diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java b/hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/dataflow/value/ILinearizeComparator.java
similarity index 71%
copy from hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java
copy to hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/dataflow/value/ILinearizeComparator.java
index cfc71fc..51a8cfe 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java
+++ b/hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/dataflow/value/ILinearizeComparator.java
@@ -12,11 +12,9 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value;
 
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples;
+public interface ILinearizeComparator extends IBinaryComparator {
+    public int getDimensions();
 
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
-
-public interface ILSMBTreeTupleReference extends ITreeIndexTupleReference {
-	public boolean isAntimatter();
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java b/hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/dataflow/value/ILinearizeComparatorFactory.java
similarity index 71%
copy from hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java
copy to hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/dataflow/value/ILinearizeComparatorFactory.java
index cfc71fc..49a661f 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java
+++ b/hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/dataflow/value/ILinearizeComparatorFactory.java
@@ -12,11 +12,10 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value;
 
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples;
+import java.io.Serializable;
 
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
-
-public interface ILSMBTreeTupleReference extends ITreeIndexTupleReference {
-	public boolean isAntimatter();
-}
+public interface ILinearizeComparatorFactory extends IBinaryComparatorFactory {
+    public ILinearizeComparator createBinaryComparator();
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-data/hyracks-data-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/data/std/api/IPointable.java b/hyracks-data/hyracks-data-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/data/std/api/IPointable.java
index d3accba..8808d95 100644
--- a/hyracks-data/hyracks-data-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/data/std/api/IPointable.java
+++ b/hyracks-data/hyracks-data-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/data/std/api/IPointable.java
@@ -18,4 +18,13 @@
     public void set(byte[] bytes, int start, int length);
 
     public void set(IValueReference pointer);
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] getByteArray();
+
+    @Override
+    public int getStartOffset();
+
+    @Override
+    public int getLength();
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-data/hyracks-data-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/data/std/primitive/DoublePointable.java b/hyracks-data/hyracks-data-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/data/std/primitive/DoublePointable.java
index 5267086..543031d 100644
--- a/hyracks-data/hyracks-data-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/data/std/primitive/DoublePointable.java
+++ b/hyracks-data/hyracks-data-std/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/data/std/primitive/DoublePointable.java
@@ -23,6 +23,17 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.api.IPointableFactory;
 
 public final class DoublePointable extends AbstractPointable implements IHashable, IComparable, INumeric {
+	private final static double machineEpsilon;
+	static {
+		float epsilon = 1.0f;
+
+        do {
+           epsilon /= 2.0f;
+        }
+        while ((float)(1.0 + (epsilon/2.0)) != 1.0);
+        machineEpsilon = epsilon;
+	}
+	
     public static final ITypeTraits TYPE_TRAITS = new ITypeTraits() {
         private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
@@ -134,4 +145,8 @@
     public double doubleValue() {
         return getDouble();
     }
+
+	public static double getEpsilon() {
+		return machineEpsilon;
+	}
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeOperatorTestHelper.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeOperatorTestHelper.java
index daa3381..f1652a5 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeOperatorTestHelper.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeOperatorTestHelper.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.ImmediateFlushPolicyProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.SequentialSchedulerProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.dataflow.LSMRTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.common.LSMTreeOperatorTestHelper;
 
 public class LSMRTreeOperatorTestHelper extends LSMTreeOperatorTestHelper {
@@ -34,8 +35,9 @@
     }
 
     public IIndexDataflowHelperFactory createDataFlowHelperFactory(
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) {
-        return new LSMRTreeDataflowHelperFactory(valueProviderFactories, btreeComparatorFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) {
+        return new LSMRTreeDataflowHelperFactory(valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, btreeComparatorFactories,
                 new ImmediateFlushPolicyProvider(SequentialSchedulerProvider.INSTANCE),
                 new ConstantMergePolicyProvider(SequentialSchedulerProvider.INSTANCE, MERGE_THRESHOLD));
     }
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java
index bbdb905..5778f9b 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.common.ITreeIndexOperatorTestHelper;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.rtree.RTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest;
@@ -30,9 +31,9 @@
 
     @Override
     protected IIndexDataflowHelperFactory createDataFlowHelperFactory(
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
             IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) {
         return ((LSMRTreeOperatorTestHelper) testHelper).createDataFlowHelperFactory(secondaryValueProviderFactories,
-                btreeComparatorFactories);
+                rtreePolicyType, btreeComparatorFactories);
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
index bb4f61d..0bb8711 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.common.ITreeIndexOperatorTestHelper;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.rtree.RTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest;
@@ -30,9 +31,9 @@
 
     @Override
     protected IIndexDataflowHelperFactory createDataFlowHelperFactory(
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
             IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) {
         return ((LSMRTreeOperatorTestHelper) testHelper).createDataFlowHelperFactory(secondaryValueProviderFactories,
-                btreeComparatorFactories);
+                rtreePolicyType, btreeComparatorFactories);
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesOperatorTestHelper.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesOperatorTestHelper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bba4e2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesOperatorTestHelper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.ConstantMergePolicyProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.ImmediateFlushPolicyProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.SequentialSchedulerProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.dataflow.LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelperFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.common.LSMTreeOperatorTestHelper;
+
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesOperatorTestHelper extends LSMTreeOperatorTestHelper {
+
+    private static final int MERGE_THRESHOLD = 3;
+    
+    public LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesOperatorTestHelper(IOManager ioManager) {
+        super(ioManager);
+    }
+
+    public IIndexDataflowHelperFactory createDataFlowHelperFactory(
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) {
+        return new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelperFactory(valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType,
+                btreeComparatorFactories, new ImmediateFlushPolicyProvider(SequentialSchedulerProvider.INSTANCE),
+                new ConstantMergePolicyProvider(SequentialSchedulerProvider.INSTANCE, MERGE_THRESHOLD));
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fd8895
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.common.ITreeIndexOperatorTestHelper;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.rtree.RTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest;
+
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest extends RTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest {
+    protected ITreeIndexOperatorTestHelper createTestHelper() throws HyracksException {
+        return new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesOperatorTestHelper(TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getIOManager());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected IIndexDataflowHelperFactory createDataFlowHelperFactory(
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) {
+        return ((LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesOperatorTestHelper) testHelper).createDataFlowHelperFactory(
+                secondaryValueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, btreeComparatorFactories);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ff6ff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.common.ITreeIndexOperatorTestHelper;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.rtree.RTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest;
+
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest extends RTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest {
+    protected ITreeIndexOperatorTestHelper createTestHelper() throws HyracksException {
+        return new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesOperatorTestHelper(TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getIOManager());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected IIndexDataflowHelperFactory createDataFlowHelperFactory(
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) {
+        return ((LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesOperatorTestHelper) testHelper).createDataFlowHelperFactory(
+                secondaryValueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, btreeComparatorFactories);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeOperatorTest.java
index 6aa4da8..10f6a16 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeOperatorTest.java
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexArtifactMapProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NoOpOperationCallbackProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestIndexArtifactMapProvider;
@@ -167,13 +169,13 @@
                 .createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(secondaryComparatorFactories.length, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
 
         rtreeDataflowHelperFactory = createDataFlowHelperFactory(secondaryValueProviderFactories,
-                btreeComparatorFactories);
+                RTreePolicyType.RSTARTREE, btreeComparatorFactories);
 
     }
 
     protected abstract IIndexDataflowHelperFactory createDataFlowHelperFactory(
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories,
-            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories);
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) throws TreeIndexException;
 
     protected void createPrimaryIndex() throws Exception {
         JobSpecification spec = new JobSpecification();
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeOperatorTestHelper.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeOperatorTestHelper.java
index f59b597..85abcb1 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeOperatorTestHelper.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeOperatorTestHelper.java
@@ -19,13 +19,15 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.dataflow.RTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.tests.am.common.TreeOperatorTestHelper;
 
 public class RTreeOperatorTestHelper extends TreeOperatorTestHelper {
 
     public IIndexDataflowHelperFactory createDataFlowHelperFactory(
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) {
-        return new RTreeDataflowHelperFactory(valueProviderFactories);
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) {
+        return new RTreeDataflowHelperFactory(valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java
index 84d9686..ab20fff 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.misc.ConstantTupleSourceOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NoOpOperationCallbackProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.dataflow.RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 public class RTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest extends AbstractRTreeOperatorTest {
 
@@ -114,9 +116,9 @@
 
     @Override
     protected IIndexDataflowHelperFactory createDataFlowHelperFactory(
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories,
-            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) {
-        return ((RTreeOperatorTestHelper) testHelper)
-                .createDataFlowHelperFactory(secondaryValueProviderFactories, null);
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) throws TreeIndexException {
+        return ((RTreeOperatorTestHelper) testHelper).createDataFlowHelperFactory(secondaryValueProviderFactories,
+                rtreePolicyType, null);
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexScanOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexScanOperatorTest.java
index c625d9f..55d7367 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexScanOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexScanOperatorTest.java
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NoOpOperationCallbackProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.dataflow.RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 public class RTreeSecondaryIndexScanOperatorTest extends AbstractRTreeOperatorTest {
 
@@ -99,9 +100,9 @@
 
     @Override
     protected IIndexDataflowHelperFactory createDataFlowHelperFactory(
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
             IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) {
-        return ((RTreeOperatorTestHelper) testHelper)
-                .createDataFlowHelperFactory(secondaryValueProviderFactories, null);
+        return ((RTreeOperatorTestHelper) testHelper).createDataFlowHelperFactory(secondaryValueProviderFactories,
+                rtreePolicyType, null);
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
index 21a0993..73a4a2d 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.misc.ConstantTupleSourceOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NoOpOperationCallbackProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.dataflow.RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 public class RTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest extends AbstractRTreeOperatorTest {
 
@@ -113,9 +115,9 @@
 
     @Override
     protected IIndexDataflowHelperFactory createDataFlowHelperFactory(
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories,
-            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) {
-        return ((RTreeOperatorTestHelper) testHelper)
-                .createDataFlowHelperFactory(secondaryValueProviderFactories, null);
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) throws TreeIndexException {
+        return ((RTreeOperatorTestHelper) testHelper).createDataFlowHelperFactory(secondaryValueProviderFactories,
+                rtreePolicyType, null);
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexStatsOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexStatsOperatorTest.java
index 402bf80..3d358be 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexStatsOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/am/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexStatsOperatorTest.java
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexStatsOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NoOpOperationCallbackProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 public class RTreeSecondaryIndexStatsOperatorTest extends AbstractRTreeOperatorTest {
 
@@ -63,9 +64,9 @@
 
     @Override
     protected IIndexDataflowHelperFactory createDataFlowHelperFactory(
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
             IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories) {
-        return ((RTreeOperatorTestHelper) testHelper)
-                .createDataFlowHelperFactory(secondaryValueProviderFactories, null);
+        return ((RTreeOperatorTestHelper) testHelper).createDataFlowHelperFactory(secondaryValueProviderFactories,
+                rtreePolicyType, null);
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/api/IBTreeFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/api/IBTreeFrame.java
index 7a61d09..cfa622d 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/api/IBTreeFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/api/IBTreeFrame.java
@@ -27,5 +27,4 @@
 	public void insertSorted(ITupleReference tuple);
     public boolean getSmFlag();
     public void setSmFlag(boolean smFlag);
-    public void setMultiComparator(MultiComparator cmp);
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTree.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTree.java
index 000cd4d..3026630 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTree.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTree.java
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
-import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
@@ -31,21 +29,21 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeNotUpdateableException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IModificationOperationCallback;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchOperationCallback;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISplitKey;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.FrameOpSpaceStatus;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.AbstractTreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NodeFrontier;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.TreeDiskOrderScanCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
@@ -54,33 +52,17 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.BufferedFileHandle;
 
