copyFrame);
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/preclustered/PreclusteredGroupWriter.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/preclustered/PreclusteredGroupWriter.java
index 7773765..c7a9f6d 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/preclustered/PreclusteredGroupWriter.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/group/preclustered/PreclusteredGroupWriter.java
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@
 
     private boolean first;
 
+    private boolean isFailed = false;
+
     public PreclusteredGroupWriter(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int[] groupFields, IBinaryComparator[] comparators,
             IAggregatorDescriptor aggregator, RecordDescriptor inRecordDesc, RecordDescriptor outRecordDesc,
             IFrameWriter writer) throws HyracksDataException {
@@ -119,9 +121,9 @@
         for (int j = 0; j < groupFields.length; j++) {
             tupleBuilder.addField(lastTupleAccessor, lastTupleIndex, groupFields[j]);
         }
-        aggregator.outputFinalResult(tupleBuilder, lastTupleAccessor, lastTupleIndex, aggregateState);
+        boolean hasOutput = aggregator.outputFinalResult(tupleBuilder, lastTupleAccessor, lastTupleIndex, aggregateState);
 
-        if (!appender.appendSkipEmptyField(tupleBuilder.getFieldEndOffsets(), tupleBuilder.getByteArray(), 0,
+        if (hasOutput && !appender.appendSkipEmptyField(tupleBuilder.getFieldEndOffsets(), tupleBuilder.getByteArray(), 0,
                 tupleBuilder.getSize())) {
             FrameUtils.flushFrame(outFrame, writer);
             appender.reset(outFrame, true);
@@ -149,12 +151,13 @@
 
     @Override
     public void fail() throws HyracksDataException {
+        isFailed = true;
         writer.fail();
     }
 
     @Override
     public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
-        if (!first) {
+        if (!isFailed && !first) {
             writeOutput(copyFrameAccessor, copyFrameAccessor.getTupleCount() - 1);
             if (appender.getTupleCount() > 0) {
                 FrameUtils.flushFrame(outFrame, writer);
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/Algorithm.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/Algorithm.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c96bd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/Algorithm.java
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort;
+
+public enum Algorithm {
+    QUICK_SORT,
+    MERGE_SORT
+}
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor.java
index f80a82c..e1315e7 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.TaskId;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IRecordDescriptorProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
@@ -51,6 +52,15 @@
     private final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories;
     private final int framesLimit;
 
+    private Algorithm alg = Algorithm.MERGE_SORT;
+
+    public ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(IOperatorDescriptorRegistry spec, int framesLimit, int[] sortFields,
+            INormalizedKeyComputerFactory firstKeyNormalizerFactory, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories,
+            RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor, Algorithm alg) {
+        this(spec, framesLimit, sortFields, firstKeyNormalizerFactory, comparatorFactories, recordDescriptor);
+        this.alg = alg;
+    }
+
     public ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(IOperatorDescriptorRegistry spec, int framesLimit, int[] sortFields,
             IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories, RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor) {
         this(spec, framesLimit, sortFields, null, comparatorFactories, recordDescriptor);
@@ -86,7 +96,7 @@
 
     public static class SortTaskState extends AbstractStateObject {
         private List<IFrameReader> runs;
-        private FrameSorter frameSorter;
+        private IFrameSorter frameSorter;
 
         public SortTaskState() {
         }
@@ -122,7 +132,7 @@
                 @Override
                 public void open() throws HyracksDataException {
                     runGen = new ExternalSortRunGenerator(ctx, sortFields, firstKeyNormalizerFactory,
-                            comparatorFactories, recordDescriptors[0], framesLimit);
+                            comparatorFactories, recordDescriptors[0], alg, framesLimit);
                     runGen.open();
                 }
 
@@ -166,14 +176,16 @@
                     SortTaskState state = (SortTaskState) ctx.getStateObject(new TaskId(new ActivityId(getOperatorId(),
                             SORT_ACTIVITY_ID), partition));
                     List<IFrameReader> runs = state.runs;
-                    FrameSorter frameSorter = state.frameSorter;
+                    IFrameSorter frameSorter = state.frameSorter;
                     IBinaryComparator[] comparators = new IBinaryComparator[comparatorFactories.length];
                     for (int i = 0; i < comparatorFactories.length; ++i) {
                         comparators[i] = comparatorFactories[i].createBinaryComparator();
                     }
+                    INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer = firstKeyNormalizerFactory == null ? null
+                            : firstKeyNormalizerFactory.createNormalizedKeyComputer();
                     int necessaryFrames = Math.min(runs.size() + 2, framesLimit);
                     ExternalSortRunMerger merger = new ExternalSortRunMerger(ctx, frameSorter, runs, sortFields,
-                            comparators, recordDescriptors[0], necessaryFrames, writer);
+                            comparators, nmkComputer, recordDescriptors[0], necessaryFrames, writer);
                     merger.process();
                 }
             };
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/ExternalSortRunGenerator.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/ExternalSortRunGenerator.java
index b149e30..3736fca 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/ExternalSortRunGenerator.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/ExternalSortRunGenerator.java
@@ -30,15 +30,21 @@
 
 public class ExternalSortRunGenerator implements IFrameWriter {
     private final IHyracksTaskContext ctx;
-    private final FrameSorter frameSorter;
+    private final IFrameSorter frameSorter;
     private final List<IFrameReader> runs;
     private final int maxSortFrames;
 
     public ExternalSortRunGenerator(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int[] sortFields,
             INormalizedKeyComputerFactory firstKeyNormalizerFactory, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories,
-            RecordDescriptor recordDesc, int framesLimit) throws HyracksDataException {
+            RecordDescriptor recordDesc, Algorithm alg, int framesLimit) throws HyracksDataException {
         this.ctx = ctx;
-        frameSorter = new FrameSorter(ctx, sortFields, firstKeyNormalizerFactory, comparatorFactories, recordDesc);
+        if (alg == Algorithm.MERGE_SORT) {
+            frameSorter = new FrameSorterMergeSort(ctx, sortFields, firstKeyNormalizerFactory, comparatorFactories,
+                    recordDesc);
+        } else {
+            frameSorter = new FrameSorterQuickSort(ctx, sortFields, firstKeyNormalizerFactory, comparatorFactories,
+                    recordDesc);
+        }
         runs = new LinkedList<IFrameReader>();
         maxSortFrames = framesLimit - 1;
     }
@@ -87,7 +93,7 @@
     public void fail() throws HyracksDataException {
     }
 
-    public FrameSorter getFrameSorter() {
+    public IFrameSorter getFrameSorter() {
         return frameSorter;
     }
 
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/ExternalSortRunMerger.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/ExternalSortRunMerger.java
index 510dfd6..eaf4162 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/ExternalSortRunMerger.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/ExternalSortRunMerger.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameWriter;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@
     private final List<IFrameReader> runs;
     private final int[] sortFields;
     private final IBinaryComparator[] comparators;
+    private final INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer;
     private final RecordDescriptor recordDesc;
     private final int framesLimit;
     private final IFrameWriter writer;
@@ -66,8 +68,8 @@
     private ByteBuffer outFrame;
     private FrameTupleAppender outFrameAppender;
 
-    private FrameSorter frameSorter; // Used in External sort, no replacement
-                                     // selection
+    private IFrameSorter frameSorter; // Used in External sort, no replacement
+                                      // selection
     private FrameTupleAccessor outFrameAccessor; // Used in External sort, with
                                                  // replacement selection
     private final int outputLimit; // Used in External sort, with replacement
@@ -76,14 +78,15 @@
                              // selection and limit on output size
 
     // Constructor for external sort, no replacement selection
-    public ExternalSortRunMerger(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, FrameSorter frameSorter, List<IFrameReader> runs,
-            int[] sortFields, IBinaryComparator[] comparators, RecordDescriptor recordDesc, int framesLimit,
-            IFrameWriter writer) {
+    public ExternalSortRunMerger(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, IFrameSorter frameSorter, List<IFrameReader> runs,
+            int[] sortFields, IBinaryComparator[] comparators, INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer,
+            RecordDescriptor recordDesc, int framesLimit, IFrameWriter writer) {
         this.ctx = ctx;
         this.frameSorter = frameSorter;
         this.runs = new LinkedList<IFrameReader>(runs);
         this.sortFields = sortFields;
         this.comparators = comparators;
+        this.nmkComputer = nmkComputer;
         this.recordDesc = recordDesc;
         this.framesLimit = framesLimit;
         this.writer = writer;
@@ -92,11 +95,13 @@
 
     // Constructor for external sort with replacement selection
     public ExternalSortRunMerger(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int outputLimit, List<IFrameReader> runs, int[] sortFields,
-            IBinaryComparator[] comparators, RecordDescriptor recordDesc, int framesLimit, IFrameWriter writer) {
+            IBinaryComparator[] comparators, INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer, RecordDescriptor recordDesc,
+            int framesLimit, IFrameWriter writer) {
         this.ctx = ctx;
         this.runs = new LinkedList<IFrameReader>(runs);
         this.sortFields = sortFields;
         this.comparators = comparators;
+        this.nmkComputer = nmkComputer;
         this.recordDesc = recordDesc;
         this.framesLimit = framesLimit;
         this.writer = writer;
@@ -162,7 +167,7 @@
 
     private void merge(IFrameWriter mergeResultWriter, IFrameReader[] runCursors) throws HyracksDataException {
         RunMergingFrameReader merger = new RunMergingFrameReader(ctx, runCursors, inFrames, sortFields, comparators,
-                recordDesc);
+                nmkComputer, recordDesc);
         merger.open();
         try {
             while (merger.nextFrame(outFrame)) {
@@ -263,7 +268,7 @@
                 runCursors[i] = runs.get(i);
             }
             RunMergingFrameReader merger = new RunMergingFrameReader(ctx, runCursors, inFrames, sortFields,
-                    comparators, recordDesc);
+                    comparators, nmkComputer, recordDesc);
             merger.open();
             try {
                 while (merger.nextFrame(outFrame)) {
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/FrameSorter.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/FrameSorterMergeSort.java
similarity index 97%
rename from hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/FrameSorter.java
rename to hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/FrameSorterMergeSort.java
index a6bb4e2..cc0f1ef 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/FrameSorter.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/FrameSorterMergeSort.java
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.util.FrameUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.IntSerDeUtils;
 
-public class FrameSorter {
+public class FrameSorterMergeSort implements IFrameSorter {
     private final IHyracksTaskContext ctx;
     private final int[] sortFields;
     private final INormalizedKeyComputer nkc;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
     private int[] tPointersTemp;
     private int tupleCount;
 
-    public FrameSorter(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int[] sortFields,
+    public FrameSorterMergeSort(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int[] sortFields,
             INormalizedKeyComputerFactory firstKeyNormalizerFactory, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories,
             RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor) throws HyracksDataException {
         this.ctx = ctx;
@@ -69,15 +69,18 @@
         dataFrameCount = 0;
     }
 
+    @Override
     public void reset() {
         dataFrameCount = 0;
         tupleCount = 0;
     }
 
+    @Override
     public int getFrameCount() {
         return dataFrameCount;
     }
 
+    @Override
     public void insertFrame(ByteBuffer buffer) throws HyracksDataException {
         ByteBuffer copyFrame;
         if (dataFrameCount == buffers.size()) {
@@ -90,6 +93,7 @@
         ++dataFrameCount;
     }
 
+    @Override
     public void sortFrames() {
         int nBuffers = dataFrameCount;
         tupleCount = 0;
@@ -123,6 +127,7 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
     public void flushFrames(IFrameWriter writer) throws HyracksDataException {
         appender.reset(outFrame, true);
         for (int ptr = 0; ptr < tupleCount; ++ptr) {
@@ -241,6 +246,7 @@
         return 0;
     }
 
+    @Override
     public void close() {
         this.buffers.clear();
     }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/FrameSorter.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/FrameSorterQuickSort.java
similarity index 71%
copy from hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/FrameSorter.java
copy to hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/FrameSorterQuickSort.java
index a6bb4e2..083f4a7 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/FrameSorter.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/FrameSorterQuickSort.java
@@ -29,9 +29,8 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.FrameTupleAccessor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.FrameTupleAppender;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.util.FrameUtils;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.IntSerDeUtils;
 
-public class FrameSorter {
+public class FrameSorterQuickSort implements IFrameSorter {
     private final IHyracksTaskContext ctx;
     private final int[] sortFields;
     private final INormalizedKeyComputer nkc;
@@ -47,10 +46,9 @@
 
     private int dataFrameCount;
     private int[] tPointers;
-    private int[] tPointersTemp;
     private int tupleCount;
 
-    public FrameSorter(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int[] sortFields,
+    public FrameSorterQuickSort(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int[] sortFields,
             INormalizedKeyComputerFactory firstKeyNormalizerFactory, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories,
             RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor) throws HyracksDataException {
         this.ctx = ctx;
@@ -69,15 +67,18 @@
         dataFrameCount = 0;
     }
 
+    @Override
     public void reset() {
         dataFrameCount = 0;
         tupleCount = 0;
     }
 
+    @Override
     public int getFrameCount() {
         return dataFrameCount;
     }
 
+    @Override
     public void insertFrame(ByteBuffer buffer) throws HyracksDataException {
         ByteBuffer copyFrame;
         if (dataFrameCount == buffers.size()) {
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@
         ++dataFrameCount;
     }
 
+    @Override
     public void sortFrames() {
         int nBuffers = dataFrameCount;
         tupleCount = 0;
@@ -118,11 +120,11 @@
             }
         }
         if (tupleCount > 0) {
-            tPointersTemp = new int[tPointers.length];
-            sort(0, tupleCount);
+            sort(tPointers, 0, tupleCount);
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
     public void flushFrames(IFrameWriter writer) throws HyracksDataException {
         appender.reset(outFrame, true);
         for (int ptr = 0; ptr < tupleCount; ++ptr) {
@@ -145,73 +147,75 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void sort(int offset, int length) {
-        int step = 1;
-        int len = length;
-        int end = offset + len;
-        /** bottom-up merge */
-        while (step < len) {
-            /** merge */
-            for (int i = offset; i < end; i += 2 * step) {
-                int next = i + step;
-                if (next < end) {
-                    merge(i, next, step, Math.min(step, end - next));
-                } else {
-                    System.arraycopy(tPointers, i * 4, tPointersTemp, i * 4, (end - i) * 4);
+    private void sort(int[] tPointers, int offset, int length) {
+        int m = offset + (length >> 1);
+        int mi = tPointers[m * 4];
+        int mj = tPointers[m * 4 + 1];
+        int mv = tPointers[m * 4 + 3];
+
+        int a = offset;
+        int b = a;
+        int c = offset + length - 1;
+        int d = c;
+        while (true) {
+            while (b <= c) {
+                int cmp = compare(tPointers, b, mi, mj, mv);
+                if (cmp > 0) {
+                    break;
                 }
+                if (cmp == 0) {
+                    swap(tPointers, a++, b);
+                }
+                ++b;
             }
-            /** prepare next phase merge */
-            step *= 2;
-            int[] tmp = tPointersTemp;
-            tPointersTemp = tPointers;
-            tPointers = tmp;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /** Merge two subarrays into one */
-    private void merge(int start1, int start2, int len1, int len2) {
-        int targetPos = start1;
-        int pos1 = start1;
-        int pos2 = start2;
-        int end1 = start1 + len1 - 1;
-        int end2 = start2 + len2 - 1;
-        while (pos1 <= end1 && pos2 <= end2) {
-            int cmp = compare(pos1, pos2);
-            if (cmp <= 0) {
-                copy(pos1, targetPos);
-                pos1++;
-            } else {
-                copy(pos2, targetPos);
-                pos2++;
+            while (c >= b) {
+                int cmp = compare(tPointers, c, mi, mj, mv);
+                if (cmp < 0) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (cmp == 0) {
+                    swap(tPointers, c, d--);
+                }
+                --c;
             }
-            targetPos++;
+            if (b > c)
+                break;
+            swap(tPointers, b++, c--);
         }
-        if (pos1 <= end1) {
-            int rest = end1 - pos1 + 1;
-            System.arraycopy(tPointers, pos1 * 4, tPointersTemp, targetPos * 4, rest * 4);
+
+        int s;
+        int n = offset + length;
+        s = Math.min(a - offset, b - a);
+        vecswap(tPointers, offset, b - s, s);
+        s = Math.min(d - c, n - d - 1);
+        vecswap(tPointers, b, n - s, s);
+
+        if ((s = b - a) > 1) {
+            sort(tPointers, offset, s);
         }
-        if (pos2 <= end2) {
-            int rest = end2 - pos2 + 1;
-            System.arraycopy(tPointers, pos2 * 4, tPointersTemp, targetPos * 4, rest * 4);
+        if ((s = d - c) > 1) {
+            sort(tPointers, n - s, s);
         }
     }
 
-    private void copy(int src, int dest) {
-        tPointersTemp[dest * 4] = tPointers[src * 4];
-        tPointersTemp[dest * 4 + 1] = tPointers[src * 4 + 1];
-        tPointersTemp[dest * 4 + 2] = tPointers[src * 4 + 2];
-        tPointersTemp[dest * 4 + 3] = tPointers[src * 4 + 3];
+    private void swap(int x[], int a, int b) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+            int t = x[a * 4 + i];
+            x[a * 4 + i] = x[b * 4 + i];
+            x[b * 4 + i] = t;
+        }
     }
 