-public class BTree implements ITreeIndex {
+public class BTree extends AbstractTreeIndex {
 
     public static final float DEFAULT_FILL_FACTOR = 0.7f;
 
     private final static long RESTART_OP = Long.MIN_VALUE;
     private final static int MAX_RESTARTS = 10;
-    private final static int rootPage = 1;
-
-    private final IFreePageManager freePageManager;
-    private final IBufferCache bufferCache;
-    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory;
-    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory;
-    private final int fieldCount;
-    private final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories;
-    private final ReadWriteLock treeLatch;
-    private int fileId;
 
     public BTree(IBufferCache bufferCache, int fieldCount, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories,
             IFreePageManager freePageManager, ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory,
             ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory) {
-        this.bufferCache = bufferCache;
-        this.fieldCount = fieldCount;
-        this.cmpFactories = cmpFactories;
-        this.interiorFrameFactory = interiorFrameFactory;
-        this.leafFrameFactory = leafFrameFactory;
-        this.freePageManager = freePageManager;
-        this.treeLatch = new ReentrantReadWriteLock(true);
+    	super(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmpFactories, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -98,18 +80,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public void open(int fileId) {
-        this.fileId = fileId;
-        freePageManager.open(fileId);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void close() {
-        fileId = -1;
-        freePageManager.close();
-    }
-
     private void diskOrderScan(ITreeIndexCursor icursor, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
         TreeDiskOrderScanCursor cursor = (TreeDiskOrderScanCursor) icursor;
         ctx.reset();
@@ -670,6 +640,7 @@
                     case SEARCH: {
                         ctx.cursorInitialState.setSearchOperationCallback(ctx.searchCallback);
                         ctx.cursorInitialState.setPage(node);
+                        ctx.cursorInitialState.setPageId(pageId);
                         ctx.cursor.open(ctx.cursorInitialState, ctx.pred);
                         break;
                     }
@@ -712,272 +683,20 @@
         }
     }
 
-    public class BulkLoadContext implements IIndexBulkLoadContext {
-        public final MultiComparator cmp;
-        public final int slotSize;
-        public final int leafMaxBytes;
-        public final int interiorMaxBytes;
-        public final BTreeSplitKey splitKey;
-        // we maintain a frontier of nodes for each level
-        private final ArrayList<NodeFrontier> nodeFrontiers = new ArrayList<NodeFrontier>();
-        private final IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame;
-        private final IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame;
-        private final ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame;
-        private final ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter;
-
-        public BulkLoadContext(float fillFactor, IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame, IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame,
-                ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) throws HyracksDataException {
-            this.cmp = MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
-
-            leafFrame.setMultiComparator(cmp);
-            interiorFrame.setMultiComparator(cmp);
-
-            splitKey = new BTreeSplitKey(leafFrame.getTupleWriter().createTupleReference());
-            tupleWriter = leafFrame.getTupleWriter();
-
-            NodeFrontier leafFrontier = new NodeFrontier(leafFrame.createTupleReference());
-            leafFrontier.pageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(metaFrame);
-            leafFrontier.page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, leafFrontier.pageId), true);
-            leafFrontier.page.acquireWriteLatch();
-
-            interiorFrame.setPage(leafFrontier.page);
-            interiorFrame.initBuffer((byte) 0);
-            interiorMaxBytes = (int) ((float) interiorFrame.getBuffer().capacity() * fillFactor);
-
-            leafFrame.setPage(leafFrontier.page);
-            leafFrame.initBuffer((byte) 0);
-            leafMaxBytes = (int) ((float) leafFrame.getBuffer().capacity() * fillFactor);
-
-            slotSize = leafFrame.getSlotSize();
-
-            this.leafFrame = leafFrame;
-            this.interiorFrame = interiorFrame;
-            this.metaFrame = metaFrame;
-
-            nodeFrontiers.add(leafFrontier);
-        }
-
-        private void addLevel() throws HyracksDataException {
-            NodeFrontier frontier = new NodeFrontier(tupleWriter.createTupleReference());
-            frontier.pageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(metaFrame);
-            frontier.page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, frontier.pageId), true);
-            frontier.page.acquireWriteLatch();
-            frontier.lastTuple.setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
-            interiorFrame.setPage(frontier.page);
-            interiorFrame.initBuffer((byte) nodeFrontiers.size());
-            nodeFrontiers.add(frontier);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void propagateBulk(BulkLoadContext ctx, int level) throws HyracksDataException {
-
-        if (ctx.splitKey.getBuffer() == null)
-            return;
-
-        if (level >= ctx.nodeFrontiers.size())
-            ctx.addLevel();
-
-        NodeFrontier frontier = ctx.nodeFrontiers.get(level);
-        ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(frontier.page);
-
-        ITupleReference tuple = ctx.splitKey.getTuple();
-        int spaceNeeded = ctx.tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple, 0, ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount()) + ctx.slotSize + 4;
-        int spaceUsed = ctx.interiorFrame.getBuffer().capacity() - ctx.interiorFrame.getTotalFreeSpace();
-        if (spaceUsed + spaceNeeded > ctx.interiorMaxBytes) {
-
-            BTreeSplitKey copyKey = ctx.splitKey.duplicate(ctx.leafFrame.getTupleWriter().createTupleReference());
-            tuple = copyKey.getTuple();
-
-            frontier.lastTuple.resetByTupleIndex(ctx.interiorFrame, ctx.interiorFrame.getTupleCount() - 1);
-            int splitKeySize = ctx.tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frontier.lastTuple, 0, ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
-            ctx.splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
-            ctx.tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(frontier.lastTuple, 0, ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount(), ctx.splitKey
-                    .getBuffer().array(), 0);
-            ctx.splitKey.getTuple().resetByTupleOffset(ctx.splitKey.getBuffer(), 0);
-            ctx.splitKey.setLeftPage(frontier.pageId);
-
-            ctx.interiorFrame.deleteGreatest();
-
-            frontier.page.releaseWriteLatch();
-            bufferCache.unpin(frontier.page);
-            frontier.pageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(ctx.metaFrame);
-
-            ctx.splitKey.setRightPage(frontier.pageId);
-            propagateBulk(ctx, level + 1);
-
-            frontier.page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, frontier.pageId), true);
-            frontier.page.acquireWriteLatch();
-            ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(frontier.page);
-            ctx.interiorFrame.initBuffer((byte) level);
-        }
-        ctx.interiorFrame.insertSorted(tuple);
-    }
-
-    // assumes btree has been created and opened
-    @Override
-    public IIndexBulkLoadContext beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException {
-        IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
-        if (!isEmptyTree(leafFrame)) {
-            throw new BTreeException("Trying to Bulk-load a non-empty BTree.");
-        }
-
-        BulkLoadContext ctx = new BulkLoadContext(fillFactor, leafFrame,
-                (IBTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame(), freePageManager.getMetaDataFrameFactory()
-                        .createFrame(), cmpFactories);
-        ctx.splitKey.getTuple().setFieldCount(ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
-        return ctx;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void bulkLoadAddTuple(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
-        BulkLoadContext ctx = (BulkLoadContext) ictx;
-        NodeFrontier leafFrontier = ctx.nodeFrontiers.get(0);
-        IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = ctx.leafFrame;
-
-        int spaceNeeded = ctx.tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple) + ctx.slotSize;
-        int spaceUsed = leafFrame.getBuffer().capacity() - leafFrame.getTotalFreeSpace();
-
-        // try to free space by compression
-        if (spaceUsed + spaceNeeded > ctx.leafMaxBytes) {
-            leafFrame.compress();
-            spaceUsed = leafFrame.getBuffer().capacity() - leafFrame.getTotalFreeSpace();
-        }
-
-        if (spaceUsed + spaceNeeded > ctx.leafMaxBytes) {
-            leafFrontier.lastTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leafFrame, leafFrame.getTupleCount() - 1);
-            int splitKeySize = ctx.tupleWriter.bytesRequired(leafFrontier.lastTuple, 0, ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
-            ctx.splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
-            ctx.tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(leafFrontier.lastTuple, 0, ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount(), ctx.splitKey
-                    .getBuffer().array(), 0);
-            ctx.splitKey.getTuple().resetByTupleOffset(ctx.splitKey.getBuffer(), 0);
-            ctx.splitKey.setLeftPage(leafFrontier.pageId);
-            leafFrontier.pageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(ctx.metaFrame);
-
-            leafFrame.setNextLeaf(leafFrontier.pageId);
-            leafFrontier.page.releaseWriteLatch();
-            bufferCache.unpin(leafFrontier.page);
-
-            ctx.splitKey.setRightPage(leafFrontier.pageId);
-            propagateBulk(ctx, 1);
-
-            leafFrontier.page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, leafFrontier.pageId), true);
-            leafFrontier.page.acquireWriteLatch();
-            leafFrame.setPage(leafFrontier.page);
-            leafFrame.initBuffer((byte) 0);
-        }
-
-        leafFrame.setPage(leafFrontier.page);
-        leafFrame.insertSorted(tuple);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void endBulkLoad(IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
-        // copy root
-        BulkLoadContext ctx = (BulkLoadContext) ictx;
-        ICachedPage rootNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rootPage), true);
-        rootNode.acquireWriteLatch();
-        NodeFrontier lastNodeFrontier = ctx.nodeFrontiers.get(ctx.nodeFrontiers.size() - 1);
-        IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame = ctx.interiorFrame;
-        try {
-            ICachedPage toBeRoot = lastNodeFrontier.page;
-            System.arraycopy(toBeRoot.getBuffer().array(), 0, rootNode.getBuffer().array(), 0, toBeRoot.getBuffer()
-                    .capacity());
-        } finally {
-            rootNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-            bufferCache.unpin(rootNode);
-
-            // register old root as free page
-            freePageManager.addFreePage(ctx.metaFrame, lastNodeFrontier.pageId);
-
-            // make old root a free page
-            interiorFrame.setPage(lastNodeFrontier.page);
-            interiorFrame.initBuffer(freePageManager.getFreePageLevelIndicator());
-
-            // cleanup
-            for (int i = 0; i < ctx.nodeFrontiers.size(); i++) {
-                ctx.nodeFrontiers.get(i).page.releaseWriteLatch();
-                bufferCache.unpin(ctx.nodeFrontiers.get(i).page);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     private BTreeOpContext createOpContext(IModificationOperationCallback modificationCallback,
             ISearchOperationCallback searchCallback) {
         return new BTreeOpContext(leafFrameFactory, interiorFrameFactory, freePageManager.getMetaDataFrameFactory()
                 .createFrame(), cmpFactories, modificationCallback, searchCallback);
     }
 
-    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getInteriorFrameFactory() {
-        return interiorFrameFactory;
-    }
-
-    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getLeafFrameFactory() {
-        return leafFrameFactory;
-    }
-
-    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
-        return cmpFactories;
-    }
-
-    public IFreePageManager getFreePageManager() {
-        return freePageManager;
-    }
-
-    public int getRootPageId() {
-        return rootPage;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int getFieldCount() {
-        return fieldCount;
-    }
-
     @Override
     public IndexType getIndexType() {
         return IndexType.BTREE;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public int getFileId() {
-        return fileId;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public IBufferCache getBufferCache() {
-        return bufferCache;
-    }
-
-    public byte getTreeHeight(IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame) throws HyracksDataException {
-        ICachedPage rootNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rootPage), false);
-        rootNode.acquireReadLatch();
-        try {
-            leafFrame.setPage(rootNode);
-            return leafFrame.getLevel();
-        } finally {
-            rootNode.releaseReadLatch();
-            bufferCache.unpin(rootNode);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public boolean isEmptyTree(IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame) throws HyracksDataException {
-        ICachedPage rootNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rootPage), false);
-        rootNode.acquireReadLatch();
-        try {
-            leafFrame.setPage(rootNode);
-            if (leafFrame.getLevel() == 0 && leafFrame.getTupleCount() == 0) {
-                return true;
-            } else {
-                return false;
-            }
-        } finally {
-            rootNode.releaseReadLatch();
-            bufferCache.unpin(rootNode);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-    public String printTree(IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame, IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame,
-            ISerializerDeserializer[] keySerdes) throws Exception {
+    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") 
+    public String printTree(IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame, IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame, ISerializerDeserializer[] keySerdes)
+            throws Exception {
         MultiComparator cmp = MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
         byte treeHeight = getTreeHeight(leafFrame);
         StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
@@ -1104,4 +823,109 @@
             return ctx;
         }
     }
+    
+	@Override
+	public AbstractTreeIndexBulkLoader createBulkLoader(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException {
+		try {
+			return new BTreeBulkLoader(fillFactor);
+		} catch (HyracksDataException e) {
+			throw new TreeIndexException(e);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	public class BTreeBulkLoader extends AbstractTreeIndex.AbstractTreeIndexBulkLoader {
+		protected final ISplitKey splitKey;
+		
+		public BTreeBulkLoader(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException,
+				HyracksDataException {
+			super(fillFactor);
+			splitKey = new BTreeSplitKey(leafFrame.getTupleWriter().createTupleReference());
+            splitKey.getTuple().setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+		}
+
+		@Override
+	    public void add(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException {
+	        NodeFrontier leafFrontier = nodeFrontiers.get(0);
+
+	        int spaceNeeded = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple) + slotSize;
+	        int spaceUsed = leafFrame.getBuffer().capacity() - leafFrame.getTotalFreeSpace();
+
+	        // try to free space by compression
+	        if (spaceUsed + spaceNeeded > leafMaxBytes) {
+	            leafFrame.compress();
+	            spaceUsed = leafFrame.getBuffer().capacity() - leafFrame.getTotalFreeSpace();
+	        }
+
+	        if (spaceUsed + spaceNeeded > leafMaxBytes) {
+	            leafFrontier.lastTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leafFrame, leafFrame.getTupleCount() - 1);
+	            int splitKeySize = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(leafFrontier.lastTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+	            splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
+	            tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(leafFrontier.lastTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount(),
+	                    splitKey.getBuffer().array(), 0);
+	            splitKey.getTuple().resetByTupleOffset(splitKey.getBuffer(), 0);
+	            splitKey.setLeftPage(leafFrontier.pageId);
+	            leafFrontier.pageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(metaFrame);
+
+	            ((IBTreeLeafFrame) leafFrame).setNextLeaf(leafFrontier.pageId);
+	            leafFrontier.page.releaseWriteLatch();
+	            bufferCache.unpin(leafFrontier.page);
+
+	            splitKey.setRightPage(leafFrontier.pageId);
+	            propagateBulk(1);
+
+	            leafFrontier.page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, leafFrontier.pageId),
+	                    true);
+	            leafFrontier.page.acquireWriteLatch();
+	            leafFrame.setPage(leafFrontier.page);
+	            leafFrame.initBuffer((byte) 0);
+	        }
+
+	        leafFrame.setPage(leafFrontier.page);
+	        ((IBTreeLeafFrame) leafFrame).insertSorted(tuple);
+	    }
+		
+	    protected void propagateBulk(int level) throws HyracksDataException {
+	        if (splitKey.getBuffer() == null)
+	            return;
+
+	        if (level >= nodeFrontiers.size())
+	            addLevel();
+
+	        NodeFrontier frontier = nodeFrontiers.get(level);
+	        interiorFrame.setPage(frontier.page);
+
+	        ITupleReference tuple = splitKey.getTuple();
+	        int spaceNeeded = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount()) + slotSize + 4;
+	        int spaceUsed = interiorFrame.getBuffer().capacity() - interiorFrame.getTotalFreeSpace();
+	        if (spaceUsed + spaceNeeded > interiorMaxBytes) {
+
+	            ISplitKey copyKey = splitKey.duplicate(leafFrame.getTupleWriter().createTupleReference());
+	            tuple = copyKey.getTuple();
+
+	            frontier.lastTuple.resetByTupleIndex(interiorFrame, interiorFrame.getTupleCount() - 1);
+	            int splitKeySize = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frontier.lastTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+	            splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
+	            tupleWriter
+	                    .writeTupleFields(frontier.lastTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount(), splitKey.getBuffer().array(), 0);
+	            splitKey.getTuple().resetByTupleOffset(splitKey.getBuffer(), 0);
+	            splitKey.setLeftPage(frontier.pageId);
+
+	            ((IBTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrame).deleteGreatest();
+
+	            frontier.page.releaseWriteLatch();
+	            bufferCache.unpin(frontier.page);
+	            frontier.pageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(metaFrame);
+
+	            splitKey.setRightPage(frontier.pageId);
+	            propagateBulk(level + 1);
+
+	            frontier.page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, frontier.pageId), true);
+	            frontier.page.acquireWriteLatch();
+	            interiorFrame.setPage(frontier.page);
+	            interiorFrame.initBuffer((byte) level);
+	        }
+	        ((IBTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrame).insertSorted(tuple);
+	    }
+		
+	}
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeCursorInitialState.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeCursorInitialState.java
index c7f4c0c..d88600a 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeCursorInitialState.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeCursorInitialState.java
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
 public class BTreeCursorInitialState implements ICursorInitialState {
 
     private ICachedPage page;
+    
+    // This is only used by the LSM-RTree
+    private int pageId;
 
     private ISearchOperationCallback searchCallback;
 
@@ -22,6 +25,14 @@
         this.page = page;
     }
 
+    public int getPageId() {
+        return pageId;
+    }
+
+    public void setPageId(int pageId) {
+        this.pageId = pageId;
+    }
+
     @Override
     public ISearchOperationCallback getSearchOperationCallback() {
         return searchCallback;
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeRangeSearchCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeRangeSearchCursor.java
index 8d475e3..968b9bb 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeRangeSearchCursor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeRangeSearchCursor.java
@@ -56,6 +56,11 @@
     private ITupleReference lowKey;
     private ITupleReference highKey;
 
+    // This is only used by the LSM-RTree
+    private int pageId = -1;
+    // TODO(ALEX): How this is different tupleIndex? Why do we need it?
+    private int currentTupleIndex = 0;
+
     private ISearchOperationCallback searchCallback;
 
     public BTreeRangeSearchCursor(IBTreeLeafFrame frame, boolean exclusiveLatchNodes) {
@@ -88,6 +93,14 @@
         return page;
     }
 
+    public int getTupleOffset() {
+        return frame.getTupleOffset(currentTupleIndex);
+    }
+
+    public int getPageId() {
+        return pageId;
+    }
+
     private void fetchNextLeafPage(int nextLeafPage) throws HyracksDataException {
         do {
             ICachedPage nextLeaf = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, nextLeafPage), false);
@@ -101,6 +114,10 @@
             bufferCache.unpin(page);
             page = nextLeaf;
             frame.setPage(page);
+
+            // This is only needed for the LSMRTree flush operation
+            pageId = nextLeafPage;
+
             nextLeafPage = frame.getNextLeaf();
         } while (frame.getTupleCount() == 0 && nextLeafPage > 0);
     }
@@ -122,6 +139,10 @@
         }
 
         frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, tupleIndex);
+
+        // This is only needed for the LSMRTree flush operation
+        currentTupleIndex = tupleIndex;
+
         if (highKey == null || tupleIndex <= stopTupleIndex) {
             return true;
         } else {
@@ -179,6 +200,8 @@
         page = initialState.getPage();
         frame.setPage(page);
 
+        pageId = ((BTreeCursorInitialState) initialState).getPageId();
+
         pred = (RangePredicate) searchPred;
         lowKeyCmp = pred.getLowKeyComparator();
         highKeyCmp = pred.getHighKeyComparator();
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/IIndexCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/IIndexCursor.java
index d29fd73..0a53cf6 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/IIndexCursor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/IIndexCursor.java
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 
     public void close() throws HyracksDataException;
 
-    public void reset();
+    public void reset() throws HyracksDataException;
 
     public ITupleReference getTuple();
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndex.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndex.java
index 52626cf..2c96a22 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndex.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndex.java
@@ -59,4 +59,11 @@
      * @return Comparator factories.
      */
     public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories();
+
+ 	/**
+	 * @param fillFactor
+ 	 * @throws TreeIndexException if the user tries to instantiate a second bulk
+	 * loader
+ 	 */
+	public ITreeIndexBulkLoader createBulkLoader(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException;
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexBulkLoader.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexBulkLoader.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e2da28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexBulkLoader.java
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+
+public interface ITreeIndexBulkLoader {
+    /**
+     * Append a tuple to the index in the context of a bulk load.
+     * 
+     * @param tuple
+     *            Tuple to be inserted.
+     * @throws HyracksDataException
+     *             If the BufferCache throws while un/pinning or un/latching.
+     */
+    public void add(ITupleReference tuple)
+            throws HyracksDataException;
+
+    /**
+     * Finalize the bulk loading operation in the given context.
+     * 
+     * @throws HyracksDataException
+     *             If the BufferCache throws while un/pinning or un/latching.
+     */
+    public void end()
+            throws HyracksDataException;
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexFrame.java
index f11ee82..bfec3a9 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexFrame.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.FrameOpSpaceStatus;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
 
 public interface ITreeIndexFrame {
@@ -89,4 +90,7 @@
     public int getPageHeaderSize();
 
     public ITreeIndexTupleReference createTupleReference();
+    
+    public void setMultiComparator(MultiComparator cmp);
+
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenUtils.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenUtils.java
index fdbaa3e..d4696df 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenUtils.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenUtils.java
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
         } else if (serde instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
             return new StringFieldValueGenerator(20, rnd);
         }
-        System.out.println("NULL");
         return null;
     }
     