-    private int compare(int tp1, int tp2) {
+    private void vecswap(int x[], int a, int b, int n) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++, a++, b++) {
+            swap(x, a, b);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int compare(int[] tPointers, int tp1, int tp2i, int tp2j, int tp2v) {
         int i1 = tPointers[tp1 * 4];
         int j1 = tPointers[tp1 * 4 + 1];
         int v1 = tPointers[tp1 * 4 + 3];
-
-        int tp2i = tPointers[tp2 * 4];
-        int tp2j = tPointers[tp2 * 4 + 1];
-        int tp2v = tPointers[tp2 * 4 + 3];
-
         if (v1 != tp2v) {
             return ((((long) v1) & 0xffffffffL) < (((long) tp2v) & 0xffffffffL)) ? -1 : 1;
         }
@@ -225,12 +229,12 @@
         fta2.reset(buf2);
         for (int f = 0; f < comparators.length; ++f) {
             int fIdx = sortFields[f];
-            int f1Start = fIdx == 0 ? 0 : IntSerDeUtils.getInt(buf1.array(), j1 + (fIdx - 1) * 4);
-            int f1End = IntSerDeUtils.getInt(buf1.array(), j1 + fIdx * 4);
+            int f1Start = fIdx == 0 ? 0 : buf1.getInt(j1 + (fIdx - 1) * 4);
+            int f1End = buf1.getInt(j1 + fIdx * 4);
             int s1 = j1 + fta1.getFieldSlotsLength() + f1Start;
             int l1 = f1End - f1Start;
-            int f2Start = fIdx == 0 ? 0 : IntSerDeUtils.getInt(buf2.array(), j2 + (fIdx - 1) * 4);
-            int f2End = IntSerDeUtils.getInt(buf2.array(), j2 + fIdx * 4);
+            int f2Start = fIdx == 0 ? 0 : buf2.getInt(j2 + (fIdx - 1) * 4);
+            int f2End = buf2.getInt(j2 + fIdx * 4);
             int s2 = j2 + fta2.getFieldSlotsLength() + f2Start;
             int l2 = f2End - f2Start;
             int c = comparators[f].compare(b1, s1, l1, b2, s2, l2);
@@ -241,7 +245,8 @@
         return 0;
     }
 
+    @Override
     public void close() {
         this.buffers.clear();
     }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/IFrameSorter.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/IFrameSorter.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6778852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/IFrameSorter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+
+public interface IFrameSorter {
+
+    public void reset();
+
+    public int getFrameCount();
+
+    public void insertFrame(ByteBuffer buffer) throws HyracksDataException;
+
+    public void sortFrames();
+
+    public void flushFrames(IFrameWriter writer) throws HyracksDataException;
+
+    public void close();
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/InMemorySortOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/InMemorySortOperatorDescriptor.java
index 04c82af..6fa21b5 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/InMemorySortOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/InMemorySortOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
     }
 
     public static class SortTaskState extends AbstractStateObject {
-        private FrameSorter frameSorter;
+        private FrameSorterMergeSort frameSorter;
 
         public SortTaskState() {
         }
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
                 @Override
                 public void open() throws HyracksDataException {
                     state = new SortTaskState(ctx.getJobletContext().getJobId(), new TaskId(getActivityId(), partition));
-                    state.frameSorter = new FrameSorter(ctx, sortFields, firstKeyNormalizerFactory,
+                    state.frameSorter = new FrameSorterMergeSort(ctx, sortFields, firstKeyNormalizerFactory,
                             comparatorFactories, recordDescriptors[0]);
                     state.frameSorter.reset();
                 }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/OptimizedExternalSortOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/OptimizedExternalSortOperatorDescriptor.java
index bff2e21..ef1ae88 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/OptimizedExternalSortOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/OptimizedExternalSortOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.TaskId;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IRecordDescriptorProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
@@ -201,9 +202,11 @@
                         comparators[i] = comparatorFactories[i].createBinaryComparator();
                     }
 
+                    INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer = firstKeyNormalizerFactory == null ? null
+                            : firstKeyNormalizerFactory.createNormalizedKeyComputer();
                     int necessaryFrames = Math.min(runs.size() + 2, memSize);
                     ExternalSortRunMerger merger = new ExternalSortRunMerger(ctx, outputLimit, runs, sortFields,
-                            comparators, recordDescriptors[0], necessaryFrames, writer);
+                            comparators, nmkComputer, recordDescriptors[0], necessaryFrames, writer);
 
                     merger.processWithReplacementSelection();
 
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/RunMergingFrameReader.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/RunMergingFrameReader.java
index 16b3c12..00fbe9b 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/RunMergingFrameReader.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/sort/RunMergingFrameReader.java
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameTupleAccessor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.FrameTupleAccessor;
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@
     private final List<ByteBuffer> inFrames;
     private final int[] sortFields;
     private final IBinaryComparator[] comparators;
+    private final INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer;
     private final RecordDescriptor recordDesc;
     private final FrameTupleAppender outFrameAppender;
     private ReferencedPriorityQueue topTuples;
@@ -42,12 +44,14 @@
     private FrameTupleAccessor[] tupleAccessors;
 
     public RunMergingFrameReader(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, IFrameReader[] runCursors, List<ByteBuffer> inFrames,
-            int[] sortFields, IBinaryComparator[] comparators, RecordDescriptor recordDesc) {
+            int[] sortFields, IBinaryComparator[] comparators, INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer,
+            RecordDescriptor recordDesc) {
         this.ctx = ctx;
         this.runCursors = runCursors;
         this.inFrames = inFrames;
         this.sortFields = sortFields;
         this.comparators = comparators;
+        this.nmkComputer = nmkComputer;
         this.recordDesc = recordDesc;
         outFrameAppender = new FrameTupleAppender(ctx.getFrameSize());
     }
@@ -56,7 +60,8 @@
     public void open() throws HyracksDataException {
         tupleAccessors = new FrameTupleAccessor[runCursors.length];
         Comparator<ReferenceEntry> comparator = createEntryComparator(comparators);
-        topTuples = new ReferencedPriorityQueue(ctx.getFrameSize(), recordDesc, runCursors.length, comparator);
+        topTuples = new ReferencedPriorityQueue(ctx.getFrameSize(), recordDesc, runCursors.length, comparator,
+                sortFields, nmkComputer);
         tupleIndexes = new int[runCursors.length];
         for (int i = 0; i < runCursors.length; i++) {
             tupleIndexes[i] = 0;
@@ -143,21 +148,25 @@
     private Comparator<ReferenceEntry> createEntryComparator(final IBinaryComparator[] comparators) {
         return new Comparator<ReferenceEntry>() {
             public int compare(ReferenceEntry tp1, ReferenceEntry tp2) {
+                int nmk1 = tp1.getNormalizedKey();
+                int nmk2 = tp1.getNormalizedKey();
+                if (nmk1 > nmk2) {
+                    return 1;
+                }
+                if (nmk1 < nmk2) {
+                    return -1;
+                }
+
                 FrameTupleAccessor fta1 = (FrameTupleAccessor) tp1.getAccessor();
                 FrameTupleAccessor fta2 = (FrameTupleAccessor) tp2.getAccessor();
-                int j1 = tp1.getTupleIndex();
-                int j2 = tp2.getTupleIndex();
                 byte[] b1 = fta1.getBuffer().array();
                 byte[] b2 = fta2.getBuffer().array();
+                int[] tPointers1 = tp1.getTPointers();
+                int[] tPointers2 = tp2.getTPointers();
+
                 for (int f = 0; f < sortFields.length; ++f) {
-                    int fIdx = sortFields[f];
-                    int s1 = fta1.getTupleStartOffset(j1) + fta1.getFieldSlotsLength()
-                            + fta1.getFieldStartOffset(j1, fIdx);
-                    int l1 = fta1.getFieldEndOffset(j1, fIdx) - fta1.getFieldStartOffset(j1, fIdx);
-                    int s2 = fta2.getTupleStartOffset(j2) + fta2.getFieldSlotsLength()
-                            + fta2.getFieldStartOffset(j2, fIdx);
-                    int l2 = fta2.getFieldEndOffset(j2, fIdx) - fta2.getFieldStartOffset(j2, fIdx);
-                    int c = comparators[f].compare(b1, s1, l1, b2, s2, l2);
+                    int c = comparators[f].compare(b1, tPointers1[2 * f + 1], tPointers1[2 * f + 2], b2,
+                            tPointers2[2 * f + 1], tPointers2[2 * f + 2]);
                     if (c != 0) {
                         return c;
                     }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/util/ReferenceEntry.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/util/ReferenceEntry.java
index c1efa91..c06b50c 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/util/ReferenceEntry.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/util/ReferenceEntry.java
@@ -14,18 +14,24 @@
  */
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.util;
 
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.FrameTupleAccessor;
 
 public class ReferenceEntry {
     private final int runid;
     private FrameTupleAccessor acccessor;
     private int tupleIndex;
+    private int[] tPointers;
 
-    public ReferenceEntry(int runid, FrameTupleAccessor fta, int tupleIndex) {
+    public ReferenceEntry(int runid, FrameTupleAccessor fta, int tupleIndex, int[] keyFields,
+            INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer) {
         super();
         this.runid = runid;
         this.acccessor = fta;
-        this.tupleIndex = tupleIndex;
+        this.tPointers = new int[1 + 2 * keyFields.length];
+        if (fta != null) {
+            initTPointer(fta, tupleIndex, keyFields, nmkComputer);
+        }
     }
 
     public int getRunid() {
@@ -40,11 +46,38 @@
         this.acccessor = fta;
     }
 
+    public int[] getTPointers() {
+        return tPointers;
+    }
+
     public int getTupleIndex() {
         return tupleIndex;
     }
 
-    public void setTupleIndex(int tupleIndex) {
+    public int getNormalizedKey() {
+        return tPointers[0];
+    }
+
+    public void setTupleIndex(int tupleIndex, int[] keyFields, INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer) {
+        initTPointer(acccessor, tupleIndex, keyFields, nmkComputer);
+    }
+
+    private void initTPointer(FrameTupleAccessor fta, int tupleIndex, int[] keyFields,
+            INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer) {
         this.tupleIndex = tupleIndex;
+        byte[] b1 = fta.getBuffer().array();
+        for (int f = 0; f < keyFields.length; ++f) {
+            int fIdx = keyFields[f];
+            tPointers[2 * f + 1] = fta.getTupleStartOffset(tupleIndex) + fta.getFieldSlotsLength()
+                    + fta.getFieldStartOffset(tupleIndex, fIdx);
+            tPointers[2 * f + 2] = fta.getFieldEndOffset(tupleIndex, fIdx) - fta.getFieldStartOffset(tupleIndex, fIdx);
+            if (f == 0) {
+                if (nmkComputer != null) {
+                    tPointers[0] = nmkComputer.normalize(b1, tPointers[1], tPointers[2]);
+                } else {
+                    tPointers[0] = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/util/ReferencedPriorityQueue.java b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/util/ReferencedPriorityQueue.java
index 7767ace..225f583 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/util/ReferencedPriorityQueue.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-dataflow-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/std/util/ReferencedPriorityQueue.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 import java.util.BitSet;
 import java.util.Comparator;
 
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.FrameTupleAccessor;
 
@@ -30,21 +31,25 @@
     private int nItems;
 
     private final Comparator<ReferenceEntry> comparator;
+    private final INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer;
+    private final int[] keyFields;
 
     public ReferencedPriorityQueue(int frameSize, RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor, int initSize,
-            Comparator<ReferenceEntry> comparator) {
+            Comparator<ReferenceEntry> comparator, int[] keyFields, INormalizedKeyComputer nmkComputer) {
         this.frameSize = frameSize;
         this.recordDescriptor = recordDescriptor;
         if (initSize < 1)
             throw new IllegalArgumentException();
         this.comparator = comparator;
+        this.nmkComputer = nmkComputer;
+        this.keyFields = keyFields;
         nItems = initSize;
         size = (initSize + 1) & 0xfffffffe;
         entries = new ReferenceEntry[size];
         runAvail = new BitSet(size);
         runAvail.set(0, initSize, true);
         for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-            entries[i] = new ReferenceEntry(i, null, -1);
+            entries[i] = new ReferenceEntry(i, null, -1, keyFields, nmkComputer);
         }
     }
 
@@ -71,7 +76,7 @@
             entry.setAccessor(new FrameTupleAccessor(frameSize, recordDescriptor));
         }
         entry.getAccessor().reset(fta.getBuffer());
-        entry.setTupleIndex(tIndex);
+        entry.setTupleIndex(tIndex, keyFields, nmkComputer);
 
         add(entry);
         return entry.getRunid();
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/integration/OptimizedSortMergeTest.java b/hyracks/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/integration/OptimizedSortMergeTest.java
index 380ba29..a2ef99a 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/integration/OptimizedSortMergeTest.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/integration/OptimizedSortMergeTest.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.accessors.PointableBinaryHashFunctionFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.UTF8StringPointable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.normalizers.UTF8StringNormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.parsers.IValueParserFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.parsers.UTF8StringParserFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.partition.FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory;
@@ -93,8 +94,8 @@
                         PointableBinaryHashFunctionFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) }), new int[] { 1, 0 },
                         new IBinaryComparatorFactory[] {
                                 PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY),
-                                PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) }), sorter, 0,
-                printer, 0);
+                                PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) },
+                        new UTF8StringNormalizedKeyComputerFactory()), sorter, 0, printer, 0);
 
         runTest(spec);
     }
@@ -148,8 +149,8 @@
                         PointableBinaryHashFunctionFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) }), new int[] { 1, 0 },
                         new IBinaryComparatorFactory[] {
                                 PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY),
-                                PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) }), sorter, 0, filter,
-                0);
+                                PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) },
+                        new UTF8StringNormalizedKeyComputerFactory()), sorter, 0, filter, 0);
 
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), filter, 0, printer, 0);
 
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/integration/SortMergeTest.java b/hyracks/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/integration/SortMergeTest.java
index 48db176..faa55e8 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/integration/SortMergeTest.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/integration/SortMergeTest.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.accessors.PointableBinaryHashFunctionFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.UTF8StringPointable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.normalizers.UTF8StringNormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.parsers.IValueParserFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.parsers.UTF8StringParserFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.partition.FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory;
@@ -89,7 +90,8 @@
                         new int[] { 1 }, new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { PointableBinaryHashFunctionFactory
                                 .of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) }), new int[] { 1 },
                         new IBinaryComparatorFactory[] { PointableBinaryComparatorFactory
-                                .of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) }), sorter, 0, printer, 0);
+                                .of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) }, new UTF8StringNormalizedKeyComputerFactory()),
+                sorter, 0, printer, 0);
 
         runTest(spec);
     }
@@ -138,8 +140,8 @@
                         PointableBinaryHashFunctionFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) }), new int[] { 1, 0 },
                         new IBinaryComparatorFactory[] {
                                 PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY),
-                                PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) }), sorter, 0,
-                printer, 0);
+                                PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) },
+                        new UTF8StringNormalizedKeyComputerFactory()), sorter, 0, printer, 0);
 
         runTest(spec);
     }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-hdfs/hyracks-hdfs-core/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/hdfs/dataflow/DataflowTest.java b/hyracks/hyracks-hdfs/hyracks-hdfs-core/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/hdfs/dataflow/DataflowTest.java
index c61c15b..61c5a1c 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-hdfs/hyracks-hdfs-core/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/hdfs/dataflow/DataflowTest.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-hdfs/hyracks-hdfs-core/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/hdfs/dataflow/DataflowTest.java
@@ -156,8 +156,8 @@
         jobSpec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(jobSpec), readOperator, 0, sortOperator, 0);
         jobSpec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(jobSpec, new FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory(
                 new int[] { 0 }, new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { RawBinaryHashFunctionFactory.INSTANCE }),
-                new int[] { 0 }, new IBinaryComparatorFactory[] { RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE }), sortOperator,
-                0, writeOperator, 0);
+                new int[] { 0 }, new IBinaryComparatorFactory[] { RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE }, null),
+                sortOperator, 0, writeOperator, 0);
         jobSpec.addRoot(writeOperator);
 
         IHyracksClientConnection client = new HyracksConnection(HyracksUtils.CC_HOST,
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-hdfs/hyracks-hdfs-core/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/hdfs2/dataflow/DataflowTest.java b/hyracks/hyracks-hdfs/hyracks-hdfs-core/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/hdfs2/dataflow/DataflowTest.java
index 3e43fb1..baa4dc7 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-hdfs/hyracks-hdfs-core/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/hdfs2/dataflow/DataflowTest.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-hdfs/hyracks-hdfs-core/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/hdfs2/dataflow/DataflowTest.java
@@ -163,8 +163,8 @@
         jobSpec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(jobSpec), readOperator, 0, sortOperator, 0);
         jobSpec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(jobSpec, new FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory(
                 new int[] { 0 }, new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { RawBinaryHashFunctionFactory.INSTANCE }),
-                new int[] { 0 }, new IBinaryComparatorFactory[] { RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE }), sortOperator,
-                0, writeOperator, 0);
+                new int[] { 0 }, new IBinaryComparatorFactory[] { RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE }, null),
+                sortOperator, 0, writeOperator, 0);
         jobSpec.addRoot(writeOperator);
 
         IHyracksClientConnection client = new HyracksConnection(HyracksUtils.CC_HOST,
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java
index 67392ac..3f651df 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java
@@ -185,45 +185,54 @@
         ByteBuffer right = rightFrame.getBuffer();
         int tupleCount = getTupleCount();
 