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/frames/TreeIndexNSMFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/frames/TreeIndexNSMFrame.java
index e2e28fd..31ce573 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/frames/TreeIndexNSMFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/frames/TreeIndexNSMFrame.java
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
         resetSpaceParams();
         int tupleCount = buf.getInt(tupleCountOff);
         int freeSpace = buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff);
-		// Sort the slots by the tuple offset they point to.
+        // Sort the slots by the tuple offset they point to.
         ArrayList<SlotOffTupleOff> sortedTupleOffs = new ArrayList<SlotOffTupleOff>();
         sortedTupleOffs.ensureCapacity(tupleCount);
         for (int i = 0; i < tupleCount; i++) {
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
         }
         Collections.sort(sortedTupleOffs);
         // Iterate over the sorted slots, and move their corresponding tuples to
-     	// the left, reclaiming free space.
+        // the left, reclaiming free space.
         for (int i = 0; i < sortedTupleOffs.size(); i++) {
             int tupleOff = sortedTupleOffs.get(i).tupleOff;
             frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, tupleOff);
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
             slotManager.setSlot(sortedTupleOffs.get(i).slotOff, freeSpace);
             freeSpace += tupleLength;
         }
-		// Update contiguous free space pointer and total free space indicator.
+        // Update contiguous free space pointer and total free space indicator.
         buf.putInt(freeSpaceOff, freeSpace);
         buf.putInt(totalFreeSpaceOff, buf.capacity() - freeSpace - tupleCount * slotManager.getSlotSize());
         return false;
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
     public FrameOpSpaceStatus hasSpaceInsert(ITupleReference tuple) {
         int bytesRequired = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple);
         // Enough space in the contiguous space region?
-        if (bytesRequired + slotManager.getSlotSize() <= buf.capacity() - buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff) 
+        if (bytesRequired + slotManager.getSlotSize() <= buf.capacity() - buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff)
                 - (buf.getInt(tupleCountOff) * slotManager.getSlotSize())) {
             return FrameOpSpaceStatus.SUFFICIENT_CONTIGUOUS_SPACE;
         }
@@ -172,23 +172,24 @@
 
     @Override
     public FrameOpSpaceStatus hasSpaceUpdate(ITupleReference newTuple, int oldTupleIndex) {
-    	frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, oldTupleIndex);
-    	int oldTupleBytes = frameTuple.getTupleSize();
-    	int newTupleBytes = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(newTuple);
-    	int additionalBytesRequired = newTupleBytes - oldTupleBytes;
-    	// Enough space for an in-place update?
-    	if (additionalBytesRequired <= 0) {
-    		return FrameOpSpaceStatus.SUFFICIENT_INPLACE_SPACE;
-    	}
-    	// Enough space if we delete the old tuple and insert the new one without compaction? 
-    	if (newTupleBytes <= buf.capacity() - buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff)
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, oldTupleIndex);
+        int oldTupleBytes = frameTuple.getTupleSize();
+        int newTupleBytes = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(newTuple);
+        int additionalBytesRequired = newTupleBytes - oldTupleBytes;
+        // Enough space for an in-place update?
+        if (additionalBytesRequired <= 0) {
+            return FrameOpSpaceStatus.SUFFICIENT_INPLACE_SPACE;
+        }
+        // Enough space if we delete the old tuple and insert the new one
+        // without compaction?
+        if (newTupleBytes <= buf.capacity() - buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff)
                 - (buf.getInt(tupleCountOff) * slotManager.getSlotSize())) {
-    		return FrameOpSpaceStatus.SUFFICIENT_CONTIGUOUS_SPACE;
-    	}
-    	// Enough space if we delete the old tuple and compact?
-    	if (additionalBytesRequired <= buf.getInt(totalFreeSpaceOff)) {
-    		return FrameOpSpaceStatus.SUFFICIENT_SPACE;
-    	}
+            return FrameOpSpaceStatus.SUFFICIENT_CONTIGUOUS_SPACE;
+        }
+        // Enough space if we delete the old tuple and compact?
+        if (additionalBytesRequired <= buf.getInt(totalFreeSpaceOff)) {
+            return FrameOpSpaceStatus.SUFFICIENT_SPACE;
+        }
         return FrameOpSpaceStatus.INSUFFICIENT_SPACE;
     }
 
@@ -208,35 +209,36 @@
 
     @Override
     public void update(ITupleReference newTuple, int oldTupleIndex, boolean inPlace) {
-    	frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, oldTupleIndex);
-		int oldTupleBytes = frameTuple.getTupleSize();
-		int slotOff = slotManager.getSlotOff(oldTupleIndex);
-		int bytesWritten = 0;
-    	if (inPlace) {    		
-    		// Overwrite the old tuple in place.
-    		bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTuple(newTuple, buf.array(), buf.getInt(slotOff));
-    	} else {
-    		// Insert the new tuple at the end of the free space, and change the slot value (effectively "deleting" the old tuple).
-    		int newTupleOff = buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff);
-    		bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTuple(newTuple, buf.array(), newTupleOff);
-    		// Update slot value.
-    		buf.putInt(slotOff, newTupleOff);
-    		// Update contiguous free space pointer.
-    		buf.putInt(freeSpaceOff, newTupleOff + bytesWritten);
-    	}
-    	buf.putInt(totalFreeSpaceOff, buf.getInt(totalFreeSpaceOff) + oldTupleBytes - bytesWritten);
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, oldTupleIndex);
+        int oldTupleBytes = frameTuple.getTupleSize();
+        int slotOff = slotManager.getSlotOff(oldTupleIndex);
+        int bytesWritten = 0;
+        if (inPlace) {
+            // Overwrite the old tuple in place.
+            bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTuple(newTuple, buf.array(), buf.getInt(slotOff));
+        } else {
+            // Insert the new tuple at the end of the free space, and change the
+            // slot value (effectively "deleting" the old tuple).
+            int newTupleOff = buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff);
+            bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTuple(newTuple, buf.array(), newTupleOff);
+            // Update slot value.
+            buf.putInt(slotOff, newTupleOff);
+            // Update contiguous free space pointer.
+            buf.putInt(freeSpaceOff, newTupleOff + bytesWritten);
+        }
+        buf.putInt(totalFreeSpaceOff, buf.getInt(totalFreeSpaceOff) + oldTupleBytes - bytesWritten);
     }
 
     @Override
     public String printHeader() {
-    	StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
-    	strBuilder.append("pageLsnOff:        " + pageLsnOff + "\n");
-    	strBuilder.append("tupleCountOff:     " + tupleCountOff + "\n");
-    	strBuilder.append("freeSpaceOff:      " + freeSpaceOff + "\n");
-    	strBuilder.append("totalFreeSpaceOff: " + totalFreeSpaceOff + "\n");
-    	strBuilder.append("levelOff:          " + levelOff + "\n");
-    	strBuilder.append("smFlagOff:         " + smFlagOff + "\n");
-    	return strBuilder.toString();
+        StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        strBuilder.append("pageLsnOff:        " + pageLsnOff + "\n");
+        strBuilder.append("tupleCountOff:     " + tupleCountOff + "\n");
+        strBuilder.append("freeSpaceOff:      " + freeSpaceOff + "\n");
+        strBuilder.append("totalFreeSpaceOff: " + totalFreeSpaceOff + "\n");
+        strBuilder.append("levelOff:          " + levelOff + "\n");
+        strBuilder.append("smFlagOff:         " + smFlagOff + "\n");
+        return strBuilder.toString();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -282,14 +284,13 @@
     public ITreeIndexTupleWriter getTupleWriter() {
         return tupleWriter;
     }
-    
+
     @Override
     public ITreeIndexTupleReference createTupleReference() {
-    	return tupleWriter.createTupleReference();
+        return tupleWriter.createTupleReference();
     }
-    
-	public int getFreeContiguousSpace() {
-		return buf.capacity() - getFreeSpaceOff()
-				- (getTupleCount() * slotManager.getSlotSize());
-	}
+
+    public int getFreeContiguousSpace() {
+        return buf.capacity() - getFreeSpaceOff() - (getTupleCount() * slotManager.getSlotSize());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/AbstractTreeIndex.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/AbstractTreeIndex.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf563b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/AbstractTreeIndex.java
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexBulkLoader;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.BufferedFileHandle;
+
+public abstract class AbstractTreeIndex implements ITreeIndex {
+	
+	protected final static int rootPage = 1;
+	
+    protected final ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory;
+    protected final ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory;
+    protected final IFreePageManager freePageManager;
+    protected final IBufferCache bufferCache;
+    protected final int fieldCount;
+    protected final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories;
+    protected final ReadWriteLock treeLatch;
+    protected int fileId;
+	
+    public AbstractTreeIndex(IBufferCache bufferCache, int fieldCount, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories, IFreePageManager freePageManager,
+            ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory) {
+        this.bufferCache = bufferCache;
+        this.fieldCount = fieldCount;
+        this.cmpFactories = cmpFactories;       
+        this.freePageManager = freePageManager;
+        this.treeLatch = new ReentrantReadWriteLock(true);
+        this.interiorFrameFactory = interiorFrameFactory;
+        this.leafFrameFactory = leafFrameFactory;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isEmptyTree(ITreeIndexFrame leafFrame) throws HyracksDataException {
+    	ICachedPage rootNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rootPage), false);
+        rootNode.acquireReadLatch();
+        try {
+            leafFrame.setPage(rootNode);
+            if (leafFrame.getLevel() == 0 && leafFrame.getTupleCount() == 0) {
+            	return true;
+            } else {
+            	return false;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            rootNode.releaseReadLatch();
+            bufferCache.unpin(rootNode);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void open(int fileId) {    	
+    	this.fileId = fileId;
+    	freePageManager.open(fileId);
+    }
+
+    public void close() {
+        fileId = -1;
+        freePageManager.close();
+    }
+
+    public int getFileId() {
+        return fileId;
+    }
+    
+    public IBufferCache getBufferCache() {
+        return bufferCache;
+    }
+    
+    public byte getTreeHeight(ITreeIndexFrame leafFrame) throws HyracksDataException {
+        ICachedPage rootNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rootPage), false);
+        rootNode.acquireReadLatch();
+        try {
+            leafFrame.setPage(rootNode);
+            return leafFrame.getLevel();
+        } finally {
+            rootNode.releaseReadLatch();
+            bufferCache.unpin(rootNode);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getInteriorFrameFactory() {
+        return interiorFrameFactory;
+    }
+
+    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getLeafFrameFactory() {
+        return leafFrameFactory;
+    }
+
+    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
+        return cmpFactories;
+    }
+
+    public IFreePageManager getFreePageManager() {
+        return freePageManager;
+    }
+    
+    public int getRootPageId() {
+        return rootPage;
+    }    
+
+    public int getFieldCount() {
+        return fieldCount;
+    }
+    
+    public abstract AbstractTreeIndexBulkLoader createBulkLoader(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException;
+    
+    public TreeIndexInsertBulkLoader createInsertBulkLoader() throws TreeIndexException {
+        final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(TreeIndexInsertBulkLoader.class.getName());
+        
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Using insert bulkload. This might negatively impact your performance.");
+        }
+
+    	return new TreeIndexInsertBulkLoader();
+    }
+
+
+	public abstract class AbstractTreeIndexBulkLoader implements ITreeIndexBulkLoader {
+		protected final MultiComparator cmp;
+	    protected final int slotSize;
+	    protected final int leafMaxBytes;
+	    protected final int interiorMaxBytes;
+	    // we maintain a frontier of nodes for each level
+	    protected final ArrayList<NodeFrontier> nodeFrontiers = new ArrayList<NodeFrontier>();
+	    protected final ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame;
+	    protected final ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter;
+	    
+		protected ITreeIndexFrame leafFrame, interiorFrame;
+	    
+	    public AbstractTreeIndexBulkLoader(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException {
+            leafFrame = leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
+            interiorFrame = interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
+            metaFrame = freePageManager.getMetaDataFrameFactory().createFrame();
+            
+            if (!isEmptyTree(leafFrame)) {
+	    		throw new TreeIndexException("Trying to Bulk-load a non-empty tree.");
+	    	}
+            
+            this.cmp = MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
+            
+	    	leafFrame.setMultiComparator(cmp);
+        	interiorFrame.setMultiComparator(cmp);
+        	
+            tupleWriter = leafFrame.getTupleWriter();
+
+            NodeFrontier leafFrontier = new NodeFrontier(leafFrame.createTupleReference());
+            leafFrontier.pageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(metaFrame);
+            leafFrontier.page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, leafFrontier.pageId),
+                    true);
+            leafFrontier.page.acquireWriteLatch();
+
+            interiorFrame.setPage(leafFrontier.page);
+            interiorFrame.initBuffer((byte) 0);
+            interiorMaxBytes = (int) ((float) interiorFrame.getBuffer().capacity() * fillFactor);
+
+            leafFrame.setPage(leafFrontier.page);
+            leafFrame.initBuffer((byte) 0);
+            leafMaxBytes = (int) ((float) leafFrame.getBuffer().capacity() * fillFactor);
+
+            slotSize = leafFrame.getSlotSize();
+
+            nodeFrontiers.add(leafFrontier);
+	    }
+	    
+	    public abstract void add(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException;
+	    
+	    @Override
+	    public void end() throws HyracksDataException {  	
+	    	// copy root
+	        ICachedPage rootNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rootPage), true);
+	        rootNode.acquireWriteLatch();
+	        NodeFrontier lastNodeFrontier = nodeFrontiers.get(nodeFrontiers.size() - 1);
+	        try {
+	            ICachedPage toBeRoot = lastNodeFrontier.page;
+	            System.arraycopy(toBeRoot.getBuffer().array(), 0, rootNode.getBuffer().array(), 0, toBeRoot.getBuffer()
+	                    .capacity());
+	        } finally {
+	            rootNode.releaseWriteLatch();
+	            bufferCache.unpin(rootNode);
+
+	            // register old root as free page
+	            freePageManager.addFreePage(metaFrame, lastNodeFrontier.pageId);
+
+	            // make old root a free page
+	            interiorFrame.setPage(lastNodeFrontier.page);
+	            interiorFrame.initBuffer(freePageManager.getFreePageLevelIndicator());
+
+	            // cleanup
+	            for (int i = 0; i < nodeFrontiers.size(); i++) {
+	                nodeFrontiers.get(i).page.releaseWriteLatch();
+	                bufferCache.unpin(nodeFrontiers.get(i).page);
+	            }
+	        }
+	    }
+	    
+	    protected void addLevel() throws HyracksDataException {
+            NodeFrontier frontier = new NodeFrontier(tupleWriter.createTupleReference());
+            frontier.pageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(metaFrame);
+            frontier.page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, frontier.pageId), true);
+            frontier.page.acquireWriteLatch();
+            frontier.lastTuple.setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+            interiorFrame.setPage(frontier.page);
+            interiorFrame.initBuffer((byte) nodeFrontiers.size());
+            nodeFrontiers.add(frontier);
+        }
+	}
+	
+	public class TreeIndexInsertBulkLoader implements ITreeIndexBulkLoader {
+		// TODO: What callback to pass here?
+		ITreeIndexAccessor accessor = (ITreeIndexAccessor) createAccessor(
+				NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE, NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE);
+
+		@Override
+		public void add(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException {
+			try {
+				accessor.insert(tuple);
+			} catch (IndexException e) {
+				throw new HyracksDataException(e);
+			}
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void end() throws HyracksDataException {
+			// do nothing
+		}
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Deprecated
+	protected ITreeIndexBulkLoader bulkloader;
+	
+	@Deprecated
+    public IIndexBulkLoadContext beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+		if(this.bulkloader == null) this.bulkloader = this.createBulkLoader(fillFactor);
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	@Deprecated
+    public void bulkLoadAddTuple(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
+		this.bulkloader.add(tuple);
+	}
+
+	@Deprecated
+    public void endBulkLoad(IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
+		this.bulkloader.end();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/NodeFrontier.java
similarity index 66%
copy from hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java
copy to hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/NodeFrontier.java
index cfc71fc..56f5fdb 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/NodeFrontier.java
@@ -13,10 +13,17 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples;
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
 