-        // Find split point, and determine into which frame the new tuple should be inserted into.
-        int tuplesToLeft;
+        // Find split point, and determine into which frame the new tuple should be inserted into.  
         ITreeIndexFrame targetFrame = null;
-
-        int totalSize = 0;
-        int halfPageSize = (buf.capacity() - getPageHeaderSize()) / 2;
-        int i;
-        for (i = 0; i < tupleCount; ++i) {
-            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
-            totalSize += tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frameTuple) + childPtrSize + slotManager.getSlotSize();
-            if (totalSize >= halfPageSize) {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, tupleCount - 1);
+        int tuplesToLeft;
         if (cmp.compare(tuple, frameTuple) > 0) {
-            tuplesToLeft = i;
+            // This is a special optimization case when the tuple to be inserted is the largest key on the page.
             targetFrame = rightFrame;
+            tuplesToLeft = tupleCount;
         } else {
-            tuplesToLeft = i + 1;
-            targetFrame = this;
+            int totalSize = 0;
+            int halfPageSize = (buf.capacity() - getPageHeaderSize()) / 2;
+            int i;
+            for (i = 0; i < tupleCount; ++i) {
+                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
+                totalSize += tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frameTuple) + childPtrSize + slotManager.getSlotSize();
+                if (totalSize >= halfPageSize) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (cmp.compare(tuple, frameTuple) > 0) {
+                tuplesToLeft = i;
+                targetFrame = rightFrame;
+            } else {
+                tuplesToLeft = i + 1;
+                targetFrame = this;
+            }
+            int tuplesToRight = tupleCount - tuplesToLeft;
+
+            // Copy entire page.
+            System.arraycopy(buf.array(), 0, right.array(), 0, buf.capacity());
+
+            // On the right page we need to copy rightmost slots to left.
+            int src = rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotEndOff();
+            int dest = rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotEndOff() + tuplesToLeft
+                    * rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotSize();
+            int length = rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotSize() * tuplesToRight;
+            System.arraycopy(right.array(), src, right.array(), dest, length);
+            right.putInt(tupleCountOff, tuplesToRight);
+
+            // On the left page, remove the highest key and make its child pointer
+            // the rightmost child pointer.
+            buf.putInt(tupleCountOff, tuplesToLeft);
+
+            // Compact both pages.
+            rightFrame.compact();
+            compact();
         }
-        int tuplesToRight = tupleCount - tuplesToLeft;
-
-        // Copy entire page.
-        System.arraycopy(buf.array(), 0, right.array(), 0, buf.capacity());
-
-        // On the right page we need to copy rightmost slots to left.
-        int src = rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotEndOff();
-        int dest = rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotEndOff() + tuplesToLeft
-                * rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotSize();
-        int length = rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotSize() * tuplesToRight;
-        System.arraycopy(right.array(), src, right.array(), dest, length);
-        right.putInt(tupleCountOff, tuplesToRight);
-
-        // On the left page, remove the highest key and make its child pointer
-        // the rightmost child pointer.
-        buf.putInt(tupleCountOff, tuplesToLeft);
-
         // Copy the split key to be inserted.
         // We must do so because setting the new split key will overwrite the
         // old split key, and we cannot insert the existing split key at this point.
@@ -242,10 +251,6 @@
         buf.putInt(rightLeafOff, buf.getInt(getLeftChildPageOff(frameTuple)));
         buf.putInt(tupleCountOff, tuplesToLeft - 1);
 
-        // Compact both pages.
-        rightFrame.compact();
-        compact();
-
         // Insert the saved split key.
         int targetTupleIndex;
         // it's safe to catch this exception since it will have been caught before reaching here
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMLeafFrame.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMLeafFrame.java
index 187cd52..995e8a7 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMLeafFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMLeafFrame.java
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
     public int getBytesRequriedToWriteTuple(ITupleReference tuple) {
         return tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple) + slotManager.getSlotSize();
     }
-    
+
     @Override
     public void initBuffer(byte level) {
         super.initBuffer(level);
@@ -148,45 +148,51 @@
 
         // Find split point, and determine into which frame the new tuple should
         // be inserted into.
-        int tuplesToLeft;
         ITreeIndexFrame targetFrame = null;
-        int totalSize = 0;
-        int halfPageSize = (buf.capacity() - getPageHeaderSize()) / 2;
-        int i;
-        for (i = 0; i < tupleCount; ++i) {
-            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
-            totalSize += tupleWriter.getCopySpaceRequired(frameTuple) + slotManager.getSlotSize();
-            if (totalSize >= halfPageSize) {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (cmp.compare(tuple, frameTuple) >= 0) {
-            tuplesToLeft = i + 1;
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, tupleCount - 1);
+        if (cmp.compare(tuple, frameTuple) > 0) {
+            // This is a special optimization case when the tuple to be inserted is the largest key on the page.
             targetFrame = rightFrame;
         } else {
-            tuplesToLeft = i;
-            targetFrame = this;
+            int tuplesToLeft;
+            int totalSize = 0;
+            int halfPageSize = (buf.capacity() - getPageHeaderSize()) / 2;
+            int i;
+            for (i = 0; i < tupleCount; ++i) {
+                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
+                totalSize += tupleWriter.getCopySpaceRequired(frameTuple) + slotManager.getSlotSize();
+                if (totalSize >= halfPageSize) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (cmp.compare(tuple, frameTuple) >= 0) {
+                tuplesToLeft = i + 1;
+                targetFrame = rightFrame;
+            } else {
+                tuplesToLeft = i;
+                targetFrame = this;
+            }
+            int tuplesToRight = tupleCount - tuplesToLeft;
+
+            // Copy entire page.
+            System.arraycopy(buf.array(), 0, right.array(), 0, buf.capacity());
+
+            // On the right page we need to copy rightmost slots to the left.
+            int src = rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotEndOff();
+            int dest = rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotEndOff() + tuplesToLeft
+                    * rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotSize();
+            int length = rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotSize() * tuplesToRight;
+            System.arraycopy(right.array(), src, right.array(), dest, length);
+            right.putInt(tupleCountOff, tuplesToRight);
+
+            // On left page only change the tupleCount indicator.
+            buf.putInt(tupleCountOff, tuplesToLeft);
+
+            // Compact both pages.
+            rightFrame.compact();
+            compact();
         }
-        int tuplesToRight = tupleCount - tuplesToLeft;
-
-        // Copy entire page.
-        System.arraycopy(buf.array(), 0, right.array(), 0, buf.capacity());
-
-        // On the right page we need to copy rightmost slots to the left.
-        int src = rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotEndOff();
-        int dest = rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotEndOff() + tuplesToLeft
-                * rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotSize();
-        int length = rightFrame.getSlotManager().getSlotSize() * tuplesToRight;
-        System.arraycopy(right.array(), src, right.array(), dest, length);
-        right.putInt(tupleCountOff, tuplesToRight);
-
-        // On left page only change the tupleCount indicator.
-        buf.putInt(tupleCountOff, tuplesToLeft);
-
-        // Compact both pages.
-        rightFrame.compact();
-        compact();
 
         // Insert the new tuple.
         int targetTupleIndex;
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/OrderedSlotManager.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/OrderedSlotManager.java
index 2071a77..2316c6b 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/OrderedSlotManager.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/OrderedSlotManager.java
@@ -27,19 +27,29 @@
     @Override
     public int findTupleIndex(ITupleReference searchKey, ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple, MultiComparator multiCmp,
             FindTupleMode mode, FindTupleNoExactMatchPolicy matchPolicy) {
-        if (frame.getTupleCount() <= 0) {
+        int tupleCount = frame.getTupleCount();
+        if (tupleCount <= 0) {
             return GREATEST_KEY_INDICATOR;
         }
 
         int mid;
-        int begin = 0;
-        int end = frame.getTupleCount() - 1;
+        int begin;
+        int end = tupleCount - 1;
+
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, end);
+        int cmp = multiCmp.compare(searchKey, frameTuple);
+        if (cmp > 0) {
+            // This is a special optimization case when the tuple to be searched is larger than all the keys on the page.
+            begin = tupleCount;
+        } else {
+            begin = 0;
+        }
 
         while (begin <= end) {
             mid = (begin + end) / 2;
             frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, mid);
 
-            int cmp = multiCmp.compare(searchKey, frameTuple);
+            cmp = multiCmp.compare(searchKey, frameTuple);
             if (cmp < 0) {
                 end = mid - 1;
             } else if (cmp > 0) {
@@ -66,7 +76,7 @@
         }
 
         if (matchPolicy == FindTupleNoExactMatchPolicy.HIGHER_KEY) {
-            if (begin > frame.getTupleCount() - 1) {
+            if (begin > tupleCount - 1) {
                 return GREATEST_KEY_INDICATOR;
             }
             frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, begin);
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenThread.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenThread.java
index 6e17ff8..9c2268d 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenThread.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenThread.java
@@ -23,21 +23,20 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
 
 /**
- * Quick & dirty data generator for multi-thread testing. 
- *
+ * Quick & dirty data generator for multi-thread testing.
  */
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public class DataGenThread extends Thread {
     public final BlockingQueue<TupleBatch> tupleBatchQueue;
     private final int maxNumBatches;
-    private final int maxOutstandingBatches;        
+    private final int maxOutstandingBatches;
     private int numBatches = 0;
     private final Random rnd;
-    
+
     // maxOutstandingBatches pre-created tuple-batches for populating the queue.
     private TupleBatch[] tupleBatches;
     private int ringPos;
-    
+
     public DataGenThread(int numConsumers, int maxNumBatches, int batchSize, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
             int payloadSize, int rndSeed, int maxOutstandingBatches, boolean sorted) {
         this.maxNumBatches = maxNumBatches;
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@
         tupleBatchQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<TupleBatch>(maxOutstandingBatches);
         ringPos = 0;
     }
-    
+
     public DataGenThread(int numConsumers, int maxNumBatches, int batchSize, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
             IFieldValueGenerator[] fieldGens, int rndSeed, int maxOutstandingBatches) {
         this.maxNumBatches = maxNumBatches;
@@ -64,13 +63,13 @@
         tupleBatchQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<TupleBatch>(maxOutstandingBatches);
         ringPos = 0;
     }
-    
+
     @Override
     public void run() {
-        while(numBatches < maxNumBatches) {
+        while (numBatches < maxNumBatches) {
             boolean added = false;
             try {
-                if (tupleBatches[ringPos].inUse.compareAndSet(false, true)) {                    
+                if (tupleBatches[ringPos].inUse.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
                     tupleBatches[ringPos].generate();
                     tupleBatchQueue.put(tupleBatches[ringPos]);
                     added = true;
@@ -89,11 +88,11 @@
             }
         }
     }
-    
+
     public TupleBatch getBatch() throws InterruptedException {
         return tupleBatchQueue.take();
     }
-    
+
     public void releaseBatch(TupleBatch batch) {
         batch.inUse.set(false);
     }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenUtils.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenUtils.java
index d7234fa..cb9c545 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenUtils.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenUtils.java
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
 
-@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") 
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public class DataGenUtils {
     public static IFieldValueGenerator getFieldGenFromSerde(ISerializerDeserializer serde, Random rnd, boolean sorted) {
         if (serde instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
@@ -49,8 +49,9 @@
         }
         return null;
     }
-    
-    public static IFieldValueGenerator[] getFieldGensFromSerdes(ISerializerDeserializer[] serdes, Random rnd, boolean sorted) {
+
+    public static IFieldValueGenerator[] getFieldGensFromSerdes(ISerializerDeserializer[] serdes, Random rnd,
+            boolean sorted) {
         IFieldValueGenerator[] fieldValueGens = new IFieldValueGenerator[serdes.length];
         for (int i = 0; i < serdes.length; i++) {
             fieldValueGens[i] = getFieldGenFromSerde(serdes[i], rnd, sorted);
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/AbstractTreeIndex.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/AbstractTreeIndex.java
index e501465..f65c78a 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/AbstractTreeIndex.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/AbstractTreeIndex.java
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@
                 throw new TreeIndexException("Cannot bulk-load a non-empty tree.");
             }
 
-            this.cmp = MultiComparator.createIgnoreFieldLength(cmpFactories);
+            this.cmp = MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
 
             leafFrame.setMultiComparator(cmp);
             interiorFrame.setMultiComparator(cmp);
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTree.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTree.java
index 3e51e20..28f44e6 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTree.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTree.java
@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMHarness;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOOperation;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOOperationCallback;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOOperationCallbackProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOOperationScheduler;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIndexAccessor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIndexAccessorInternal;
@@ -164,8 +163,7 @@
         }
 
         if (flushOnExit) {
-            BlockingIOOperationCallbackWrapper cb = new BlockingIOOperationCallbackWrapper(
-                    ioOpCallback);
+            BlockingIOOperationCallbackWrapper cb = new BlockingIOOperationCallbackWrapper(ioOpCallback);
             ILSMIndexAccessor accessor = createAccessor(NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE, NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE);
             accessor.scheduleFlush(cb);
             try {
@@ -370,7 +368,8 @@
         opCtx.getComponentHolder().add(flushingComponent);
         ILSMIndexAccessorInternal flushAccessor = new LSMBTreeAccessor(lsmHarness, opCtx);
         ioScheduler.scheduleOperation(new LSMBTreeFlushOperation(flushAccessor, flushingComponent, componentFileRefs
-                .getInsertIndexFileReference(), componentFileRefs.getBloomFilterFileReference(), callback));
+                .getInsertIndexFileReference(), componentFileRefs.getBloomFilterFileReference(), callback, fileManager
+                .getBaseDir()));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -442,7 +441,8 @@
                 .getName(), lastFile.getFile().getName());
         ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor = new LSMBTreeAccessor(lsmHarness, opCtx);
         ioScheduler.scheduleOperation(new LSMBTreeMergeOperation(accessor, mergingComponents, cursor, relMergeFileRefs
-                .getInsertIndexFileReference(), relMergeFileRefs.getBloomFilterFileReference(), callback));
+                .getInsertIndexFileReference(), relMergeFileRefs.getBloomFilterFileReference(), callback, fileManager
+                .getBaseDir()));
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeFlushOperation.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeFlushOperation.java
index 668e727..94b1569 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeFlushOperation.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeFlushOperation.java
@@ -27,21 +27,24 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOOperationCallback;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIndexAccessorInternal;
 
-public class LSMBTreeFlushOperation implements ILSMIOOperation {
+public class LSMBTreeFlushOperation implements ILSMIOOperation, Comparable<LSMBTreeFlushOperation> {
 
     private final ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor;
     private final ILSMComponent flushingComponent;
     private final FileReference btreeFlushTarget;
     private final FileReference bloomFilterFlushTarget;
     private final ILSMIOOperationCallback callback;
+    private final String indexIdentifier;
 
     public LSMBTreeFlushOperation(ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor, ILSMComponent flushingComponent,
-            FileReference btreeFlushTarget, FileReference bloomFilterFlushTarget, ILSMIOOperationCallback callback) {
+            FileReference btreeFlushTarget, FileReference bloomFilterFlushTarget, ILSMIOOperationCallback callback,
+            String indexIdentifier) {
         this.accessor = accessor;
         this.flushingComponent = flushingComponent;
         this.btreeFlushTarget = btreeFlushTarget;
         this.bloomFilterFlushTarget = bloomFilterFlushTarget;
         this.callback = callback;
+        this.indexIdentifier = indexIdentifier;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -83,4 +86,19 @@
     public ILSMComponent getFlushingComponent() {
         return flushingComponent;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getIndexUniqueIdentifier() {
+        return indexIdentifier;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public LSMIOOpertionType getIOOpertionType() {
+        return LSMIOOpertionType.FLUSH;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(LSMBTreeFlushOperation o) {
+        return btreeFlushTarget.getFile().getName().compareTo(o.getBTreeFlushTarget().getFile().getName());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeMergeOperation.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeMergeOperation.java
index 3a608fe..a4f6875 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeMergeOperation.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeMergeOperation.java
@@ -37,16 +37,18 @@
     private final FileReference btreeMergeTarget;
     private final FileReference bloomFilterMergeTarget;
     private final ILSMIOOperationCallback callback;
+    private final String indexIdentifier;
 
     public LSMBTreeMergeOperation(ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor, List<ILSMComponent> mergingComponents,
             ITreeIndexCursor cursor, FileReference btreeMergeTarget, FileReference bloomFilterMergeTarget,
-            ILSMIOOperationCallback callback) {
+            ILSMIOOperationCallback callback, String indexIdentifier) {
         this.accessor = accessor;
         this.mergingComponents = mergingComponents;
         this.cursor = cursor;
         this.btreeMergeTarget = btreeMergeTarget;
         this.bloomFilterMergeTarget = bloomFilterMergeTarget;
         this.callback = callback;
+        this.indexIdentifier = indexIdentifier;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -94,4 +96,14 @@
     public List<ILSMComponent> getMergingComponents() {
         return mergingComponents;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getIndexUniqueIdentifier() {
+        return indexIdentifier;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public LSMIOOpertionType getIOOpertionType() {
+        return LSMIOOpertionType.MERGE;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMIOOperation.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMIOOperation.java
index 2c3940f..1638a5d 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMIOOperation.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMIOOperation.java
@@ -22,6 +22,12 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexException;
 
 public interface ILSMIOOperation extends Callable<Boolean> {
+
+    public enum LSMIOOpertionType {
+        FLUSH,
+        MERGE
+    }
+
     public Set<IODeviceHandle> getReadDevices();
 
     public Set<IODeviceHandle> getWriteDevices();
@@ -29,4 +35,8 @@
     public Boolean call() throws HyracksDataException, IndexException;
 
     public ILSMIOOperationCallback getCallback();
+
+    public String getIndexUniqueIdentifier();
+
+    public LSMIOOpertionType getIOOpertionType();
 }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/AsynchronousScheduler.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/AsynchronousScheduler.java
index 25894f1..b785764 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/AsynchronousScheduler.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/AsynchronousScheduler.java
@@ -14,24 +14,87 @@
  */
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls;
 