-public interface ILSMBTreeTupleReference extends ITreeIndexTupleReference {
-	public boolean isAntimatter();
+public class NodeFrontier {
+    public ICachedPage page;
+    public int pageId;
+    public ITreeIndexTupleReference lastTuple;
+
+    public NodeFrontier(ITreeIndexTupleReference lastTuple) {
+        this.lastTuple = lastTuple;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/DoubleArrayList.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/DoubleArrayList.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..318a102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/DoubleArrayList.java
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers;
+
+public class DoubleArrayList {
+    private double[] data;
+    private int size;
+    private int first;
+    private final int growth;
+
+    public DoubleArrayList(int initialCapacity, int growth) {
+        data = new double[initialCapacity];
+        size = 0;
+        first = 0;
+        this.growth = growth;
+    }
+
+    public int size() {
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    public int first() {
+        return first;
+    }
+
+    public void add(double i) {
+        if (size == data.length) {
+            double[] newData = new double[data.length + growth];
+            System.arraycopy(data, 0, newData, 0, data.length);
+            data = newData;
+        }
+
+        data[size++] = i;
+    }
+
+    public void addFirst(double i) {
+        double[] newData = new double[data.length + 1];
+        System.arraycopy(data, 0, newData, 0, first);
+        System.arraycopy(data, first, newData, first + 1, size - first);
+        data = newData;
+        data[first] = i;
+        size++;
+    }
+
+    public void removeLast() {
+        if (size > 0)
+            size--;
+    }
+
+    // WARNING: caller is responsible for checking size > 0
+    public double getLast() {
+        return data[size - 1];
+    }
+
+    public double get(int i) {
+        return data[i];
+    }
+
+    // WARNING: caller is responsible for checking i < size
+    public void set(int i, int value) {
+        data[i] = value;
+
+    }
+
+    public double getFirst() {
+        return data[first];
+    }
+
+    public void moveFirst() {
+        first++;
+    }
+
+    public void clear() {
+        size = 0;
+        first = 0;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isLast() {
+        return size == first;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return size == 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/MultiComparator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/MultiComparator.java
index 91db6ff..e7be912 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/MultiComparator.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/MultiComparator.java
@@ -21,49 +21,57 @@
 
 public class MultiComparator {
 
-	private final IBinaryComparator[] cmps;
+    private final IBinaryComparator[] cmps;
 
-	public MultiComparator(IBinaryComparator[] cmps) {
-		this.cmps = cmps;
-	}
+    public MultiComparator(IBinaryComparator[] cmps) {
+        this.cmps = cmps;
+    }
 
-	public int compare(ITupleReference tupleA, ITupleReference tupleB) {
-		for (int i = 0; i < cmps.length; i++) {
-			int cmp = cmps[i].compare(tupleA.getFieldData(i),
-					tupleA.getFieldStart(i), tupleA.getFieldLength(i),
-					tupleB.getFieldData(i), tupleB.getFieldStart(i),
-					tupleB.getFieldLength(i));
-			if (cmp < 0)
-				return -1;
-			else if (cmp > 0)
-				return 1;
-		}
-		return 0;
-	}
+    public int compare(ITupleReference tupleA, ITupleReference tupleB) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < cmps.length; i++) {
+            int cmp = cmps[i].compare(tupleA.getFieldData(i), tupleA.getFieldStart(i), tupleA.getFieldLength(i),
+                    tupleB.getFieldData(i), tupleB.getFieldStart(i), tupleB.getFieldLength(i));
+            if (cmp < 0)
+                return -1;
+            else if (cmp > 0)
+                return 1;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
 
-	public int fieldRangeCompare(ITupleReference tupleA,
-			ITupleReference tupleB, int startFieldIndex, int numFields) {
-		for (int i = startFieldIndex; i < startFieldIndex + numFields; i++) {
-			int cmp = cmps[i].compare(tupleA.getFieldData(i),
-					tupleA.getFieldStart(i), tupleA.getFieldLength(i),
-					tupleB.getFieldData(i), tupleB.getFieldStart(i),
-					tupleB.getFieldLength(i));
-			if (cmp < 0)
-				return -1;
-			else if (cmp > 0)
-				return 1;
-		}
-		return 0;
-	}
+    public int selectiveFieldCompare(ITupleReference tupleA, ITupleReference tupleB, int[] fields) {
+        for (int j = 0; j < cmps.length; j++) {
+            int i = fields[j];
+            int cmp = cmps[j].compare(tupleA.getFieldData(i), tupleA.getFieldStart(i), tupleA.getFieldLength(i),
+                    tupleB.getFieldData(i), tupleB.getFieldStart(i), tupleB.getFieldLength(i));
+            if (cmp < 0)
+                return -1;
+            else if (cmp > 0)
+                return 1;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
 
-	public IBinaryComparator[] getComparators() {
-		return cmps;
-	}
+    public int fieldRangeCompare(ITupleReference tupleA, ITupleReference tupleB, int startFieldIndex, int numFields) {
+        for (int i = startFieldIndex; i < startFieldIndex + numFields; i++) {
+            int cmp = cmps[i].compare(tupleA.getFieldData(i), tupleA.getFieldStart(i), tupleA.getFieldLength(i),
+                    tupleB.getFieldData(i), tupleB.getFieldStart(i), tupleB.getFieldLength(i));
+            if (cmp < 0)
+                return -1;
+            else if (cmp > 0)
+                return 1;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    public IBinaryComparator[] getComparators() {
+        return cmps;
+    }
 
     public int getKeyFieldCount() {
-		return cmps.length;
-	}
-    
+        return cmps.length;
+    }
+
     public static MultiComparator create(IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) {
         IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[cmpFactories.length];
         for (int i = 0; i < cmpFactories.length; i++) {
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTree.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTree.java
index f19457b..8e9bf36 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTree.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTree.java
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree.BTreeBulkLoader;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexAccessor;
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexBulkLoader;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexException;
@@ -346,46 +348,55 @@
         return diskBTrees;
     }
 
-    public class LSMTreeBulkLoadContext implements IIndexBulkLoadContext {
-        private final BTree btree;
-        private IIndexBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx;
+	@Override
+	public ITreeIndexBulkLoader createBulkLoader(float fillLevel)
+			throws TreeIndexException {
+		return new LSMBTreeBulkLoader(fillLevel);
+	}
+	
+	public class LSMBTreeBulkLoader implements ITreeIndexBulkLoader {
+		private final BTree diskBTree;
+		private final BTreeBulkLoader bulkLoader;
 
-        public LSMTreeBulkLoadContext(BTree btree) {
-            this.btree = btree;
-        }
+		public LSMBTreeBulkLoader(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException {
+			try {
+				diskBTree = createBulkLoadTarget();
+			} catch (HyracksDataException e) {
+				throw new TreeIndexException(e);
+			}
+	        bulkLoader = (BTreeBulkLoader) diskBTree.createBulkLoader(0.7f);
+		}
 
-        public void beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
-            bulkLoadCtx = btree.beginBulkLoad(fillFactor);
-        }
+		@Override
+		public void add(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException {
+			bulkLoader.add(tuple);
+		}
 
-        public BTree getBTree() {
-            return btree;
-        }
+		@Override
+		public void end() throws HyracksDataException {
+	        bulkLoader.end();
+	        lsmHarness.addBulkLoadedComponent(diskBTree);
+		}
+		
+	}
 
-        public IIndexBulkLoadContext getBulkLoadCtx() {
-            return bulkLoadCtx;
-        }
-    }
-
+	@Deprecated
+	private ITreeIndexBulkLoader bulkloader;
+	
     @Override
     public IIndexBulkLoadContext beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException {
-        BTree diskBTree = createBulkLoadTarget();
-        LSMTreeBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = new LSMTreeBulkLoadContext(diskBTree);
-        bulkLoadCtx.beginBulkLoad(fillFactor);
-        return bulkLoadCtx;
+        bulkloader = createBulkLoader(fillFactor);
+        return null;
     }
 
     @Override
     public void bulkLoadAddTuple(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
-        LSMTreeBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = (LSMTreeBulkLoadContext) ictx;
-        bulkLoadCtx.getBTree().bulkLoadAddTuple(tuple, bulkLoadCtx.getBulkLoadCtx());
+        bulkloader.add(tuple);
     }
 
     @Override
     public void endBulkLoad(IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
-        LSMTreeBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = (LSMTreeBulkLoadContext) ictx;
-        bulkLoadCtx.getBTree().endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx.getBulkLoadCtx());
-        lsmHarness.addBulkLoadedComponent(bulkLoadCtx.getBTree());
+        bulkloader.end();
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor.java
index ef0a9cd..8333a95 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor.java
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 
 import java.util.Comparator;
 import java.util.PriorityQueue;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
@@ -26,24 +25,11 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ICursorInitialState;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchOperationCallback;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples.LSMBTreeTupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMHarness;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMTreeSearchCursor;
 
-public class LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor implements ITreeIndexCursor {
-    private BTreeRangeSearchCursor[] rangeCursors;
-    private PriorityQueue<PriorityQueueElement> outputPriorityQueue;
-    private MultiComparator cmp;
+public class LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor extends LSMTreeSearchCursor {
     private PriorityQueueComparator pqCmp;
-    private PriorityQueueElement outputElement;
-    private PriorityQueueElement reusedElement;
-    private boolean needPush;
-    private boolean includeMemComponent;
-    private AtomicInteger searcherfRefCount;
-    private LSMHarness lsmHarness;
     private ISearchOperationCallback searchCallback;
 
     public LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor() {
@@ -65,31 +51,6 @@
         checkPriorityQueue();
     }
 
-    public BTreeRangeSearchCursor getCursor(int cursorIndex) {
-        return rangeCursors[cursorIndex];
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void reset() {
-        outputElement = null;
-        needPush = false;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean hasNext() throws HyracksDataException {
-        checkPriorityQueue();
-        return !outputPriorityQueue.isEmpty();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void next() throws HyracksDataException {
-        outputElement = outputPriorityQueue.poll();
-        needPush = true;
-        if (outputElement == null) {
-            throw new HyracksDataException("The outputPriorityQueue is empty");
-        }
-    }
-
     @Override
     public void open(ICursorInitialState initialState, ISearchPredicate searchPred) throws HyracksDataException {
         LSMBTreeCursorInitialState lsmInitialState = (LSMBTreeCursorInitialState) initialState;
@@ -107,111 +68,13 @@
         setPriorityQueueComparator();
     }
 
-    private void setPriorityQueueComparator() {
+    @Override
+    protected void setPriorityQueueComparator() {
         if (pqCmp == null || cmp != pqCmp.getMultiComparator()) {
             pqCmp = new PriorityQueueComparator(cmp);
         }
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public ICachedPage getPage() {
-        // do nothing
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
-        try {
-            outputPriorityQueue.clear();
-            for (int i = 0; i < rangeCursors.length; i++) {
-                rangeCursors[i].close();
-            }
-            rangeCursors = null;
-        } finally {
-            lsmHarness.closeSearchCursor(searcherfRefCount, includeMemComponent);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void setBufferCache(IBufferCache bufferCache) {
-        // do nothing
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void setFileId(int fileId) {
-        // do nothing
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public ITupleReference getTuple() {
-        return (ITupleReference) outputElement.getTuple();
-    }
-
-    private void pushIntoPriorityQueue(int cursorIndex) throws HyracksDataException {
-        if (rangeCursors[cursorIndex].hasNext()) {
-            rangeCursors[cursorIndex].next();
-            reusedElement.reset(rangeCursors[cursorIndex].getTuple(), cursorIndex);
-            outputPriorityQueue.offer(reusedElement);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void checkPriorityQueue() throws HyracksDataException {
-        while (!outputPriorityQueue.isEmpty() || needPush == true) {
-            if (!outputPriorityQueue.isEmpty()) {
-                PriorityQueueElement checkElement = outputPriorityQueue.peek();
-                // If there is no previous tuple or the previous tuple can be
-                // ignored
-                if (outputElement == null) {
-                    // Test the tuple is a delete tuple or not
-                    if (((LSMBTreeTupleReference) checkElement.getTuple()).isAntimatter() == true) {
-                        // If the tuple is a delete tuple then pop it and mark
-                        // it "needPush"
-                        // Cannot push at this time because the tuple may be
-                        // modified if "hasNext" is called
-                        outputElement = outputPriorityQueue.poll();
-                        needPush = true;
-                    } else {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // Compare the previous tuple and the head tuple in the PQ
-                    if (cmp.compare(outputElement.getTuple(), checkElement.getTuple()) == 0) {
-                        // If the previous tuple and the head tuple are
-                        // identical
-                        // then pop the head tuple and push the next tuple from
-                        // the tree of head tuple
-
-                        // the head element of PQ is useless now
-                        reusedElement = outputPriorityQueue.poll();
-                        // int treeNum = reusedElement.getTreeNum();
-                        pushIntoPriorityQueue(reusedElement.getCursorIndex());
-                    } else {
-                        // If the previous tuple and the head tuple are
-                        // different
-                        // the info of previous tuple is useless
-                        if (needPush == true) {
-                            reusedElement = outputElement;
-                            pushIntoPriorityQueue(outputElement.getCursorIndex());
-                            needPush = false;
-                        }
-                        outputElement = null;
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                // the priority queue is empty and needPush
-                reusedElement = outputElement;
-                pushIntoPriorityQueue(outputElement.getCursorIndex());
-                needPush = false;
-                outputElement = null;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean exclusiveLatchNodes() {
-        return false;
-    }
-
     public class PriorityQueueComparator implements Comparator<PriorityQueueElement> {
 
         private final MultiComparator cmp;
@@ -238,25 +101,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    public class PriorityQueueElement {
-        private ITupleReference tuple;
-        private int cursorIndex;
-
-        public PriorityQueueElement(ITupleReference tuple, int cursorIndex) {
-            reset(tuple, cursorIndex);
-        }
-
-        public ITupleReference getTuple() {
-            return tuple;
-        }
-
-        public int getCursorIndex() {
-            return cursorIndex;
-        }
-
-        public void reset(ITupleReference tuple, int cursorIndex) {
-            this.tuple = tuple;
-            this.cursorIndex = cursorIndex;
-        }
+    @Override
+    protected int compare(MultiComparator cmp, ITupleReference tupleA, ITupleReference tupleB) {
+        return cmp.compare(tupleA, tupleB);
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTupleReference.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTupleReference.java
index 5c8acba..2c55792 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTupleReference.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTupleReference.java
@@ -20,8 +20,9 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMTreeTupleReference;
 
-public class LSMBTreeTupleReference extends TypeAwareTupleReference implements ILSMBTreeTupleReference {
+public class LSMBTreeTupleReference extends TypeAwareTupleReference implements ILSMTreeTupleReference {
 
     // Indicates whether the last call to setFieldCount() was initiated by
     // by the outside or whether it was called internally to set up an
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMTreeTupleReference.java
similarity index 80%
rename from hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java
rename to hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMTreeTupleReference.java
index cfc71fc..8d82673 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMTreeTupleReference.java
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples;
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
 