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
-import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.RunnableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.SynchronousQueue;
 import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOOperation;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOOperation.LSMIOOpertionType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOOperationScheduler;
 
 public class AsynchronousScheduler implements ILSMIOOperationScheduler {
+    // Since this is a asynchronous scheduler, we make sure that flush operations coming from the same lsm index
+    // will be executed serially in same order of scheduling the operations. Look at asterix issue 630.
+
     public final static AsynchronousScheduler INSTANCE = new AsynchronousScheduler();
     private ExecutorService executor;
+    private final Map<String, ILSMIOOperation> runningFlushOperations = new HashMap<String, ILSMIOOperation>();
+    private final Map<String, PriorityQueue<ILSMIOOperation>> waitingFlushOperations = new HashMap<String, PriorityQueue<ILSMIOOperation>>();
 
     public void init(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
-        executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(threadFactory);
+        // Creating an executor with the same configuration of Executors.newCachedThreadPool. 
+        executor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
+                new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>(), threadFactory) {
+
+            @Override
+            protected <T> RunnableFuture<T> newTaskFor(Callable<T> callable) {
+                return new LSMIOOperationTask<T>(callable);
+            }
+
+            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+            @Override
+            protected void afterExecute(Runnable r, Throwable t) {
+                super.afterExecute(r, t);
+                LSMIOOperationTask<Boolean> task = (LSMIOOperationTask<Boolean>) r;
+                ILSMIOOperation executedOp = task.getOperation();
+                String id = executedOp.getIndexUniqueIdentifier();
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    runningFlushOperations.remove(id);
+                    if (waitingFlushOperations.containsKey(id)) {
+                        try {
+                            ILSMIOOperation op = waitingFlushOperations.get(id).poll();
+                            if (op != null) {
+                                scheduleOperation(op);
+                            } else {
+                                waitingFlushOperations.remove(id);
+                            }
+                        } catch (HyracksDataException e) {
+                            t = e.getCause();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
     }
 
     @Override
     public void scheduleOperation(ILSMIOOperation operation) throws HyracksDataException {
-        executor.submit(operation);
+        if (operation.getIOOpertionType() == LSMIOOpertionType.MERGE) {
+            executor.submit(operation);
+        } else {
+            String id = operation.getIndexUniqueIdentifier();
+            synchronized (executor) {
+                if (runningFlushOperations.containsKey(id)) {
+                    if (waitingFlushOperations.containsKey(id)) {
+                        waitingFlushOperations.get(id).offer(operation);
+                    } else {
+                        PriorityQueue<ILSMIOOperation> q = new PriorityQueue<ILSMIOOperation>();
+                        q.offer(operation);
+                        waitingFlushOperations.put(id, q);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    runningFlushOperations.put(id, operation);
+                    executor.submit(operation);
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMIOOperationTask.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMIOOperationTask.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9743afe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMIOOperationTask.java
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOOperation;
+
+public class LSMIOOperationTask<T> extends FutureTask<T> {
+    private final ILSMIOOperation operation;
+
+    public LSMIOOperationTask(Callable<T> callable) {
+        super(callable);
+        this.operation = (ILSMIOOperation) callable;
+    }
+
+    public ILSMIOOperation getOperation() {
+        return operation;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/impls/LSMInvertedIndex.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/impls/LSMInvertedIndex.java
index 0600754..93c5a58 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/impls/LSMInvertedIndex.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/impls/LSMInvertedIndex.java
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@
         ioScheduler.scheduleOperation(new LSMInvertedIndexFlushOperation(
                 new LSMInvertedIndexAccessor(lsmHarness, opCtx), flushingComponent, componentFileRefs
                         .getInsertIndexFileReference(), componentFileRefs.getDeleteIndexFileReference(),
-                componentFileRefs.getBloomFilterFileReference(), callback));
+                componentFileRefs.getBloomFilterFileReference(), callback, fileManager.getBaseDir()));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@
         ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor = new LSMInvertedIndexAccessor(lsmHarness, ctx);
         ioScheduler.scheduleOperation(new LSMInvertedIndexMergeOperation(accessor, mergingComponents, cursor,
                 relMergeFileRefs.getInsertIndexFileReference(), relMergeFileRefs.getDeleteIndexFileReference(),
-                relMergeFileRefs.getBloomFilterFileReference(), callback));
+                relMergeFileRefs.getBloomFilterFileReference(), callback, fileManager.getBaseDir()));
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/impls/LSMInvertedIndexFlushOperation.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/impls/LSMInvertedIndexFlushOperation.java
index 45433e7..beb7643 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/impls/LSMInvertedIndexFlushOperation.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/impls/LSMInvertedIndexFlushOperation.java
@@ -28,23 +28,25 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOOperationCallback;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIndexAccessorInternal;
 
-public class LSMInvertedIndexFlushOperation implements ILSMIOOperation {
+public class LSMInvertedIndexFlushOperation implements ILSMIOOperation, Comparable<LSMInvertedIndexFlushOperation> {
     private final ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor;
     private final ILSMComponent flushingComponent;
     private final FileReference dictBTreeFlushTarget;
     private final FileReference deletedKeysBTreeFlushTarget;
     private final FileReference bloomFilterFlushTarget;
     private final ILSMIOOperationCallback callback;
+    private final String indexIdentifier;
 
     public LSMInvertedIndexFlushOperation(ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor, ILSMComponent flushingComponent,
             FileReference dictBTreeFlushTarget, FileReference deletedKeysBTreeFlushTarget,
-            FileReference bloomFilterFlushTarget, ILSMIOOperationCallback callback) {
+            FileReference bloomFilterFlushTarget, ILSMIOOperationCallback callback, String indexIdentifier) {
         this.accessor = accessor;
         this.flushingComponent = flushingComponent;
         this.dictBTreeFlushTarget = dictBTreeFlushTarget;
         this.deletedKeysBTreeFlushTarget = deletedKeysBTreeFlushTarget;
         this.bloomFilterFlushTarget = bloomFilterFlushTarget;
         this.callback = callback;
+        this.indexIdentifier = indexIdentifier;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -88,4 +90,19 @@
     public ILSMComponent getFlushingComponent() {
         return flushingComponent;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getIndexUniqueIdentifier() {
+        return indexIdentifier;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public LSMIOOpertionType getIOOpertionType() {
+        return LSMIOOpertionType.FLUSH;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(LSMInvertedIndexFlushOperation o) {
+        return dictBTreeFlushTarget.getFile().getName().compareTo(o.getDictBTreeFlushTarget().getFile().getName());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/impls/LSMInvertedIndexMergeOperation.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/impls/LSMInvertedIndexMergeOperation.java
index 7cd921a..5a1e413 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/impls/LSMInvertedIndexMergeOperation.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/impls/LSMInvertedIndexMergeOperation.java
@@ -38,10 +38,11 @@
     private final FileReference deletedKeysBTreeMergeTarget;
     private final FileReference bloomFilterMergeTarget;
     private final ILSMIOOperationCallback callback;
+    private final String indexIdentifier;
 
     public LSMInvertedIndexMergeOperation(ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor, List<ILSMComponent> mergingComponents,
             IIndexCursor cursor, FileReference dictBTreeMergeTarget, FileReference deletedKeysBTreeMergeTarget,
-            FileReference bloomFilterMergeTarget, ILSMIOOperationCallback callback) {
+            FileReference bloomFilterMergeTarget, ILSMIOOperationCallback callback, String indexIdentifier) {
         this.accessor = accessor;
         this.mergingComponents = mergingComponents;
         this.cursor = cursor;
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@
         this.deletedKeysBTreeMergeTarget = deletedKeysBTreeMergeTarget;
         this.bloomFilterMergeTarget = bloomFilterMergeTarget;
         this.callback = callback;
+        this.indexIdentifier = indexIdentifier;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -103,4 +105,14 @@
     public List<ILSMComponent> getMergingComponents() {
         return mergingComponents;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getIndexUniqueIdentifier() {
+        return indexIdentifier;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public LSMIOOpertionType getIOOpertionType() {
+        return LSMIOOpertionType.MERGE;
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/ondisk/OnDiskInvertedIndex.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/ondisk/OnDiskInvertedIndex.java
index 67d1796..4f586f9 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/ondisk/OnDiskInvertedIndex.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/invertedindex/ondisk/OnDiskInvertedIndex.java
@@ -565,6 +565,12 @@
         public ByteBuffer allocateFrame() {
             return ByteBuffer.allocate(FRAME_SIZE);
         }
+        
+        @Override
+        public void deallocateFrames(int frameCount) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
+            
+        }
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTree.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTree.java
index 662aa02..3d2cc62 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTree.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTree.java
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
         LSMRTreeAccessor accessor = new LSMRTreeAccessor(lsmHarness, rctx);
         ioScheduler.scheduleOperation(new LSMRTreeFlushOperation(accessor, flushingComponent, componentFileRefs
                 .getInsertIndexFileReference(), componentFileRefs.getDeleteIndexFileReference(), componentFileRefs
-                .getBloomFilterFileReference(), callback));
+                .getBloomFilterFileReference(), callback, fileManager.getBaseDir()));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -295,7 +295,8 @@
         ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor = new LSMRTreeAccessor(lsmHarness, rctx);
         ioScheduler.scheduleOperation(new LSMRTreeMergeOperation((ILSMIndexAccessorInternal) accessor,
                 mergingComponents, cursor, relMergeFileRefs.getInsertIndexFileReference(), relMergeFileRefs
-                        .getDeleteIndexFileReference(), relMergeFileRefs.getBloomFilterFileReference(), callback));
+                        .getDeleteIndexFileReference(), relMergeFileRefs.getBloomFilterFileReference(), callback,
+                fileManager.getBaseDir()));
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFlushOperation.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFlushOperation.java
index 18d7a7e..0d40eb4 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFlushOperation.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFlushOperation.java
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOOperationCallback;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIndexAccessorInternal;
 
-public class LSMRTreeFlushOperation implements ILSMIOOperation {
+public class LSMRTreeFlushOperation implements ILSMIOOperation, Comparable<LSMRTreeFlushOperation> {
 
     private final ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor;
     private final ILSMComponent flushingComponent;
@@ -35,16 +35,18 @@
     private final FileReference btreeFlushTarget;
     private final FileReference bloomFilterFlushTarget;
     private final ILSMIOOperationCallback callback;
+    private final String indexIdentifier;
 
     public LSMRTreeFlushOperation(ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor, ILSMComponent flushingComponent,
             FileReference rtreeFlushTarget, FileReference btreeFlushTarget, FileReference bloomFilterFlushTarget,
-            ILSMIOOperationCallback callback) {
+            ILSMIOOperationCallback callback, String indexIdentifier) {
         this.accessor = accessor;
         this.flushingComponent = flushingComponent;
         this.rtreeFlushTarget = rtreeFlushTarget;
         this.btreeFlushTarget = btreeFlushTarget;
         this.bloomFilterFlushTarget = bloomFilterFlushTarget;
         this.callback = callback;
+        this.indexIdentifier = indexIdentifier;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -89,4 +91,19 @@
     public ILSMComponent getFlushingComponent() {
         return flushingComponent;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getIndexUniqueIdentifier() {
+        return indexIdentifier;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public LSMIOOpertionType getIOOpertionType() {
+        return LSMIOOpertionType.FLUSH;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(LSMRTreeFlushOperation o) {
+        return rtreeFlushTarget.getFile().getName().compareTo(o.getRTreeFlushTarget().getFile().getName());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeMergeOperation.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeMergeOperation.java
index da7a2fb..ddf3ebf 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeMergeOperation.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeMergeOperation.java
@@ -36,10 +36,11 @@
     private final FileReference btreeMergeTarget;
     private final FileReference bloomFilterMergeTarget;
     private final ILSMIOOperationCallback callback;
+    private final String indexIdentifier;
 
     public LSMRTreeMergeOperation(ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor, List<ILSMComponent> mergingComponents,
             ITreeIndexCursor cursor, FileReference rtreeMergeTarget, FileReference btreeMergeTarget,
-            FileReference bloomFilterMergeTarget, ILSMIOOperationCallback callback) {
+            FileReference bloomFilterMergeTarget, ILSMIOOperationCallback callback, String indexIdentifier) {
         this.accessor = accessor;
         this.mergingComponents = mergingComponents;
         this.cursor = cursor;
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@
         this.btreeMergeTarget = btreeMergeTarget;
         this.bloomFilterMergeTarget = bloomFilterMergeTarget;
         this.callback = callback;
+        this.indexIdentifier = indexIdentifier;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -104,4 +106,14 @@
     public List<ILSMComponent> getMergingComponents() {
         return mergingComponents;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getIndexUniqueIdentifier() {
+        return indexIdentifier;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public LSMIOOpertionType getIOOpertionType() {
+        return LSMIOOpertionType.MERGE;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.java b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.java
index ec66a39..bfd0260 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.java
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
         opCtx.getComponentHolder().add(flushingComponent);
         ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor = new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesAccessor(lsmHarness, opCtx);
         ioScheduler.scheduleOperation(new LSMRTreeFlushOperation(accessor, flushingComponent, relFlushFileRefs
-                .getInsertIndexFileReference(), null, null, callback));
+                .getInsertIndexFileReference(), null, null, callback, fileManager.getBaseDir()));
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
         LSMComponentFileReferences relMergeFileRefs = getMergeTargetFileName(mergingComponents);
         ILSMIndexAccessorInternal accessor = new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesAccessor(lsmHarness, rctx);
         ioScheduler.scheduleOperation(new LSMRTreeMergeOperation(accessor, mergingComponents, cursor, relMergeFileRefs
-                .getInsertIndexFileReference(), null, null, callback));
+                .getInsertIndexFileReference(), null, null, callback, fileManager.getBaseDir()));
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexSortedInsertTest.java b/hyracks/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexSortedInsertTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8b83e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexSortedInsertTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+
+/**
+ * Tests the BTree insert operation with sorted stream of strings and integer fields using
+ * various numbers of key and payload fields.
+ * Each tests first fills a BTree with sorted generated tuples. We compare the
+ * following operations against expected results: 1. Point searches for all
+ * tuples. 2. Ordered scan. 3. Disk-order scan. 4. Range search (and prefix
+ * search for composite keys).
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class OrderedIndexSortedInsertTest extends OrderedIndexTestDriver {
+
+    private final OrderedIndexTestUtils orderedIndexTestUtils;
+
+    public OrderedIndexSortedInsertTest(BTreeLeafFrameType[] leafFrameTypesToTest) {
+        super(leafFrameTypesToTest);
+        this.orderedIndexTestUtils = new OrderedIndexTestUtils();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType,
+            ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, ITupleReference prefixLowKey, ITupleReference prefixHighKey)
+            throws Exception {
+        OrderedIndexTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, numKeys, leafType);
+        ctx.getIndex().create();
+        ctx.getIndex().activate();
+        // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first one
+        // to determine which field types to generate.
+        if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.insertSortedIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+        } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.insertSortedStringTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+        }
+
+        orderedIndexTestUtils.checkPointSearches(ctx);
+        orderedIndexTestUtils.checkScan(ctx);
+        orderedIndexTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(ctx);
+
+        orderedIndexTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, lowKey, highKey, true, true);
+        if (prefixLowKey != null && prefixHighKey != null) {
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey, true, true);
+        }
+
+        ctx.getIndex().validate();
+        ctx.getIndex().deactivate();
+        ctx.getIndex().destroy();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getTestOpName() {
+        return "Insert-Sorted";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexTestUtils.java b/hyracks/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexTestUtils.java
index 9de217b..bb614d4 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexTestUtils.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexTestUtils.java
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.exceptions.TreeIndexDuplicateKeyException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 
@@ -180,6 +181,79 @@
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void insertSortedIntTuples(IIndexTestContext ctx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
+        int fieldCount = ctx.getFieldCount();
+        int numKeyFields = ctx.getKeyFieldCount();
+        int[] fieldValues = new int[ctx.getFieldCount()];
+        int maxValue = (int) Math.ceil(Math.pow(numTuples, 1.0 / (double) numKeyFields));
+        Collection<CheckTuple> tmpCheckTuples = createCheckTuplesCollection();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
+            // Set keys.
+            setIntKeyFields(fieldValues, numKeyFields, maxValue, rnd);
+            // Set values.
+            setIntPayloadFields(fieldValues, numKeyFields, fieldCount);
+
+            // Set expected values. (We also use these as the pre-sorted stream
+            // for ordered indexes bulk loading).
+            ctx.insertCheckTuple(createIntCheckTuple(fieldValues, ctx.getKeyFieldCount()), tmpCheckTuples);
+        }
+        insertCheckTuples(ctx, tmpCheckTuples);
+
+        // Add tmpCheckTuples to ctx check tuples for comparing searches.
+        for (CheckTuple checkTuple : tmpCheckTuples) {
+            ctx.insertCheckTuple(checkTuple, ctx.getCheckTuples());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void insertSortedStringTuples(IIndexTestContext ctx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
+        int fieldCount = ctx.getFieldCount();
+        int numKeyFields = ctx.getKeyFieldCount();
+        String[] fieldValues = new String[fieldCount];
+        TreeSet<CheckTuple> tmpCheckTuples = new TreeSet<CheckTuple>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
+            // Set keys.
+            for (int j = 0; j < numKeyFields; j++) {
+                int length = (Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % 10) + 1;
+                fieldValues[j] = getRandomString(length, rnd);
+            }
+            // Set values.
+            for (int j = numKeyFields; j < fieldCount; j++) {
+                fieldValues[j] = getRandomString(5, rnd);
+            }
+            // Set expected values. We also use these as the pre-sorted stream
+            // for bulk loading.
+            ctx.insertCheckTuple(createStringCheckTuple(fieldValues, ctx.getKeyFieldCount()), tmpCheckTuples);
+        }
+        insertCheckTuples(ctx, tmpCheckTuples);
+
+        // Add tmpCheckTuples to ctx check tuples for comparing searches.
+        for (CheckTuple checkTuple : tmpCheckTuples) {
+            ctx.insertCheckTuple(checkTuple, ctx.getCheckTuples());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void insertCheckTuples(IIndexTestContext ctx, Collection<CheckTuple> checkTuples)
+            throws HyracksDataException, IndexException {
+        int fieldCount = ctx.getFieldCount();
+        int numTuples = checkTuples.size();
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+
+        int c = 1;
+        for (CheckTuple checkTuple : checkTuples) {
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                if (c % (numTuples / 10) == 0) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Inserting Tuple " + c + "/" + numTuples);
+                }
+            }
+            createTupleFromCheckTuple(checkTuple, tupleBuilder, tuple, ctx.getFieldSerdes());
+            ctx.getIndexAccessor().insert(tuple);
+            c++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public void insertStringTuples(IIndexTestContext ctx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
         int fieldCount = ctx.getFieldCount();
         int numKeyFields = ctx.getKeyFieldCount();
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/test/support/TestTaskContext.java b/hyracks/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/test/support/TestTaskContext.java
index 10b5582..f18099b 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/test/support/TestTaskContext.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/test/support/TestTaskContext.java
@@ -46,6 +46,10 @@
     public ByteBuffer allocateFrame() {
         return jobletContext.allocateFrame();
     }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void deallocateFrames(int frameCount) {
+    }
 