-public interface ILSMBTreeTupleReference extends ITreeIndexTupleReference {
-	public boolean isAntimatter();
+public interface ILSMTreeTupleReference extends ITreeIndexTupleReference {
+    public boolean isAntimatter();
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMTreeSearchCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMTreeSearchCursor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8e0873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMTreeSearchCursor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls;
+
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMTreeTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
+
+public abstract class LSMTreeSearchCursor implements ITreeIndexCursor {
+    protected ITreeIndexCursor[] rangeCursors;
+    protected PriorityQueue<PriorityQueueElement> outputPriorityQueue;
+    protected MultiComparator cmp;
+
+    protected PriorityQueueElement outputElement;
+    protected PriorityQueueElement reusedElement;
+    protected boolean needPush;
+    protected boolean includeMemComponent;
+    protected AtomicInteger searcherfRefCount;
+    protected LSMHarness lsmHarness;
+
+    public LSMTreeSearchCursor() {
+        outputElement = null;
+        needPush = false;
+    }
+
+    public ITreeIndexCursor getCursor(int cursorIndex) {
+        return rangeCursors[cursorIndex];
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reset() {
+        outputElement = null;
+        needPush = false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasNext() throws HyracksDataException {
+        checkPriorityQueue();
+        return !outputPriorityQueue.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void next() throws HyracksDataException {
+        outputElement = outputPriorityQueue.poll();
+        needPush = true;
+        if (outputElement == null) {
+            throw new HyracksDataException("The outputPriorityQueue is empty");
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected abstract void setPriorityQueueComparator();
+
+    @Override
+    public ICachedPage getPage() {
+        // do nothing
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
+        try {
+            outputPriorityQueue.clear();
+            for (int i = 0; i < rangeCursors.length; i++) {
+                rangeCursors[i].close();
+            }
+            rangeCursors = null;
+        } finally {
+            lsmHarness.closeSearchCursor(searcherfRefCount, includeMemComponent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setBufferCache(IBufferCache bufferCache) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setFileId(int fileId) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITupleReference getTuple() {
+        return (ITupleReference) outputElement.getTuple();
+    }
+
+    protected void pushIntoPriorityQueue(int cursorIndex) throws HyracksDataException {
+        if (rangeCursors[cursorIndex].hasNext()) {
+            rangeCursors[cursorIndex].next();
+            reusedElement.reset(rangeCursors[cursorIndex].getTuple(), cursorIndex);
+            outputPriorityQueue.offer(reusedElement);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected abstract int compare(MultiComparator cmp, ITupleReference tupleA, ITupleReference tupleB);
+
+    protected void checkPriorityQueue() throws HyracksDataException {
+        while (!outputPriorityQueue.isEmpty() || needPush == true) {
+            if (!outputPriorityQueue.isEmpty()) {
+                PriorityQueueElement checkElement = outputPriorityQueue.peek();
+                // If there is no previous tuple or the previous tuple can be
+                // ignored
+                if (outputElement == null) {
+                    // Test the tuple is a delete tuple or not
+                    if (((ILSMTreeTupleReference) checkElement.getTuple()).isAntimatter() == true) {
+                        // If the tuple is a delete tuple then pop it and mark
+                        // it "needPush"
+                        // Cannot push at this time because the tuple may be
+                        // modified if "hasNext" is called
+                        outputElement = outputPriorityQueue.poll();
+                        needPush = true;
+                    } else {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // Compare the previous tuple and the head tuple in the PQ
+                    if (compare(cmp, outputElement.getTuple(), checkElement.getTuple()) == 0) {
+                        // If the previous tuple and the head tuple are
+                        // identical
+                        // then pop the head tuple and push the next tuple from
+                        // the tree of head tuple
+
+                        // the head element of PQ is useless now
+                        reusedElement = outputPriorityQueue.poll();
+                        // int treeNum = reusedElement.getTreeNum();
+                        pushIntoPriorityQueue(reusedElement.getCursorIndex());
+                    } else {
+                        // If the previous tuple and the head tuple are
+                        // different
+                        // the info of previous tuple is useless
+                        if (needPush == true) {
+                            reusedElement = outputElement;
+                            pushIntoPriorityQueue(outputElement.getCursorIndex());
+                            needPush = false;
+                        }
+                        outputElement = null;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // the priority queue is empty and needPush
+                reusedElement = outputElement;
+                pushIntoPriorityQueue(outputElement.getCursorIndex());
+                needPush = false;
+                outputElement = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean exclusiveLatchNodes() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public class PriorityQueueElement {
+        private ITupleReference tuple;
+        private int cursorIndex;
+
+        public PriorityQueueElement(ITupleReference tuple, int cursorIndex) {
+            reset(tuple, cursorIndex);
+        }
+
+        public ITupleReference getTuple() {
+            return tuple;
+        }
+
+        public int getCursorIndex() {
+            return cursorIndex;
+        }
+
+        public void reset(ITupleReference tuple, int cursorIndex) {
+            this.tuple = tuple;
+            this.cursorIndex = cursorIndex;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/AbstractLSMRTreeDataflowHelper.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/AbstractLSMRTreeDataflowHelper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d96aea9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/AbstractLSMRTreeDataflowHelper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.dataflow;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.IIOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IOperationCallbackProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexOperatorDescriptor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexDataflowHelper;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFlushPolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMMergePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTreeInMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTreeInMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.HeapBufferAllocator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+public abstract class AbstractLSMRTreeDataflowHelper extends TreeIndexDataflowHelper {
+    private static int DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE = 32768;
+    private static int DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
+
+    private final int memPageSize;
+    private final int memNumPages;
+
+    protected final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories;
+    protected final IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories;
+    protected final RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType;
+    protected final ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy;
+    protected final ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy;
+
+    public AbstractLSMRTreeDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int partition,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy, ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) {
+        super(opDesc, ctx, partition);
+        memPageSize = DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE;
+        memNumPages = DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES;
+        this.btreeComparatorFactories = btreeComparatorFactories;
+        this.valueProviderFactories = valueProviderFactories;
+        this.rtreePolicyType = rtreePolicyType;
+        this.flushPolicy = flushPolicy;
+        this.mergePolicy = mergePolicy;
+    }
+
+    public AbstractLSMRTreeDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
+            IOperationCallbackProvider opCallbackProvider, int partition, boolean createIfNotExists, int memPageSize,
+            int memNumPages, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy, ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) {
+        super(opDesc, ctx, partition);
+        this.memPageSize = memPageSize;
+        this.memNumPages = memNumPages;
+        this.btreeComparatorFactories = btreeComparatorFactories;
+        this.valueProviderFactories = valueProviderFactories;
+        this.rtreePolicyType = rtreePolicyType;
+        this.flushPolicy = flushPolicy;
+        this.mergePolicy = mergePolicy;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndex createIndexInstance() throws HyracksDataException {
+        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaDataFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
+        InMemoryBufferCache memBufferCache = new LSMRTreeInMemoryBufferCache(new HeapBufferAllocator(), memPageSize,
+                memNumPages);
+        IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider = opDesc.getFileSplitProvider();
+        FileReference file = fileSplitProvider.getFileSplits()[partition].getLocalFile();
+        if (file.getFile().exists() && !file.getFile().isDirectory()) {
+            file.delete();
+        }
+        InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager = new LSMRTreeInMemoryFreePageManager(memNumPages,
+                metaDataFrameFactory);
+
+        return createLSMTree(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager, ctx.getIOManager(), file.getFile().getPath(), opDesc
+                .getStorageManager().getBufferCache(ctx), opDesc.getStorageManager().getFileMapProvider(ctx),
+                treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexTypeTraits(), treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexComparatorFactories(),
+                btreeComparatorFactories, valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType);
+
+    }
+
+    protected abstract ITreeIndex createLSMTree(IBufferCache memBufferCache,
+            InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager, IIOManager ioManager, String onDiskDir,
+            IBufferCache diskBufferCache, IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws HyracksDataException;
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeDataflowHelper.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeDataflowHelper.java
index 0f283a7..5a09621 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeDataflowHelper.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeDataflowHelper.java
@@ -17,73 +17,53 @@
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.IIOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IOperationCallbackProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexDataflowHelper;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFlushPolicy;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMMergePolicy;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTreeInMemoryBufferCache;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTreeInMemoryFreePageManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.utils.LSMRTreeUtils;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.HeapBufferAllocator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
 
-public class LSMRTreeDataflowHelper extends TreeIndexDataflowHelper {
-    private static int DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE = 32768;
-    private static int DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
-
-    private final int memPageSize;
-    private final int memNumPages;
-
-    private final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories;
-    private final IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories;
-    private final ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy;
-    private final ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy;
+public class LSMRTreeDataflowHelper extends AbstractLSMRTreeDataflowHelper {
 
     public LSMRTreeDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int partition,
             IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy,
-            ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) {
-        this(opDesc, ctx, partition, DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE, DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES, btreeComparatorFactories,
-                valueProviderFactories, flushPolicy, mergePolicy);
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy, ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) {
+        super(opDesc, ctx, partition, btreeComparatorFactories, valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, flushPolicy,
+                mergePolicy);
     }
 
-    public LSMRTreeDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int partition,
-            int memPageSize, int memNumPages, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy,
-            ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) {
-        super(opDesc, ctx, partition);
-        this.memPageSize = memPageSize;
-        this.memNumPages = memNumPages;
-        this.btreeComparatorFactories = btreeComparatorFactories;
-        this.valueProviderFactories = valueProviderFactories;
-        this.flushPolicy = flushPolicy;
-        this.mergePolicy = mergePolicy;
+    public LSMRTreeDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
+            IOperationCallbackProvider opCallbackProvider, int partition, boolean createIfNotExists, int memPageSize,
+            int memNumPages, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy, ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) {
+        super(opDesc, ctx, opCallbackProvider, partition, createIfNotExists, memPageSize, memNumPages,
+                btreeComparatorFactories, valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, flushPolicy, mergePolicy);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public ITreeIndex createIndexInstance() throws HyracksDataException {
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaDataFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
-        InMemoryBufferCache memBufferCache = new LSMRTreeInMemoryBufferCache(new HeapBufferAllocator(), memPageSize,
-                memNumPages);
-        IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider = opDesc.getFileSplitProvider();
-        FileReference file = fileSplitProvider.getFileSplits()[partition].getLocalFile();
-        if (file.getFile().exists() && !file.getFile().isDirectory()) {
-            file.delete();
+    protected ITreeIndex createLSMTree(IBufferCache memBufferCache, InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager,
+            IIOManager ioManager, String onDiskDir, IBufferCache diskBufferCache, IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider,
+            ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws HyracksDataException {
+        try {
+            return LSMRTreeUtils.createLSMTree(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager, ioManager, onDiskDir,
+                    diskBufferCache, diskFileMapProvider, typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories,
+                    valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, flushPolicy, mergePolicy);
+        } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+            throw new HyracksDataException(e);
         }
-        InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager = new LSMRTreeInMemoryFreePageManager(memNumPages,
-                metaDataFrameFactory);
-        return LSMRTreeUtils.createLSMTree(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager, ctx.getIOManager(), file.getFile()
-                .getPath(), opDesc.getStorageManager().getBufferCache(ctx), opDesc.getStorageManager()
-                .getFileMapProvider(ctx), treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexTypeTraits(), treeOpDesc
-                .getTreeIndexComparatorFactories(), btreeComparatorFactories, valueProviderFactories, flushPolicy,
-                mergePolicy);
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java
index 47bd7bf..91ff2cb 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IndexDataflowHelper;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFlushPolicyProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMMergePolicyProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 public class LSMRTreeDataflowHelperFactory implements IIndexDataflowHelperFactory {
 
@@ -30,14 +31,17 @@
 
     private final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories;
     private final IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories;
+    private final RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType;
     private final ILSMFlushPolicyProvider flushPolicyProvider;
     private final ILSMMergePolicyProvider mergePolicyProvider;
 