     @Override
     public int getFrameSize() {
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeSortedInsertTest.java b/hyracks/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeSortedInsertTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e24c52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeSortedInsertTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestHarness;
+
+/**
+ * Tests the BTree insert operation with sorted stream of strings and integer fields using
+ * various numbers of key and payload fields. Each tests first fills a BTree with
+ * randomly generated tuples. We compare the following operations against expected results:
+ * 1) Point searches for all tuples
+ * 2) Ordered scan
+ * 3) Disk-order scan
+ * 4) Range search (and prefix search for composite keys)
+ */
+public class BTreeSortedInsertTest extends OrderedIndexSortedInsertTest {
+
+    private final BTreeTestHarness harness = new BTreeTestHarness();
+
+    public BTreeSortedInsertTest() {
+        super(BTreeTestHarness.LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST);
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+    @Override
+    protected OrderedIndexTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys,
+            BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception {
+        return BTreeTestContext.create(harness.getBufferCache(), harness.getFileMapProvider(),
+                harness.getFileReference(), fieldSerdes, numKeys, leafType);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/LSMTreeRunner.java b/hyracks/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/LSMTreeRunner.java
index 3591f78..fb06a7e 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/LSMTreeRunner.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/LSMTreeRunner.java
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Date;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
@@ -37,9 +39,9 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOOperationScheduler;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.IVirtualBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.AsynchronousScheduler;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.NoMergePolicy;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.NoOpIOOperationCallback;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.SynchronousScheduler;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.ThreadCountingTracker;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.VirtualBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.HeapBufferAllocator;
@@ -50,8 +52,8 @@
 
 public class LSMTreeRunner implements IExperimentRunner {
 
-    private static final int MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10000;
-    private static final int HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+    private static final int MAX_OPEN_FILES = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+    private static final int HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 131072;
 
     protected IHyracksTaskContext ctx;
     protected IOManager ioManager;
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@
 
     protected final static SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("ddMMyy-hhmmssSS");
     protected final static String sep = System.getProperty("file.separator");
-    protected final static String classDir = "/lsmtree/";
+    protected final static String classDir = "/tmp/lsmtree/";
     protected String onDiskDir;
     protected FileReference file;
 
@@ -71,6 +73,11 @@
     protected IBufferCache memBufferCache;
     private final int onDiskPageSize;
     private final int onDiskNumPages;
+    private final static ThreadFactory threadFactory = new ThreadFactory() {
+        public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
+            return new Thread(r);
+        }
+    };
 
     public LSMTreeRunner(int numBatches, int inMemPageSize, int inMemNumPages, int onDiskPageSize, int onDiskNumPages,
             ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories, int[] bloomFilterKeyFields,
@@ -93,11 +100,13 @@
         List<IVirtualBufferCache> virtualBufferCaches = new ArrayList<IVirtualBufferCache>();
         for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
             IVirtualBufferCache virtualBufferCache = new VirtualBufferCache(new HeapBufferAllocator(), inMemPageSize,
-                    inMemNumPages);
+                    inMemNumPages / 2);
             virtualBufferCaches.add(virtualBufferCache);
         }
 
-        this.ioScheduler = SynchronousScheduler.INSTANCE;
+        this.ioScheduler = AsynchronousScheduler.INSTANCE;
+        AsynchronousScheduler.INSTANCE.init(threadFactory);
+
         lsmtree = LSMBTreeUtils.createLSMTree(virtualBufferCaches, file, bufferCache, fmp, typeTraits, cmpFactories,
                 bloomFilterKeyFields, bloomFilterFalsePositiveRate, NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE,
                 new ThreadCountingTracker(), ioScheduler, NoOpIOOperationCallback.INSTANCE);
@@ -133,15 +142,23 @@
 
     @Override
     public void reset() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            lsmtree.deactivate();
+        } catch (HyracksDataException e) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+        try {
+            lsmtree.destroy();
+        } catch (HyracksDataException e) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+
         lsmtree.create();
+        lsmtree.activate();
     }
 
     @Override
     public void deinit() throws Exception {
-        bufferCache.closeFile(lsmtreeFileId);
-        bufferCache.close();
-        memBufferCache.closeFile(lsmtreeFileId);
-        memBufferCache.close();
     }
 
     public class LSMTreeThread extends Thread {
@@ -166,6 +183,7 @@
                         } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
                         }
                     }
+                    dataGen.releaseBatch(batch);
                 }
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 e.printStackTrace();
diff --git a/hyracks/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/PerfExperiment.java b/hyracks/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/PerfExperiment.java
index 641362e..2354550 100644
--- a/hyracks/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/PerfExperiment.java
+++ b/hyracks/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/PerfExperiment.java
@@ -31,18 +31,20 @@
     public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
         // Disable logging so we can better see the output times.
         Enumeration<String> loggers = LogManager.getLogManager().getLoggerNames();
-        while(loggers.hasMoreElements()) {
+        while (loggers.hasMoreElements()) {
             String loggerName = loggers.nextElement();
             Logger logger = LogManager.getLogManager().getLogger(loggerName);
             logger.setLevel(Level.OFF);
         }
-        
-        int numTuples = 100000; // 100K
+        boolean sorted = Boolean.parseBoolean(args[0]);
+        int numThreads =  Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
+
+        //int numTuples = 100000; // 100K
         //int numTuples = 1000000; // 1M
         //int numTuples = 2000000; // 2M
         //int numTuples = 3000000; // 3M
         //int numTuples = 10000000; // 10M
-        //int numTuples = 20000000; // 20M
+        int numTuples = 20000000; // 20M
         //int numTuples = 30000000; // 30M
         //int numTuples = 40000000; // 40M
         //int numTuples = 60000000; // 60M
@@ -50,27 +52,41 @@
         //int numTuples = 200000000; // 200M
         int batchSize = 10000;
         int numBatches = numTuples / batchSize;
-        
+
+        int payLoadSize = 240;
         ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = new ISerializerDeserializer[] { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes, 30);
-        
-        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes, fieldSerdes.length);
-        
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes, payLoadSize);
+
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes,
+                fieldSerdes.length);
+        int[] bloomFilterKeyFields = new int[cmpFactories.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < bloomFilterKeyFields.length; i++) {
+            bloomFilterKeyFields[i] = i;
+        }
+        double bloomFilterFalsePositiveRate = 0.01;
+
         //int repeats = 1000;
         int repeats = 1;
         long[] times = new long[repeats];
 
-        int numThreads = 2;
+//        int numThreads = 4;
+//        boolean sorted = true;
         for (int i = 0; i < repeats; i++) {
             //ConcurrentSkipListRunner runner = new ConcurrentSkipListRunner(numBatches, batchSize, tupleSize, typeTraits, cmp);
-            InMemoryBTreeRunner runner = new InMemoryBTreeRunner(numBatches, 8192, 100000, typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+            //InMemoryBTreeRunner runner = new InMemoryBTreeRunner(numBatches, 8192, 100000, typeTraits, cmpFactories);
             //BTreeBulkLoadRunner runner = new BTreeBulkLoadRunner(numBatches, 8192, 100000, typeTraits, cmp, 1.0f);
-        	//BTreeRunner runner = new BTreeRunner(numBatches, 8192, 100000, typeTraits, cmp);
-        	//String btreeName = "071211";
-        	//BTreeSearchRunner runner = new BTreeSearchRunner(btreeName, 10, numBatches, 8192, 25000, typeTraits, cmp);
-        	//LSMTreeRunner runner = new LSMTreeRunner(numBatches, 8192, 100, 8192, 250, typeTraits, cmp);
-        	//LSMTreeSearchRunner runner = new LSMTreeSearchRunner(100000, numBatches, 8192, 24750, 8192, 250, typeTraits, cmp); 
-            DataGenThread dataGen = new DataGenThread(numThreads, numBatches, batchSize, fieldSerdes, 30, 50, 10, false);
+            //BTreeRunner runner = new BTreeRunner(numBatches, 8192, 100000, typeTraits, cmp);
+            //String btreeName = "071211";
+            //BTreeSearchRunner runner = new BTreeSearchRunner(btreeName, 10, numBatches, 8192, 25000, typeTraits, cmp);
+            //LSMTreeRunner runner = new LSMTreeRunner(numBatches, 8192, 100, 8192, 250, typeTraits, cmp);
+            //LSMTreeSearchRunner runner = new LSMTreeSearchRunner(100000, numBatches, 8192, 24750, 8192, 250, typeTraits, cmp); 
+            int inMemPageSize = 131072; // 128kb
+            int onDiskPageSize = inMemPageSize;
+            int inMemNumPages = 8192; // 1GB
+            int onDiskNumPages = 16384; // 2GB
+            LSMTreeRunner runner = new LSMTreeRunner(numBatches, inMemPageSize, inMemNumPages, onDiskPageSize,
+                    onDiskNumPages, typeTraits, cmpFactories, bloomFilterKeyFields, bloomFilterFalsePositiveRate);
+            DataGenThread dataGen = new DataGenThread(numThreads, numBatches, batchSize, fieldSerdes, payLoadSize, 50, 10, sorted);
             dataGen.start();
             runner.reset();
             times[i] = runner.runExperiment(dataGen, numThreads);
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/pom.xml b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/pom.xml
index 4d7d456..c1344ea 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/pom.xml
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/pom.xml
@@ -12,6 +12,42 @@
 	<artifactId>pregelix-benchmark</artifactId>
 	<name>pregelix-benchmark</name>
 	<url>http://maven.apache.org</url>
+
+	<build>
+		<plugins>
+			<plugin>
+				<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+				<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
+				<version>2.0.2</version>
+				<configuration>
+					<source>1.7</source>
+					<target>1.7</target>
+					<fork>true</fork>
+				</configuration>
+			</plugin>
+
+			<plugin>
+				<artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
+				<version>2.2-beta-5</version>
+				<configuration>
+					<descriptorRefs>
+						<descriptorRef>jar-with-dependencies</descriptorRef>
+					</descriptorRefs>
+				</configuration>
+				<executions>
+					<execution>
+						<id>make-my-jar-with-dependencies</id>
+						<phase>package</phase>
+						<goals>
+							<goal>single</goal>
+						</goals>
+					</execution>
+				</executions>
+			</plugin>
+		</plugins>
+	</build>
+
+
 	<dependencies>
 		<dependency>
 			<groupId>junit</groupId>
@@ -26,6 +62,12 @@
 			<scope>compile</scope>
 		</dependency>
 		<dependency>
+			<groupId>org.apache.giraph</groupId>
+			<artifactId>giraph-examples</artifactId>
+			<version>1.0.0</version>
+			<scope>compile</scope>
+		</dependency>
+		<dependency>
 			<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
 			<artifactId>hyracks-hdfs-core</artifactId>
 			<version>0.2.10-SNAPSHOT</version>
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/PageRankVertex.java b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/PageRankVertex.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 04c29de..0000000
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/PageRankVertex.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * you may obtain a copy of the License from
- * 
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- * 
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark;
-
-import org.apache.giraph.graph.Vertex;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.DoubleWritable;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.FloatWritable;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.VLongWritable;
-
-/**
- * Demonstrates the basic Pregel PageRank implementation.
- */
-public class PageRankVertex extends Vertex<VLongWritable, DoubleWritable, FloatWritable, DoubleWritable> {
-
-    public static final String ITERATIONS = "HyracksPageRankVertex.iteration";
-    private final DoubleWritable vertexValue = new DoubleWritable();
-    private final DoubleWritable msg = new DoubleWritable();
-    private int maxIteration = -1;
-
-    @Override
-    public void compute(Iterable<DoubleWritable> msgIterator) {
-        if (maxIteration < 0) {
-            maxIteration = getContext().getConfiguration().getInt(ITERATIONS, 10);
-        }
-        if (getSuperstep() == 1) {
-            vertexValue.set(1.0 / getTotalNumVertices());
-        }
-        if (getSuperstep() >= 2 && getSuperstep() <= maxIteration) {
-            double sum = 0;
-            for (DoubleWritable msg : msgIterator) {
-                sum += msg.get();
-            }
-            vertexValue.set((0.15 / getTotalNumVertices()) + 0.85 * sum);
-        }
-
-        if (getSuperstep() >= 1 && getSuperstep() < maxIteration) {
-            long edges = getNumEdges();
-            msg.set(vertexValue.get() / edges);
-            sendMessageToAllEdges(msg);
-        } else {
-            voteToHalt();
-        }
-    }
-
-}
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextCCInputFormat.java
similarity index 60%
copy from pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java
copy to pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextCCInputFormat.java
index 3d85f66..b290907 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextCCInputFormat.java
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark;
+
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark.io;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -24,14 +25,13 @@
 import org.apache.giraph.edge.Edge;
 import org.apache.giraph.edge.MapMutableEdge;
 import org.apache.giraph.io.formats.TextVertexInputFormat;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.DoubleWritable;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.FloatWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;
 import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.VLongWritable;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;
 
-public class TextPageRankInputFormat extends TextVertexInputFormat<VLongWritable, DoubleWritable, FloatWritable> {
+public class TextCCInputFormat extends TextVertexInputFormat<LongWritable, LongWritable, NullWritable> {
 
     @Override
     public TextVertexReader createVertexReader(InputSplit split, TaskAttemptContext context) throws IOException {
@@ -39,25 +39,25 @@
             String[] items;
 
             @Override
-            protected VLongWritable getId(Text line) throws IOException {
+            protected LongWritable getId(Text line) throws IOException {
                 items = line.toString().split(" ");
-                return new VLongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[0]));
+                return new LongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[0]));
             }
 
             @Override
-            protected DoubleWritable getValue(Text line) throws IOException {
+            protected LongWritable getValue(Text line) throws IOException {
                 return null;
             }
 
             @Override
-            protected Iterable<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>> getEdges(Text line) throws IOException {
-                List<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>> edges = new ArrayList<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>>();
-                Map<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> edgeMap = new HashMap<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>();
+            protected Iterable<Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable>> getEdges(Text line) throws IOException {
+                List<Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable>> edges = new ArrayList<Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable>>();
+                Map<LongWritable, NullWritable> edgeMap = new HashMap<LongWritable, NullWritable>();
                 for (int i = 1; i < items.length; i++) {
-                    edgeMap.put(new VLongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[i])), null);
+                    edgeMap.put(new LongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[i])), null);
                 }
-                for (Entry<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> entry : edgeMap.entrySet()) {
-                    MapMutableEdge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> edge = new MapMutableEdge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>();
+                for (Entry<LongWritable, NullWritable> entry : edgeMap.entrySet()) {
+                    MapMutableEdge<LongWritable, NullWritable> edge = new MapMutableEdge<LongWritable, NullWritable>();
                     edge.setEntry(entry);
                     edge.setValue(null);
                     edges.add(edge);
@@ -67,4 +67,5 @@
 
         };
     }
+
 }
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextCCOutputFormat.java b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextCCOutputFormat.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..770c6e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextCCOutputFormat.java
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark.io;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.apache.giraph.graph.Vertex;
+import org.apache.giraph.io.formats.TextVertexOutputFormat;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;
+
+public class TextCCOutputFormat extends TextVertexOutputFormat<LongWritable, LongWritable, NullWritable> {
+
+    @Override
+    public TextVertexWriter createVertexWriter(TaskAttemptContext context) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        return new TextVertexWriterToEachLine() {
+
+            @Override
+            protected Text convertVertexToLine(Vertex<LongWritable, LongWritable, NullWritable, ?> vertex)
+                    throws IOException {
+                return new Text(vertex.getId() + " " + vertex.getValue());
+            }
+
+        };
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextPRInputFormat.java
similarity index 64%
copy from pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java
copy to pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextPRInputFormat.java
index 3d85f66..38eef3a 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextPRInputFormat.java
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark;
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark.io;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@
 import org.apache.giraph.edge.MapMutableEdge;
 import org.apache.giraph.io.formats.TextVertexInputFormat;
 import org.apache.hadoop.io.DoubleWritable;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.FloatWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;
 import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.VLongWritable;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;
 
-public class TextPageRankInputFormat extends TextVertexInputFormat<VLongWritable, DoubleWritable, FloatWritable> {
+public class TextPRInputFormat extends TextVertexInputFormat<LongWritable, DoubleWritable, NullWritable> {
 
     @Override
     public TextVertexReader createVertexReader(InputSplit split, TaskAttemptContext context) throws IOException {
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@
             String[] items;
 
             @Override
-            protected VLongWritable getId(Text line) throws IOException {
+            protected LongWritable getId(Text line) throws IOException {
                 items = line.toString().split(" ");
-                return new VLongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[0]));
+                return new LongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[0]));
             }
 
             @Override
@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            protected Iterable<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>> getEdges(Text line) throws IOException {
-                List<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>> edges = new ArrayList<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>>();
-                Map<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> edgeMap = new HashMap<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>();
+            protected Iterable<Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable>> getEdges(Text line) throws IOException {
+                List<Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable>> edges = new ArrayList<Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable>>();
+                Map<LongWritable, NullWritable> edgeMap = new HashMap<LongWritable, NullWritable>();
                 for (int i = 1; i < items.length; i++) {
-                    edgeMap.put(new VLongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[i])), null);
+                    edgeMap.put(new LongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[i])), null);
                 }
-                for (Entry<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> entry : edgeMap.entrySet()) {
-                    MapMutableEdge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> edge = new MapMutableEdge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>();
+                for (Entry<LongWritable, NullWritable> entry : edgeMap.entrySet()) {
+                    MapMutableEdge<LongWritable, NullWritable> edge = new MapMutableEdge<LongWritable, NullWritable>();
                     edge.setEntry(entry);
                     edge.setValue(null);
                     edges.add(edge);
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextPROutputFormat.java b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextPROutputFormat.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b14de6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextPROutputFormat.java
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark.io;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.apache.giraph.graph.Vertex;
+import org.apache.giraph.io.formats.TextVertexOutputFormat;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.DoubleWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;
+
+public class TextPROutputFormat extends TextVertexOutputFormat<LongWritable, DoubleWritable, NullWritable> {
+
+    @Override
+    public TextVertexWriter createVertexWriter(TaskAttemptContext context) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        return new TextVertexWriterToEachLine() {
+
+            @Override
+            protected Text convertVertexToLine(Vertex<LongWritable, DoubleWritable, NullWritable, ?> vertex)
+                    throws IOException {
+                return new Text(vertex.getId() + " " + vertex.getValue());
+            }
+
+        };
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextSPInputFormat.java
similarity index 65%
rename from pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java
rename to pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextSPInputFormat.java
index 3d85f66..953e93c 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io/TextSPInputFormat.java
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark;
+
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark.io;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -25,13 +26,12 @@
 import org.apache.giraph.edge.MapMutableEdge;
 import org.apache.giraph.io.formats.TextVertexInputFormat;
 import org.apache.hadoop.io.DoubleWritable;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.FloatWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
 import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.VLongWritable;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;
 
-public class TextPageRankInputFormat extends TextVertexInputFormat<VLongWritable, DoubleWritable, FloatWritable> {
+public class TextSPInputFormat extends TextVertexInputFormat<LongWritable, DoubleWritable, DoubleWritable> {
 
     @Override
     public TextVertexReader createVertexReader(InputSplit split, TaskAttemptContext context) throws IOException {
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@
             String[] items;
 
             @Override
-            protected VLongWritable getId(Text line) throws IOException {
+            protected LongWritable getId(Text line) throws IOException {
                 items = line.toString().split(" ");
-                return new VLongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[0]));
+                return new LongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[0]));
             }
 
             @Override
@@ -50,16 +50,16 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            protected Iterable<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>> getEdges(Text line) throws IOException {
-                List<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>> edges = new ArrayList<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>>();
-                Map<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> edgeMap = new HashMap<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>();
+            protected Iterable<Edge<LongWritable, DoubleWritable>> getEdges(Text line) throws IOException {
+                List<Edge<LongWritable, DoubleWritable>> edges = new ArrayList<Edge<LongWritable, DoubleWritable>>();
+                Map<LongWritable, DoubleWritable> edgeMap = new HashMap<LongWritable, DoubleWritable>();
                 for (int i = 1; i < items.length; i++) {
-                    edgeMap.put(new VLongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[i])), null);
+                    edgeMap.put(new LongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[i])), null);
                 }
-                for (Entry<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> entry : edgeMap.entrySet()) {
-                    MapMutableEdge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> edge = new MapMutableEdge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>();
+                for (Entry<LongWritable, DoubleWritable> entry : edgeMap.entrySet()) {
+                    MapMutableEdge<LongWritable, DoubleWritable> edge = new MapMutableEdge<LongWritable, DoubleWritable>();
                     edge.setEntry(entry);
-                    edge.setValue(null);
+                    edge.setValue(new DoubleWritable(1.0));
                     edges.add(edge);
                 }
                 return edges;
@@ -67,4 +67,5 @@
 
         };
     }
+
 }
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io2/TextCCInputFormat2.java b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io2/TextCCInputFormat2.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a70b3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io2/TextCCInputFormat2.java
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark.io2;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.apache.giraph.edge.Edge;
+import org.apache.giraph.edge.MapMutableEdge;
+import org.apache.giraph.io.formats.TextVertexInputFormat;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;
+
+public class TextCCInputFormat2 extends TextVertexInputFormat<LongWritable, LongWritable, NullWritable> {
+
+    @Override
+    public TextVertexReader createVertexReader(InputSplit split, TaskAttemptContext context) throws IOException {
+        return new TextVertexReaderFromEachLine() {
+            String[] items;
+
+            @Override
+            protected LongWritable getId(Text line) throws IOException {
+                String[] kv = line.toString().split("\t");
+                items = kv[1].split(" ");
+                return new LongWritable(Long.parseLong(kv[0]));
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected LongWritable getValue(Text line) throws IOException {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected Iterable<Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable>> getEdges(Text line) throws IOException {
+                List<Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable>> edges = new ArrayList<Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable>>();
+                Map<LongWritable, NullWritable> edgeMap = new HashMap<LongWritable, NullWritable>();
+                for (int i = 1; i < items.length; i++) {
+                    edgeMap.put(new LongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[i])), null);
+                }
+                for (Entry<LongWritable, NullWritable> entry : edgeMap.entrySet()) {
+                    MapMutableEdge<LongWritable, NullWritable> edge = new MapMutableEdge<LongWritable, NullWritable>();
+                    edge.setEntry(entry);
+                    edge.setValue(null);
+                    edges.add(edge);
+                }
+                return edges;
+            }
+
+        };
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io2/TextPRInputFormat2.java
similarity index 62%
copy from pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java
copy to pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io2/TextPRInputFormat2.java
index 3d85f66..63a4519 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io2/TextPRInputFormat2.java
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark;
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark.io2;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@
 import org.apache.giraph.edge.MapMutableEdge;
 import org.apache.giraph.io.formats.TextVertexInputFormat;
 import org.apache.hadoop.io.DoubleWritable;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.FloatWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;
 import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.VLongWritable;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;
 
-public class TextPageRankInputFormat extends TextVertexInputFormat<VLongWritable, DoubleWritable, FloatWritable> {
+public class TextPRInputFormat2 extends TextVertexInputFormat<LongWritable, DoubleWritable, NullWritable> {
 
     @Override
     public TextVertexReader createVertexReader(InputSplit split, TaskAttemptContext context) throws IOException {
@@ -39,9 +39,10 @@
             String[] items;
 
             @Override
-            protected VLongWritable getId(Text line) throws IOException {
-                items = line.toString().split(" ");
-                return new VLongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[0]));
+            protected LongWritable getId(Text line) throws IOException {
+                String[] kv = line.toString().split("\t");
+                items = kv[1].split(" ");
+                return new LongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[0]));
             }
 
             @Override
@@ -50,14 +51,14 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            protected Iterable<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>> getEdges(Text line) throws IOException {
-                List<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>> edges = new ArrayList<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>>();
-                Map<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> edgeMap = new HashMap<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>();
+            protected Iterable<Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable>> getEdges(Text line) throws IOException {
+                List<Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable>> edges = new ArrayList<Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable>>();
+                Map<LongWritable, NullWritable> edgeMap = new HashMap<LongWritable, NullWritable>();
                 for (int i = 1; i < items.length; i++) {
-                    edgeMap.put(new VLongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[i])), null);
+                    edgeMap.put(new LongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[i])), null);
                 }
-                for (Entry<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> entry : edgeMap.entrySet()) {
-                    MapMutableEdge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> edge = new MapMutableEdge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>();
+                for (Entry<LongWritable, NullWritable> entry : edgeMap.entrySet()) {
+                    MapMutableEdge<LongWritable, NullWritable> edge = new MapMutableEdge<LongWritable, NullWritable>();
                     edge.setEntry(entry);
                     edge.setValue(null);
                     edges.add(edge);
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io2/TextSPInputFormat2.java
similarity index 63%
copy from pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java
copy to pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io2/TextSPInputFormat2.java
index 3d85f66..fdb1061 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/TextPageRankInputFormat.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/io2/TextSPInputFormat2.java
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark;
+
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark.io2;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -25,13 +26,12 @@
 import org.apache.giraph.edge.MapMutableEdge;
 import org.apache.giraph.io.formats.TextVertexInputFormat;
 import org.apache.hadoop.io.DoubleWritable;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.FloatWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
 import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
-import org.apache.hadoop.io.VLongWritable;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;
 
-public class TextPageRankInputFormat extends TextVertexInputFormat<VLongWritable, DoubleWritable, FloatWritable> {
+public class TextSPInputFormat2 extends TextVertexInputFormat<LongWritable, DoubleWritable, DoubleWritable> {
 
     @Override
     public TextVertexReader createVertexReader(InputSplit split, TaskAttemptContext context) throws IOException {
@@ -39,9 +39,10 @@
             String[] items;
 
             @Override
-            protected VLongWritable getId(Text line) throws IOException {
-                items = line.toString().split(" ");
-                return new VLongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[0]));
+            protected LongWritable getId(Text line) throws IOException {
+                String[] kv = line.toString().split("\t");
+                items = kv[1].split(" ");
+                return new LongWritable(Long.parseLong(kv[0]));
             }
 
             @Override
@@ -50,16 +51,16 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            protected Iterable<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>> getEdges(Text line) throws IOException {
-                List<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>> edges = new ArrayList<Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>>();
-                Map<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> edgeMap = new HashMap<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>();
+            protected Iterable<Edge<LongWritable, DoubleWritable>> getEdges(Text line) throws IOException {
+                List<Edge<LongWritable, DoubleWritable>> edges = new ArrayList<Edge<LongWritable, DoubleWritable>>();
+                Map<LongWritable, DoubleWritable> edgeMap = new HashMap<LongWritable, DoubleWritable>();
                 for (int i = 1; i < items.length; i++) {
-                    edgeMap.put(new VLongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[i])), null);
+                    edgeMap.put(new LongWritable(Long.parseLong(items[i])), null);
                 }
-                for (Entry<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> entry : edgeMap.entrySet()) {
-                    MapMutableEdge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> edge = new MapMutableEdge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable>();
+                for (Entry<LongWritable, DoubleWritable> entry : edgeMap.entrySet()) {
+                    MapMutableEdge<LongWritable, DoubleWritable> edge = new MapMutableEdge<LongWritable, DoubleWritable>();
                     edge.setEntry(entry);
-                    edge.setValue(null);
+                    edge.setValue(new DoubleWritable(1.0));
                     edges.add(edge);
                 }
                 return edges;
@@ -67,4 +68,5 @@
 
         };
     }
+
 }
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/vertex/ConnectedComponentsVertex.java b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/vertex/ConnectedComponentsVertex.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3789d6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/vertex/ConnectedComponentsVertex.java
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark.vertex;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.apache.giraph.edge.Edge;
+import org.apache.giraph.graph.Vertex;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;
+
+public class ConnectedComponentsVertex extends Vertex<LongWritable, LongWritable, NullWritable, LongWritable> {
+    /**
+     * Propagates the smallest vertex id to all neighbors. Will always choose to
+     * halt and only reactivate if a smaller id has been sent to it.
+     * 
+     * @param messages
+     *            Iterator of messages from the previous superstep.
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void compute(Iterable<LongWritable> messages) throws IOException {
+        long currentComponent = getValue().get();
+
+        // First superstep is special, because we can simply look at the neighbors
+        if (getSuperstep() == 0) {
+            for (Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable> edge : getEdges()) {
+                long neighbor = edge.getTargetVertexId().get();
+                if (neighbor < currentComponent) {
+                    currentComponent = neighbor;
+                }
+            }
+            // Only need to send value if it is not the own id
+            if (currentComponent != getValue().get()) {
+                setValue(new LongWritable(currentComponent));
+                for (Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable> edge : getEdges()) {
+                    LongWritable neighbor = edge.getTargetVertexId();
+                    if (neighbor.get() > currentComponent) {
+                        sendMessage(neighbor, getValue());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            voteToHalt();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean changed = false;
+        // did we get a smaller id ?
+        for (LongWritable message : messages) {
+            long candidateComponent = message.get();
+            if (candidateComponent < currentComponent) {
+                currentComponent = candidateComponent;
+                changed = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // propagate new component id to the neighbors
+        if (changed) {
+            setValue(new LongWritable(currentComponent));
+            sendMessageToAllEdges(getValue());
+        }
+        voteToHalt();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/vertex/PageRankVertex.java b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/vertex/PageRankVertex.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86e90dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/vertex/PageRankVertex.java
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark.vertex;
+
+import org.apache.giraph.edge.Edge;
+import org.apache.giraph.examples.RandomWalkVertex;
+import org.apache.giraph.utils.MathUtils;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.DoubleWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;
+
+/**
+ * The PageRank algorithm, with uniform transition probabilities on the edges
+ * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank
+ */
+public class PageRankVertex extends RandomWalkVertex<NullWritable> {
+
+    @Override
+    protected double transitionProbability(double stateProbability, Edge<LongWritable, NullWritable> edge) {
+        return stateProbability / getNumEdges();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected double recompute(Iterable<DoubleWritable> partialRanks, double teleportationProbability) {
+
+        // rank contribution from incident neighbors
+        double rankFromNeighbors = MathUtils.sum(partialRanks);
+        // rank contribution from dangling vertices
+        double danglingContribution = getDanglingProbability() / getTotalNumVertices();
+
+        // recompute rank
+        return (1d - teleportationProbability) * (rankFromNeighbors + danglingContribution) + teleportationProbability
+                / getTotalNumVertices();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/vertex/ShortestPathsVertex.java b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/vertex/ShortestPathsVertex.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..755a3d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-benchmark/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/benchmark/vertex/ShortestPathsVertex.java
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.benchmark.vertex;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.apache.giraph.edge.Edge;
+import org.apache.giraph.graph.Vertex;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.DoubleWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+
+/**
+ * Shortest paths algorithm.
+ */
+public class ShortestPathsVertex extends Vertex<LongWritable, DoubleWritable, DoubleWritable, DoubleWritable> {
+    /** Source id. */
+    public static final String SOURCE_ID = "giraph.shortestPathsBenchmark.sourceId";
+    /** Default source id. */
+    public static final long SOURCE_ID_DEFAULT = 1;
+
+    private boolean isSource() {
+        return getId().get() == getConf().getLong(SOURCE_ID, SOURCE_ID_DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void compute(Iterable<DoubleWritable> messages) throws IOException {
+        if (getSuperstep() == 0) {
+            setValue(new DoubleWritable(Double.MAX_VALUE));
+        }
+
+        double minDist = isSource() ? 0d : Double.MAX_VALUE;
+        for (DoubleWritable message : messages) {
+            minDist = Math.min(minDist, message.get());
+        }
+
+        if (minDist < getValue().get()) {
+            setValue(new DoubleWritable(minDist));
+            for (Edge<LongWritable, DoubleWritable> edge : getEdges()) {
+                double distance = minDist + edge.getValue().get();
+                sendMessage(edge.getTargetVertexId(), new DoubleWritable(distance));
+            }
+        }
+
+        voteToHalt();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGen.java b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGen.java
index a577bdb..b345e01 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGen.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGen.java
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.FileSplit;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.misc.ConstantTupleSourceOperatorDescriptor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.Algorithm;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.hdfs2.dataflow.HDFSReadOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
@@ -97,7 +98,8 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.data.TypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.hadoop.config.ConfigurationFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.jobgen.clusterconfig.ClusterConfig;
-import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.RawBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.RawNormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.util.DataflowUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.dataflow.ClearStateOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.dataflow.EmptySinkOperatorDescriptor;
@@ -204,17 +206,14 @@
         return jobId;
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
     @Override
     public JobSpecification generateCreatingJob() throws HyracksException {
-        Class<? extends WritableComparable<?>> vertexIdClass = BspUtils.getVertexIndexClass(conf);
         JobSpecification spec = new JobSpecification();
         ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[2];
         typeTraits[0] = new TypeTraits(false);
         typeTraits[1] = new TypeTraits(false);
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
 
         int[] keyFields = new int[1];
         keyFields[0] = 0;
@@ -272,8 +271,7 @@
         sortFields[0] = 0;
         INormalizedKeyComputerFactory nkmFactory = JobGenUtil.getINormalizedKeyComputerFactory(conf);
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor sorter = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameLimit, sortFields,
                 nkmFactory, comparatorFactories, recordDescriptor);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, sorter);
@@ -299,12 +297,12 @@
         ITuplePartitionComputerFactory hashPartitionComputerFactory = getVertexPartitionComputerFactory();
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), scanner, 0, sorter, 0);
         spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, hashPartitionComputerFactory, sortFields,
-                comparatorFactories), sorter, 0, writer, 0);
+                comparatorFactories, nkmFactory), sorter, 0, writer, 0);
         spec.setFrameSize(frameSize);
         return spec;
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes" })
     public JobSpecification scanIndexPrintGraph(String nodeName, String path) throws HyracksException {
         Class<? extends WritableComparable<?>> vertexIdClass = BspUtils.getVertexIndexClass(conf);
         Class<? extends Writable> vertexClass = BspUtils.getVertexClass(conf);
@@ -332,8 +330,7 @@
         RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(
                 vertexIdClass.getName(), vertexClass.getName());
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
         IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider = ClusterConfig.getFileSplitProvider(jobId, PRIMARY_INDEX);
         ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[2];
         typeTraits[0] = new TypeTraits(false);
@@ -363,16 +360,17 @@
          */
         int[] sortFields = new int[1];
         sortFields[0] = 0;
+        INormalizedKeyComputerFactory nkmFactory = JobGenUtil.getINormalizedKeyComputerFactory(conf);
         ITuplePartitionComputerFactory hashPartitionComputerFactory = getVertexPartitionComputerFactory();
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), emptyTupleSource, 0, scanner, 0);
         spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, hashPartitionComputerFactory, sortFields,
-                comparatorFactories), scanner, 0, writer, 0);
+                comparatorFactories, nkmFactory), scanner, 0, writer, 0);
         spec.setFrameSize(frameSize);
         return spec;
     }
 
     public JobSpecification scanIndexWriteGraph() throws HyracksException {
-        JobSpecification spec = scanIndexWriteToHDFS(conf);
+        JobSpecification spec = scanIndexWriteToHDFS(conf, false);
         return spec;
     }
 
@@ -388,7 +386,7 @@
             FileSystem dfs = FileSystem.get(tmpJob.getConfiguration());
 
             dfs.delete(new Path(BspUtils.getVertexCheckpointPath(conf, lastSuccessfulIteration)), true);
-            JobSpecification vertexCkpSpec = scanIndexWriteToHDFS(tmpJob.getConfiguration());
+            JobSpecification vertexCkpSpec = scanIndexWriteToHDFS(tmpJob.getConfiguration(), true);
 
             dfs.delete(new Path(BspUtils.getMessageCheckpointPath(conf, lastSuccessfulIteration)), true);
             JobSpecification[] stateCkpSpecs = generateStateCheckpointing(lastSuccessfulIteration);
@@ -531,10 +529,9 @@
          */
         int[] sortFields = new int[1];
         sortFields[0] = 0;
-        INormalizedKeyComputerFactory nkmFactory = JobGenUtil.getINormalizedKeyComputerFactory(conf);
+        INormalizedKeyComputerFactory nkmFactory = RawNormalizedKeyComputerFactory.INSTANCE;
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor sorter = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, sortFields,
                 nkmFactory, comparatorFactories, recordDescriptor);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, sorter);
@@ -564,8 +561,9 @@
         return spec;
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
-    private JobSpecification scanIndexWriteToHDFS(Configuration conf) throws HyracksDataException, HyracksException {
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes" })
+    private JobSpecification scanIndexWriteToHDFS(Configuration conf, boolean ckpointing) throws HyracksDataException,
+            HyracksException {
         Class<? extends WritableComparable<?>> vertexIdClass = BspUtils.getVertexIndexClass(conf);
         Class<? extends Writable> vertexClass = BspUtils.getVertexClass(conf);
         JobSpecification spec = new JobSpecification();
@@ -592,8 +590,7 @@
         RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(
                 vertexIdClass.getName(), vertexClass.getName());
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
         IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider = ClusterConfig.getFileSplitProvider(jobId, PRIMARY_INDEX);
 
         ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[2];
@@ -605,6 +602,18 @@
                 null, null, true, true, getIndexDataflowHelperFactory(), false, NoOpOperationCallbackFactory.INSTANCE);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, scanner);
 
+        ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor sort = null;
+        if (!ckpointing) {
+            int[] keyFields = new int[] { 0 };
+            INormalizedKeyComputerFactory nkmFactory = JobGenUtil.getFinalNormalizedKeyComputerFactory(conf);
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] sortCmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
+            sortCmpFactories[0] = JobGenUtil.getFinalBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
+                    .getClass());
+            sort = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, keyFields, nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories,
+                    recordDescriptor);
+            ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, scanner);
+        }
+
         /**
          * construct write file operator
          */
@@ -618,7 +627,12 @@
          * connect operator descriptors
          */
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), emptyTupleSource, 0, scanner, 0);
-        spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), scanner, 0, writer, 0);
+        if (!ckpointing) {
+            spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), scanner, 0, sort, 0);
+            spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), sort, 0, writer, 0);
+        } else {
+            spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), scanner, 0, writer, 0);
+        }
         spec.setFrameSize(frameSize);
         return spec;
     }
@@ -723,7 +737,7 @@
         sortCmpFactories[0] = JobGenUtil.getIBinaryComparatorFactory(lastCheckpointedIteration,
                 WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass).getClass());
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor sort = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, keyFields,
-                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, recordDescriptor);
+                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, recordDescriptor, Algorithm.QUICK_SORT);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, sort);
 
         /**
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenInnerJoin.java b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenInnerJoin.java
index 9389f62..103c1b6 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenInnerJoin.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenInnerJoin.java
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.connectors.OneToOneConnectorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.misc.ConstantTupleSourceOperatorDescriptor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.Algorithm;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.hdfs2.dataflow.HDFSReadOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.data.TypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.hadoop.config.ConfigurationFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.jobgen.clusterconfig.ClusterConfig;
-import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.RawBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.util.DataflowUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.dataflow.ConnectorPolicyAssignmentPolicy;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.dataflow.EmptySinkOperatorDescriptor;
@@ -97,7 +98,6 @@
         super(job);
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
     protected JobSpecification generateFirstIteration(int iteration) throws HyracksException {
         Class<? extends WritableComparable<?>> vertexIdClass = BspUtils.getVertexIndexClass(conf);
         Class<? extends Writable> vertexClass = BspUtils.getVertexClass(conf);
@@ -129,8 +129,7 @@
         RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(
                 vertexIdClass.getName(), vertexClass.getName());
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
 
         ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[2];
         typeTraits[0] = new TypeTraits(false);
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@
         sortCmpFactories[0] = JobGenUtil.getIBinaryComparatorFactory(iteration, WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
                 .getClass());
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor localSort = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, keyFields,
-                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage);
+                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage, Algorithm.QUICK_SORT);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, localSort);
 
         /**
@@ -282,8 +281,8 @@
 
         spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningConnectorDescriptor(spec, partionFactory), scanner, 5, btreeBulkLoad, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), localSort, 0, localGby, 0);
-        spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, partionFactory, keyFields, sortCmpFactories),
-                localGby, 0, globalGby, 0);
+        spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, partionFactory, keyFields, sortCmpFactories,
+                nkmFactory), localGby, 0, globalGby, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), globalGby, 0, materialize, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), materialize, 0, postSuperStep, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), postSuperStep, 0, emptySink, 0);
@@ -300,7 +299,6 @@
         return spec;
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
     @Override
     protected JobSpecification generateNonFirstIteration(int iteration) throws HyracksException {
         Class<? extends WritableComparable<?>> vertexIdClass = BspUtils.getVertexIndexClass(conf);
@@ -316,8 +314,7 @@
         RecordDescriptor rdUnnestedMessage = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(
                 vertexIdClass.getName(), messageValueClass.getName());
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
         RecordDescriptor rdFinal = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(vertexIdClass.getName(),
                 MsgList.class.getName());
         RecordDescriptor rdInsert = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(vertexIdClass.getName(),
@@ -401,7 +398,7 @@
         sortCmpFactories[0] = JobGenUtil.getIBinaryComparatorFactory(iteration, WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
                 .getClass());
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor localSort = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, keyFields,
-                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage);
+                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage, Algorithm.QUICK_SORT);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, localSort);
 
         /**
@@ -503,8 +500,8 @@
 
         spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningConnectorDescriptor(spec, partionFactory), join, 5, btreeBulkLoad, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), localSort, 0, localGby, 0);
-        spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, partionFactory, keyFields, sortCmpFactories),
-                localGby, 0, globalGby, 0);
+        spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, partionFactory, keyFields, sortCmpFactories,
+                nkmFactory), localGby, 0, globalGby, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), globalGby, 0, materialize, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), materialize, 0, postSuperStep, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), postSuperStep, 0, emptySink, 0);
@@ -601,7 +598,7 @@
         sortCmpFactories[0] = JobGenUtil.getIBinaryComparatorFactory(lastSuccessfulIteration,
                 WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass).getClass());
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor sort = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, keyFields,
-                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, recordDescriptor);
+                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, recordDescriptor, Algorithm.QUICK_SORT);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, sort);
 
         /**
@@ -633,7 +630,7 @@
         return spec;
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes" })
     private JobSpecification generateSecondaryBTreeCheckpoint(int lastSuccessfulIteration, PregelixJob job)
             throws HyracksException {
         job.setOutputFormatClass(SequenceFileOutputFormat.class);
@@ -668,8 +665,7 @@
         RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(
                 vertexIdClass.getName(), msgListClass.getName());
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
 
         ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[2];
         typeTraits[0] = new TypeTraits(false);
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenOuterJoin.java b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenOuterJoin.java
index 287b797..308f422 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenOuterJoin.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenOuterJoin.java
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.connectors.MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.connectors.OneToOneConnectorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.Algorithm;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NoOpOperationCallbackFactory;
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.data.TypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.hadoop.config.ConfigurationFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.jobgen.clusterconfig.ClusterConfig;
-import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.RawBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.util.DataflowUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.dataflow.ConnectorPolicyAssignmentPolicy;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.dataflow.EmptySinkOperatorDescriptor;
@@ -74,7 +75,6 @@
         super(job);
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
     @Override
     protected JobSpecification generateFirstIteration(int iteration) throws HyracksException {
         Class<? extends WritableComparable<?>> vertexIdClass = BspUtils.getVertexIndexClass(conf);
@@ -101,8 +101,7 @@
         RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(
                 vertexIdClass.getName(), vertexClass.getName());
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
         IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider = ClusterConfig.getFileSplitProvider(jobId, PRIMARY_INDEX);
 
         ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[2];
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@
         sortCmpFactories[0] = JobGenUtil.getIBinaryComparatorFactory(iteration, WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
                 .getClass());
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor localSort = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, keyFields,
-                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage);
+                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage, Algorithm.QUICK_SORT);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, localSort);
 
         /**
@@ -241,8 +240,8 @@
          * connect the group-by operator
          */
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), localSort, 0, localGby, 0);
-        spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, partionFactory, keyFields, sortCmpFactories),
-                localGby, 0, globalGby, 0);
+        spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, partionFactory, keyFields, sortCmpFactories,
+                nkmFactory), localGby, 0, globalGby, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), globalGby, 0, materialize, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), materialize, 0, postSuperStep, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), postSuperStep, 0, emptySink2, 0);
@@ -258,7 +257,6 @@
         return spec;
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
     @Override
     protected JobSpecification generateNonFirstIteration(int iteration) throws HyracksException {
         Class<? extends WritableComparable<?>> vertexIdClass = BspUtils.getVertexIndexClass(conf);
@@ -274,8 +272,7 @@
         RecordDescriptor rdUnnestedMessage = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(
                 vertexIdClass.getName(), messageValueClass.getName());
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
         RecordDescriptor rdFinal = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(vertexIdClass.getName(),
                 MsgList.class.getName());
         RecordDescriptor rdInsert = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(vertexIdClass.getName(),
@@ -338,7 +335,7 @@
         sortCmpFactories[0] = JobGenUtil.getIBinaryComparatorFactory(iteration, WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
                 .getClass());
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor localSort = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, keyFields,
-                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage);
+                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage, Algorithm.QUICK_SORT);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, localSort);
 
         /**
@@ -440,8 +437,8 @@
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), deleteOp, 0, emptySink4, 0);
 
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), localSort, 0, localGby, 0);
-        spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, partionFactory, keyFields, sortCmpFactories),
-                localGby, 0, globalGby, 0);
+        spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, partionFactory, keyFields, sortCmpFactories,
+                nkmFactory), localGby, 0, globalGby, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), globalGby, 0, materialize, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), materialize, 0, postSuperStep, 0);
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), postSuperStep, 0, emptySink, 0);
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenOuterJoinSingleSort.java b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenOuterJoinSingleSort.java
index 3b3c9e7..718a271 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenOuterJoinSingleSort.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenOuterJoinSingleSort.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.connectors.MToNPartitioningConnectorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.connectors.OneToOneConnectorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.Algorithm;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NoOpOperationCallbackFactory;
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.data.TypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.hadoop.config.ConfigurationFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.jobgen.clusterconfig.ClusterConfig;
-import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.RawBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.util.DataflowUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.dataflow.ConnectorPolicyAssignmentPolicy;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.dataflow.EmptySinkOperatorDescriptor;
@@ -73,7 +74,6 @@
         super(job);
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
     @Override
     protected JobSpecification generateFirstIteration(int iteration) throws HyracksException {
         Class<? extends WritableComparable<?>> vertexIdClass = BspUtils.getVertexIndexClass(conf);
@@ -100,8 +100,7 @@
         RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(
                 vertexIdClass.getName(), vertexClass.getName());
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
         IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider = ClusterConfig.getFileSplitProvider(jobId, PRIMARY_INDEX);
 
         ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[2];
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@
         sortCmpFactories[0] = JobGenUtil.getIBinaryComparatorFactory(iteration, WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
                 .getClass());
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor globalSort = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, keyFields,
-                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage);
+                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage, Algorithm.QUICK_SORT);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, globalSort);
 
         /**
@@ -247,7 +246,6 @@
         return spec;
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
     @Override
     protected JobSpecification generateNonFirstIteration(int iteration) throws HyracksException {
         Class<? extends WritableComparable<?>> vertexIdClass = BspUtils.getVertexIndexClass(conf);
@@ -263,8 +261,7 @@
         RecordDescriptor rdUnnestedMessage = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(
                 vertexIdClass.getName(), messageValueClass.getName());
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
         RecordDescriptor rdFinal = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(vertexIdClass.getName(),
                 MsgList.class.getName());
         RecordDescriptor rdInsert = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(vertexIdClass.getName(),
@@ -327,7 +324,7 @@
         sortCmpFactories[0] = JobGenUtil.getIBinaryComparatorFactory(iteration, WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
                 .getClass());
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor globalSort = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, keyFields,
-                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage);
+                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage, Algorithm.QUICK_SORT);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, globalSort);
 
         /**
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenOuterJoinSort.java b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenOuterJoinSort.java
index e334095..75635c9 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenOuterJoinSort.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenOuterJoinSort.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.connectors.MToNPartitioningConnectorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.connectors.OneToOneConnectorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.Algorithm;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NoOpOperationCallbackFactory;
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.data.TypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.hadoop.config.ConfigurationFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.jobgen.clusterconfig.ClusterConfig;
-import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.RawBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.util.DataflowUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.dataflow.ConnectorPolicyAssignmentPolicy;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.dataflow.EmptySinkOperatorDescriptor;
@@ -73,7 +74,6 @@
         super(job);
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
     @Override
     protected JobSpecification generateFirstIteration(int iteration) throws HyracksException {
         Class<? extends WritableComparable<?>> vertexIdClass = BspUtils.getVertexIndexClass(conf);
@@ -100,8 +100,7 @@
         RecordDescriptor recordDescriptor = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(
                 vertexIdClass.getName(), vertexClass.getName());
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
         IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider = ClusterConfig.getFileSplitProvider(jobId, PRIMARY_INDEX);
 
         ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[2];
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@
         sortCmpFactories[0] = JobGenUtil.getIBinaryComparatorFactory(iteration, WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
                 .getClass());
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor localSort = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, keyFields,
-                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage);
+                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage, Algorithm.QUICK_SORT);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, localSort);
 
         /**
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@
          * construct global sort operator
          */
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor globalSort = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, keyFields,
-                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage);
+                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage, Algorithm.QUICK_SORT);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, globalSort);
 
         /**
@@ -261,7 +260,6 @@
         return spec;
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
     @Override
     protected JobSpecification generateNonFirstIteration(int iteration) throws HyracksException {
         Class<? extends WritableComparable<?>> vertexIdClass = BspUtils.getVertexIndexClass(conf);
@@ -277,8 +275,7 @@
         RecordDescriptor rdUnnestedMessage = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(
                 vertexIdClass.getName(), messageValueClass.getName());
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
-        comparatorFactories[0] = new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
-                .getClass());
+        comparatorFactories[0] = RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
         RecordDescriptor rdFinal = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(vertexIdClass.getName(),
                 MsgList.class.getName());
         RecordDescriptor rdInsert = DataflowUtils.getRecordDescriptorFromKeyValueClasses(vertexIdClass.getName(),
@@ -341,7 +338,7 @@
         sortCmpFactories[0] = JobGenUtil.getIBinaryComparatorFactory(iteration, WritableComparator.get(vertexIdClass)
                 .getClass());
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor localSort = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, keyFields,
-                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage);
+                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage, Algorithm.QUICK_SORT);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, localSort);
 
         /**
@@ -357,7 +354,7 @@
          * construct global sort operator
          */
         ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor globalSort = new ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor(spec, maxFrameNumber, keyFields,
-                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage);
+                nkmFactory, sortCmpFactories, rdUnnestedMessage, Algorithm.QUICK_SORT);
         ClusterConfig.setLocationConstraint(spec, globalSort);
 
         /**
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenUtil.java b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenUtil.java
index c4f54fe..97cea99 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenUtil.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/jobgen/JobGenUtil.java
@@ -21,10 +21,12 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.api.graph.NormalizedKeyComputer;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.api.util.BspUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.RawBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.RawNormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint.WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.runtime.touchpoint.VertexIdNormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 
-@SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
+@SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes" })
 public class JobGenUtil {
 
     /**
@@ -36,11 +38,7 @@
      * @return
      */
     public static INormalizedKeyComputerFactory getINormalizedKeyComputerFactory(Configuration conf) {
-        Class<? extends NormalizedKeyComputer> clazz = BspUtils.getNormalizedKeyComputerClass(conf);
-        if (clazz.equals(NormalizedKeyComputer.class)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        return new VertexIdNormalizedKeyComputerFactory(clazz);
+        return RawNormalizedKeyComputerFactory.INSTANCE;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -52,6 +50,33 @@
      * @return
      */
     public static IBinaryComparatorFactory getIBinaryComparatorFactory(int iteration, Class keyClass) {
+        return RawBinaryComparatorFactory.INSTANCE;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * get normalized key factory for the final output job
+     * 
+     * @param iteration
+     * @param keyClass
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static INormalizedKeyComputerFactory getFinalNormalizedKeyComputerFactory(Configuration conf) {
+        Class<? extends NormalizedKeyComputer> clazz = BspUtils.getNormalizedKeyComputerClass(conf);
+        if (clazz.equals(NormalizedKeyComputer.class)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return new VertexIdNormalizedKeyComputerFactory(clazz);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * get comparator for the final output job
+     * 
+     * @param iteration
+     * @param keyClass
+     * @return
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static IBinaryComparatorFactory getFinalBinaryComparatorFactory(Class keyClass) {
         return new WritableComparingBinaryComparatorFactory(keyClass);
     }
 
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/runtime/touchpoint/RawBinaryComparatorFactory.java b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/runtime/touchpoint/RawBinaryComparatorFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0173ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/runtime/touchpoint/RawBinaryComparatorFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+
+public class RawBinaryComparatorFactory implements IBinaryComparatorFactory {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    public static IBinaryComparatorFactory INSTANCE = new RawBinaryComparatorFactory();
+
+    private RawBinaryComparatorFactory() {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IBinaryComparator createBinaryComparator() {
+        return new IBinaryComparator() {
+
+            @Override
+            public int compare(byte[] b1, int s1, int l1, byte[] b2, int s2, int l2) {
+                int commonLength = Math.min(l1, l2);
+                for (int i = 0; i < commonLength; i++) {
+                    if (b1[s1 + i] != b2[s2 + i]) {
+                        return (b1[s1 + i] & 0xff) - (b2[s2 + i] & 0xff);
+                    }
+                }
+                int difference = l1 - l2;
+                return difference == 0 ? 0 : (difference > 0 ? 1 : -1);
+            }
+
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/runtime/touchpoint/RawNormalizedKeyComputerFactory.java b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/runtime/touchpoint/RawNormalizedKeyComputerFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6aa4af9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/runtime/touchpoint/RawNormalizedKeyComputerFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.runtime.touchpoint;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
+
+public class RawNormalizedKeyComputerFactory implements INormalizedKeyComputerFactory {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    public static final INormalizedKeyComputerFactory INSTANCE = new RawNormalizedKeyComputerFactory();
+
+    private RawNormalizedKeyComputerFactory() {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public INormalizedKeyComputer createNormalizedKeyComputer() {
+        return new INormalizedKeyComputer() {
+
+            @Override
+            public int normalize(byte[] bytes, int start, int length) {
+                int nk = 0;
+                for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+                    nk <<= 8;
+                    if (i < length) {
+                        nk += (bytes[start + i] & 0xff);
+                    }
+                }
+                return nk;
+            }
+
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/join/JoinTest.java b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/join/JoinTest.java
index 4c7f91d..f599996 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/join/JoinTest.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-core/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/core/join/JoinTest.java
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.IConnectorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryHashFunctionFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.INullWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.accessors.PointableBinaryHashFunctionFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.UTF8StringPointable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.normalizers.UTF8StringNormalizedKeyComputerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.parsers.IValueParserFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.parsers.UTF8StringParserFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.partition.FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory;
@@ -89,6 +91,7 @@
             UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY);
     private IBinaryComparatorFactory stringComparatorFactory = new PointableBinaryComparatorFactory(
             UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY);
+    private INormalizedKeyComputerFactory nmkFactory = new UTF8StringNormalizedKeyComputerFactory();
 
     private void cleanupStores() throws IOException {
         FileUtils.forceMkdir(new File("teststore"));
@@ -211,7 +214,8 @@
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), join, 0, sorter, 0);
         IConnectorDescriptor joinWriterConn = new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec,
                 new FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory(new int[] { 1 },
-                        new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { stringHashFactory }), sortFields, comparatorFactories);
+                        new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { stringHashFactory }), sortFields, comparatorFactories,
+                nmkFactory);
         spec.connect(joinWriterConn, sorter, 0, writer, 0);
 
         spec.addRoot(writer);
@@ -284,8 +288,8 @@
 
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), custScanner, 0, sorter, 0);
         spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, new FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory(
-                sortFields, new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { stringHashFactory }), sortFields, comparatorFactories),
-                sorter, 0, writer, 0);
+                sortFields, new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { stringHashFactory }), sortFields, comparatorFactories,
+                nmkFactory), sorter, 0, writer, 0);
 
         spec.addRoot(writer);
         runTest(spec);
@@ -368,11 +372,11 @@
 
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), ordScanner, 0, sorter, 0);
         spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, new FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory(
-                keyFields, new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { stringHashFactory }), sortFields, comparatorFactories),
-                sorter, 0, join, 0);
+                keyFields, new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { stringHashFactory }), sortFields, comparatorFactories,
+                nmkFactory), sorter, 0, join, 0);
         spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, new FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory(
-                keyFields, new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { stringHashFactory }), sortFields, comparatorFactories),
-                join, 0, writer, 0);
+                keyFields, new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { stringHashFactory }), sortFields, comparatorFactories,
+                nmkFactory), join, 0, writer, 0);
 
         spec.addRoot(writer);
         runTest(spec);
@@ -477,7 +481,8 @@
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), project, 0, sorter, 0);
         IConnectorDescriptor joinWriterConn = new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec,
                 new FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory(new int[] { 9 },
-                        new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { stringHashFactory }), sortFields, comparatorFactories);
+                        new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { stringHashFactory }), sortFields, comparatorFactories,
+                nmkFactory);
         spec.connect(joinWriterConn, sorter, 0, writer, 0);
 
         spec.addRoot(writer);
@@ -573,7 +578,8 @@
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), ordScanner, 0, sorter, 0);
         spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, new FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory(
                 keyFields, new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { new PointableBinaryHashFunctionFactory(
-                        UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) }), sortFields, comparatorFactories), sorter, 0, join, 0);
+                        UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) }), sortFields, comparatorFactories, nmkFactory), sorter, 0, join,
+                0);
 
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] mergeComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[2];
         mergeComparatorFactories[0] = new PointableBinaryComparatorFactory(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY);
@@ -581,7 +587,8 @@
         int[] mergeFields = new int[] { 9, 0 };
         spec.connect(new MToNPartitioningMergingConnectorDescriptor(spec, new FieldHashPartitionComputerFactory(
                 new int[] { 9 }, new IBinaryHashFunctionFactory[] { new PointableBinaryHashFunctionFactory(
-                        UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) }), mergeFields, comparatorFactories), join, 0, writer, 0);
+                        UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY) }), mergeFields, comparatorFactories, nmkFactory), join, 0,
+                writer, 0);
 
         spec.addRoot(writer);
         runTest(spec);
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-example/data/update/webmap_link.txt b/pregelix/pregelix-example/data/update/webmap_link.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9812045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-example/data/update/webmap_link.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10000 @@
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diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/ReachabilityVertex.java b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/ReachabilityVertex.java
index 1bb33b8..fa16ce5 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/ReachabilityVertex.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/ReachabilityVertex.java
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@
 
     private ByteWritable tmpVertexValue = new ByteWritable();
     private long sourceId = -1;
+    private long destId = -1;
 
     /** The source vertex id */
     public static final String SOURCE_ID = "ReachibilityVertex.sourceId";
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@
      * @return True if the source id
      */
     private boolean isDest(VLongWritable v) {
-        return (v.get() == getContext().getConfiguration().getLong(DEST_ID, DEST_ID_DEFAULT));
+        return (v.get() == destId);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -120,6 +121,9 @@
         if (sourceId < 0) {
             sourceId = getContext().getConfiguration().getLong(SOURCE_ID, SOURCE_ID_DEFAULT);
         }
+        if (destId < 0) {
+            destId = getContext().getConfiguration().getLong(DEST_ID, DEST_ID_DEFAULT);
+        }
         if (getSuperstep() == 1) {
             boolean isSource = isSource(getVertexId());
             if (isSource) {
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/ShortestPathsVertex.java b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/ShortestPathsVertex.java
index 648f168..2fea813 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/ShortestPathsVertex.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/ShortestPathsVertex.java
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.example;
 
 import java.util.Iterator;
-import java.util.logging.Level;
-import java.util.logging.Logger;
 
 import org.apache.hadoop.io.FloatWritable;
 
@@ -84,12 +82,12 @@
 
     private DoubleWritable outputValue = new DoubleWritable();
     private DoubleWritable tmpVertexValue = new DoubleWritable();
-    /** Class logger */
-    private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(ShortestPathsVertex.class.getName());
     /** The shortest paths id */
     public static final String SOURCE_ID = "SimpleShortestPathsVertex.sourceId";
     /** Default shortest paths id */
     public static final long SOURCE_ID_DEFAULT = 1;
+    /** the source vertex id */
+    private long sourceId = -1;
 
     /**
      * Is this vertex the source id?
@@ -97,11 +95,14 @@
      * @return True if the source id
      */
     private boolean isSource() {
-        return (getVertexId().get() == getContext().getConfiguration().getLong(SOURCE_ID, SOURCE_ID_DEFAULT));
+        return (getVertexId().get() == sourceId);
     }
 
     @Override
     public void compute(Iterator<DoubleWritable> msgIterator) {
+        if (sourceId < 0) {
+            sourceId = getContext().getConfiguration().getLong(SOURCE_ID, SOURCE_ID_DEFAULT);
+        }
         if (getSuperstep() == 1) {
             tmpVertexValue.set(Double.MAX_VALUE);
             setVertexValue(tmpVertexValue);
@@ -110,17 +111,10 @@
         while (msgIterator.hasNext()) {
             minDist = Math.min(minDist, msgIterator.next().get());
         }
-        if (LOG.getLevel() == Level.FINE) {
-            LOG.fine("Vertex " + getVertexId() + " got minDist = " + minDist + " vertex value = " + getVertexValue());
-        }
         if (minDist < getVertexValue().get()) {
             tmpVertexValue.set(minDist);
             setVertexValue(tmpVertexValue);
             for (Edge<VLongWritable, FloatWritable> edge : getEdges()) {
-                if (LOG.getLevel() == Level.FINE) {
-                    LOG.fine("Vertex " + getVertexId() + " sent to " + edge.getDestVertexId() + " = "
-                            + (minDist + edge.getEdgeValue().get()));
-                }
                 outputValue.set(minDist + edge.getEdgeValue().get());
                 sendMsg(edge.getDestVertexId(), outputValue);
             }
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/inputformat/TextShortestPathsInputFormat.java b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/inputformat/TextShortestPathsInputFormat.java
index 3ea4a9f..8987393 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/inputformat/TextShortestPathsInputFormat.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/inputformat/TextShortestPathsInputFormat.java
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
 
         vertex.getMsgList().clear();
         vertex.getEdges().clear();
+        vertex.reset();
         Text line = getRecordReader().getCurrentValue();
         String[] fields = line.toString().split(separator);
 
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/UpdateVertex.java b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/UpdateVertex.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9629b5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/UpdateVertex.java
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.example;
+
+import java.util.Iterator;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.FloatWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.api.graph.Vertex;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.example.io.VLongWritable;
+
+/**
+ * @author yingyib
+ */
+public class UpdateVertex extends Vertex<VLongWritable, Text, FloatWritable, VLongWritable> {
+
+    @Override
+    public void compute(Iterator<VLongWritable> msgIterator) throws Exception {
+        if (getSuperstep() < 14) {
+            Text value = getVertexValue();
+            String newValue = value.toString() + value.toString();
+            value.set(newValue);
+            activate();
+        } else if (getSuperstep() >= 14 && getSuperstep() < 28) {
+            Text value = getVertexValue();
+            String valueStr = value.toString();
+            char[] valueChars = valueStr.toCharArray();
+            if (valueChars.length <= 1) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("illegal value length: " + valueChars.length);
+            }
+            char[] newValueChars = new char[valueChars.length / 2];
+            for (int i = 0; i < newValueChars.length; i++) {
+                newValueChars[i] = valueChars[i];
+            }
+            value.set(new String(newValueChars));
+            activate();
+        } else {
+            voteToHalt();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/UpdateVertexInputFormat.java b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/UpdateVertexInputFormat.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e28c9e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/UpdateVertexInputFormat.java
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.example;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.FloatWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordReader;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.api.graph.Vertex;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.api.io.VertexReader;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.api.io.text.TextVertexInputFormat;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.api.io.text.TextVertexInputFormat.TextVertexReader;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.api.util.BspUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.example.io.DoubleWritable;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.example.io.VLongWritable;
+
+public class UpdateVertexInputFormat extends TextVertexInputFormat<VLongWritable, Text, FloatWritable, DoubleWritable> {
+
+    @Override
+    public VertexReader<VLongWritable, Text, FloatWritable, DoubleWritable> createVertexReader(InputSplit split,
+            TaskAttemptContext context) throws IOException {
+        return new UpdateVertexReader(textInputFormat.createRecordReader(split, context), context);
+    }
+}
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+class UpdateVertexReader extends TextVertexReader<VLongWritable, Text, FloatWritable, DoubleWritable> {
+
+    private final static String separator = " ";
+    private Vertex vertex;
+    private VLongWritable vertexId = new VLongWritable();
+
+    public UpdateVertexReader(RecordReader<LongWritable, Text> lineRecordReader, TaskAttemptContext context) {
+        super(lineRecordReader);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean nextVertex() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        return getRecordReader().nextKeyValue();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @Override
+    public Vertex<VLongWritable, Text, FloatWritable, DoubleWritable> getCurrentVertex() throws IOException,
+            InterruptedException {
+        if (vertex == null)
+            vertex = (Vertex) BspUtils.createVertex(getContext().getConfiguration());
+        vertex.getMsgList().clear();
+        vertex.getEdges().clear();
+
+        vertex.reset();
+        Text line = getRecordReader().getCurrentValue();
+        String[] fields = line.toString().split(separator);
+
+        if (fields.length > 0) {
+            /**
+             * set the src vertex id
+             */
+            long src = Long.parseLong(fields[0]);
+            vertexId.set(src);
+            vertex.setVertexId(vertexId);
+
+            /**
+             * set the vertex value
+             */
+            vertex.setVertexValue(new Text("aaa"));
+        }
+        return vertex;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/UpdateVertexOutputFormat.java b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/UpdateVertexOutputFormat.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c16302
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/UpdateVertexOutputFormat.java
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.example;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.FloatWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordWriter;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.api.graph.Vertex;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.api.io.VertexWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.api.io.text.TextVertexOutputFormat;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.example.io.VLongWritable;
+
+public class UpdateVertexOutputFormat extends TextVertexOutputFormat<VLongWritable, Text, FloatWritable> {
+
+    @Override
+    public VertexWriter<VLongWritable, Text, FloatWritable> createVertexWriter(TaskAttemptContext context)
+            throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        final RecordWriter<Text, Text> recordWriter = textOutputFormat.getRecordWriter(context);
+        return new UpdateVertexWriter(recordWriter);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Simple VertexWriter that support
+     */
+    public static class UpdateVertexWriter extends TextVertexWriter<VLongWritable, Text, FloatWritable> {
+        public UpdateVertexWriter(RecordWriter<Text, Text> lineRecordWriter) {
+            super(lineRecordWriter);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void writeVertex(Vertex<VLongWritable, Text, FloatWritable, ?> vertex) throws IOException,
+                InterruptedException {
+            int len = vertex.getVertexValue().toString().toCharArray().length;
+            if (len != 1) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("invalid value length: " + len);
+            }
+            getRecordWriter().write(new Text(vertex.getVertexId().toString()), new Text(Integer.toString(len)));
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/UpdateVertexTest.java b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/UpdateVertexTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe5f2d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-example/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/example/UpdateVertexTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.pregelix.example;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.FileInputFormat;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.output.FileOutputFormat;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.api.job.PregelixJob;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.driver.Driver;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.core.util.PregelixHyracksIntegrationUtil;
+import edu.uci.ics.pregelix.example.util.TestCluster;
+
+/**
+ * This test case tests the error message propagation.
+ * 
+ * @author yingyib
+ */
+public class UpdateVertexTest {
+
+    private static String INPUT_PATH = "data/update";
+    private static String OUTPUT_PATH = "actual/resultcomplex";
+
+    @Test
+    public void test() throws Exception {
+        TestCluster testCluster = new TestCluster();
+        try {
+            PregelixJob job = new PregelixJob(UpdateVertex.class.getSimpleName());
+            job.setVertexClass(UpdateVertex.class);
+            job.setVertexInputFormatClass(UpdateVertexInputFormat.class);
+            job.setVertexOutputFormatClass(UpdateVertexOutputFormat.class);
+            job.setDynamicVertexValueSize(true);
+
+            FileInputFormat.setInputPaths(job, INPUT_PATH);
+            FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job, new Path(OUTPUT_PATH));
+            job.getConfiguration().setLong(PregelixJob.NUM_VERTICE, 23);
+
+            Driver driver = new Driver(UpdateVertex.class);
+            testCluster.setUp();
+            driver.runJob(job, "127.0.0.1", PregelixHyracksIntegrationUtil.TEST_HYRACKS_CC_CLIENT_PORT);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Assert.assertTrue(e.toString().contains("This job is going to fail"));
+        } finally {
+            testCluster.tearDown();
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/pregelix/pregelix-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/runtime/simpleagg/AccumulatingAggregatorFactory.java b/pregelix/pregelix-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/runtime/simpleagg/AccumulatingAggregatorFactory.java
index acd766e..d243c8a 100644
--- a/pregelix/pregelix-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/runtime/simpleagg/AccumulatingAggregatorFactory.java
+++ b/pregelix/pregelix-runtime/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/pregelix/runtime/simpleagg/AccumulatingAggregatorFactory.java
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            public void outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+            public boolean outputFinalResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
                     AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
                 Pair<ArrayBackedValueStorage[], IAggregateFunction[]> aggState = (Pair<ArrayBackedValueStorage[], IAggregateFunction[]>) state.state;
                 ArrayBackedValueStorage[] aggOutput = aggState.getLeft();
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@
                         throw new HyracksDataException(e);
                     }
                 }
+                return true;
             }
 
             @Override
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@
             }
 
             @Override
-            public void outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
+            public boolean outputPartialResult(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, IFrameTupleAccessor accessor, int tIndex,
                     AggregateState state) throws HyracksDataException {
                 throw new IllegalStateException("this method should not be called");
             }