     public LSMRTreeDataflowHelperFactory(IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
-            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories, ILSMFlushPolicyProvider flushPolicyProvider,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories,
+            ILSMFlushPolicyProvider flushPolicyProvider,
             ILSMMergePolicyProvider mergePolicyProvider) {
         this.btreeComparatorFactories = btreeComparatorFactories;
         this.valueProviderFactories = valueProviderFactories;
+        this.rtreePolicyType = rtreePolicyType;
         this.flushPolicyProvider = flushPolicyProvider;
         this.mergePolicyProvider = mergePolicyProvider;
     }
@@ -46,6 +50,6 @@
     public IndexDataflowHelper createIndexDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
             int partition) {
         return new LSMRTreeDataflowHelper(opDesc, ctx, partition, btreeComparatorFactories, valueProviderFactories,
-                flushPolicyProvider.getFlushPolicy(), mergePolicyProvider.getMergePolicy());
+                rtreePolicyType, flushPolicyProvider.getFlushPolicy(), mergePolicyProvider.getMergePolicy());
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelper.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8b9dfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.dataflow;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.IIOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IOperationCallbackProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexOperatorDescriptor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFlushPolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMMergePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.utils.LSMRTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelper extends AbstractLSMRTreeDataflowHelper {
+    public LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
+            int partition, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy, ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) {
+        super(opDesc, ctx, partition, btreeComparatorFactories, valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, flushPolicy, mergePolicy);
+    }
+
+    public LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
+            IOperationCallbackProvider opCallbackProvider, int partition, boolean createIfNotExists, int memPageSize,
+            int memNumPages, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy, ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) {
+        super(opDesc, ctx, opCallbackProvider, partition, createIfNotExists, memPageSize, memNumPages,
+                btreeComparatorFactories, valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, flushPolicy, mergePolicy);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndex createLSMTree(IBufferCache memBufferCache, InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager,
+            IIOManager ioManager, String onDiskDir, IBufferCache diskBufferCache, IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider,
+            ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws HyracksDataException {
+        try {
+            return LSMRTreeUtils.createLSMTreeWithAntiMatterTuples(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager, ioManager,
+                    onDiskDir, diskBufferCache, diskFileMapProvider, typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories,
+                    valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, flushPolicy, mergePolicy);
+        } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+            throw new HyracksDataException(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelperFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelperFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fc49a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/dataflow/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelperFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.dataflow;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexOperatorDescriptor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IndexDataflowHelper;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFlushPolicyProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMMergePolicyProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelperFactory implements IIndexDataflowHelperFactory {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    private final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories;
+    private final IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories;
+    private final RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType;
+    private final ILSMFlushPolicyProvider flushPolicyProvider;
+    private final ILSMMergePolicyProvider mergePolicyProvider;
+
+    public LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelperFactory(IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeComparatorFactories,
+            ILSMFlushPolicyProvider flushPolicyProvider,
+            ILSMMergePolicyProvider mergePolicyProvider) {
+        this.btreeComparatorFactories = btreeComparatorFactories;
+        this.valueProviderFactories = valueProviderFactories;
+        this.rtreePolicyType = rtreePolicyType;
+        this.flushPolicyProvider = flushPolicyProvider;
+        this.mergePolicyProvider = mergePolicyProvider;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IndexDataflowHelper createIndexDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
+            int partition) {
+        return new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDataflowHelper(opDesc, ctx, partition, btreeComparatorFactories,
+                valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, flushPolicyProvider.getFlushPolicy(), mergePolicyProvider.getMergePolicy());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/AbstractLSMRTree.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/AbstractLSMRTree.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e61d2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/AbstractLSMRTree.java
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeDuplicateKeyException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeNonExistentKeyException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexOpContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexBulkLoader;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NoOpOperationCallback;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMComponentFinalizer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFileManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFlushPolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMMergePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.TreeFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+public abstract class AbstractLSMRTree implements ILSMIndex, ITreeIndex {
+
+    public class LSMRTreeComponent {
+        private final RTree rtree;
+        private final BTree btree;
+
+        LSMRTreeComponent(RTree rtree, BTree btree) {
+            this.rtree = rtree;
+            this.btree = btree;
+        }
+
+        public RTree getRTree() {
+            return rtree;
+        }
+
+        public BTree getBTree() {
+            return btree;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected final LSMHarness lsmHarness;
+
+    protected final ILinearizeComparatorFactory linearizer;
+    protected final int[] comparatorFields;
+    protected final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] linearizerArray;
+
+    // In-memory components.
+    protected final LSMRTreeComponent memComponent;
+    protected final InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager;
+    protected final static int MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID = 0;
+    protected final static int MEM_BTREE_FILE_ID = 1;
+
+    // This is used to estimate number of tuples in the memory RTree and BTree
+    // for efficient memory allocation in the sort operation prior to flushing
+    protected int memRTreeTuples = 0;
+    protected int memBTreeTuples = 0;
+    protected TreeTupleSorter rTreeTupleSorter = null;
+
+    // On-disk components.
+    protected final ILSMFileManager fileManager;
+    protected final IBufferCache diskBufferCache;
+    protected final IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider;
+    // For creating RTree's used in flush and merge.
+    protected final RTreeFactory diskRTreeFactory;
+    // List of LSMRTreeComponent instances. Using Object for better sharing via
+    // ILSMTree + LSMHarness.
+    protected final LinkedList<Object> diskComponents = new LinkedList<Object>();
+    // Helps to guarantees physical consistency of LSM components.
+    protected final ILSMComponentFinalizer componentFinalizer;
+
+    private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories;
+    private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories;
+
+    // Common for in-memory and on-disk components.
+    protected final ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeInteriorFrameFactory;
+    protected final ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeInteriorFrameFactory;
+    protected final ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory;
+    protected final ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory;
+
+    public AbstractLSMRTree(IBufferCache memBufferCache, InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager,
+            ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory,
+            ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeInteriorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory,
+            ILSMFileManager fileManager, RTreeFactory diskRTreeFactory, IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider,
+            ILSMComponentFinalizer componentFinalizer, int fieldCount, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, ILinearizeComparatorFactory linearizer,
+            int[] comparatorFields, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] linearizerArray, ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy, ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) {
+        RTree memRTree = new RTree(memBufferCache, fieldCount, rtreeCmpFactories, memFreePageManager,
+                rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, rtreeLeafFrameFactory);
+        // TODO: Do we need another operation callback here?
+        BTree memBTree = new BTree(memBufferCache, fieldCount, btreeCmpFactories,
+                memFreePageManager, btreeInteriorFrameFactory, btreeLeafFrameFactory);
+        memComponent = new LSMRTreeComponent(memRTree, memBTree);
+        this.memFreePageManager = memFreePageManager;
+        this.diskBufferCache = diskRTreeFactory.getBufferCache();
+        this.diskFileMapProvider = diskFileMapProvider;
+        this.fileManager = fileManager;
+        this.rtreeInteriorFrameFactory = rtreeInteriorFrameFactory;
+        this.rtreeLeafFrameFactory = rtreeLeafFrameFactory;
+        this.btreeInteriorFrameFactory = btreeInteriorFrameFactory;
+        this.btreeLeafFrameFactory = btreeLeafFrameFactory;
+        this.diskRTreeFactory = diskRTreeFactory;
+        this.btreeCmpFactories = btreeCmpFactories;
+        this.rtreeCmpFactories = rtreeCmpFactories;
+        this.lsmHarness = new LSMHarness(this, flushPolicy, mergePolicy);
+        this.componentFinalizer = componentFinalizer;
+        this.linearizer = linearizer;
+        this.comparatorFields = comparatorFields;
+        this.linearizerArray = linearizerArray;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void create(int indexFileId) throws HyracksDataException {
+        memComponent.getRTree().create(MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID);
+        memComponent.getBTree().create(MEM_BTREE_FILE_ID);
+        fileManager.createDirs();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void open(int indexFileId) throws HyracksDataException {
+        memComponent.getRTree().open(MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID);
+        memComponent.getBTree().open(MEM_BTREE_FILE_ID);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
+        memComponent.getRTree().close();
+        memComponent.getBTree().close();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+    protected ITreeIndex createDiskTree(TreeFactory diskTreeFactory, FileReference fileRef, boolean createTree)
+            throws HyracksDataException {
+        // File will be deleted during cleanup of merge().
+        diskBufferCache.createFile(fileRef);
+        int diskTreeFileId = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileId(fileRef);
+        // File will be closed during cleanup of merge().
+        diskBufferCache.openFile(diskTreeFileId);
+        // Create new tree instance.
+        ITreeIndex diskTree = diskTreeFactory.createIndexInstance();
+        if (createTree) {
+            diskTree.create(diskTreeFileId);
+        }
+        // Tree will be closed during cleanup of merge().
+        diskTree.open(diskTreeFileId);
+        return diskTree;
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated
+    private ITreeIndexBulkLoader bulkloader;
+
+    @Override
+    public IIndexBulkLoadContext beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException {
+        bulkloader = createBulkLoader(fillFactor);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void bulkLoadAddTuple(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
+        bulkloader.add(tuple);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endBulkLoad(IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
+        bulkloader.end();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getLeafFrameFactory() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getLeafFrameFactory();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getInteriorFrameFactory() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getInteriorFrameFactory();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IFreePageManager getFreePageManager() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getFreePageManager();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFieldCount() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getFieldCount();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getRootPageId() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getRootPageId();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IndexType getIndexType() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getIndexType();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFileId() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getFileId();
+    }
+
+    public boolean insertUpdateOrDelete(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexOpContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException,
+            TreeIndexException {
+        LSMRTreeOpContext ctx = (LSMRTreeOpContext) ictx;
+        if (ctx.getIndexOp() == IndexOp.PHYSICALDELETE) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Physical delete not yet supported in LSM R-tree");
+        }
+
+        if (ctx.getIndexOp() == IndexOp.INSERT) {
+            // Before each insert, we must check whether there exist a killer
+            // tuple in the memBTree. If we find a killer tuple, we must truly
+            // delete the existing tuple from the BTree, and then insert it to
+            // memRTree. Otherwise, the old killer tuple will kill the newly
+            // added RTree tuple.
+            RangePredicate btreeRangePredicate = new RangePredicate(tuple, tuple, true, true,
+                    ctx.getBTreeMultiComparator(), ctx.getBTreeMultiComparator());
+            ITreeIndexCursor cursor = ctx.memBTreeAccessor.createSearchCursor();
+            ctx.memBTreeAccessor.search(cursor, btreeRangePredicate);
+            boolean foundTupleInMemoryBTree = false;
+            try {
+                if (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                    foundTupleInMemoryBTree = true;
+                }
+            } finally {
+                cursor.close();
+            }
+            if (foundTupleInMemoryBTree) {
+                try {
+                    ctx.memBTreeAccessor.delete(tuple);
+                    memBTreeTuples--;
+                } catch (BTreeNonExistentKeyException e) {
+                    // Tuple has been deleted in the meantime. Do nothing.
+                    // This normally shouldn't happen if we are dealing with
+                    // good citizens since LSMRTree is used as a secondary
+                    // index and a tuple shouldn't be deleted twice without
+                    // insert between them.
+                }
+            } else {
+                ctx.memRTreeAccessor.insert(tuple);
+                memRTreeTuples++;
+            }
+
+        } else {
+            try {
+                ctx.memBTreeAccessor.insert(tuple);
+                memBTreeTuples++;
+            } catch (BTreeDuplicateKeyException e) {
+                // Do nothing, because one delete tuple is enough to indicate
+                // that all the corresponding insert tuples are deleted
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addMergedComponent(Object newComponent, List<Object> mergedComponents) {
+        diskComponents.removeAll(mergedComponents);
+        diskComponents.addLast(newComponent);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addFlushedComponent(Object index) {
+        diskComponents.addFirst(index);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public InMemoryFreePageManager getInMemoryFreePageManager() {
+        return memFreePageManager;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void resetInMemoryComponent() throws HyracksDataException {
+        memComponent.getRTree().create(MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID);
+        memComponent.getBTree().create(MEM_BTREE_FILE_ID);
+        memFreePageManager.reset();
+        memRTreeTuples = 0;
+        memBTreeTuples = 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Object> getDiskComponents() {
+        return diskComponents;
+    }
+
+    protected LSMRTreeOpContext createOpContext() {
+        return new LSMRTreeOpContext((RTree.RTreeAccessor) memComponent.getRTree().createAccessor(
+                NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE, NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE),
+                (IRTreeLeafFrame) rtreeLeafFrameFactory.createFrame(),
+                (IRTreeInteriorFrame) rtreeInteriorFrameFactory.createFrame(), memFreePageManager
+                        .getMetaDataFrameFactory().createFrame(), 8, (BTree.BTreeAccessor) memComponent.getBTree()
+                        .createAccessor(NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE, NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE),
+                btreeLeafFrameFactory, btreeInteriorFrameFactory, memFreePageManager.getMetaDataFrameFactory()
+                        .createFrame(), rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, null, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
+        return rtreeCmpFactories;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IBufferCache getBufferCache() {
+        return diskBufferCache;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ILSMComponentFinalizer getComponentFinalizer() {
+        return componentFinalizer;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTree.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTree.java
index 2f9f954..2528d3d 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTree.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTree.java
@@ -16,20 +16,17 @@
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
 
 import java.io.File;
-import java.util.LinkedList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.ListIterator;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeDuplicateKeyException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeNonExistentKeyException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexAccessor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexCursor;
@@ -37,124 +34,47 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IModificationOperationCallback;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchOperationCallback;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexBulkLoader;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NoOpOperationCallback;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMComponentFinalizer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFileManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFlushPolicy;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMMergePolicy;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.BTreeFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMHarness;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMTreeIndexAccessor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.TreeFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTreeFileManager.LSMRTreeFileNameComponent;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree.RTreeBulkLoader;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSearchCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
 
-public class LSMRTree implements ILSMIndex, ITreeIndex {
-
-    public class LSMRTreeComponent {
-        private final RTree rtree;
-        private final BTree btree;
-
-        LSMRTreeComponent(RTree rtree, BTree btree) {
-            this.rtree = rtree;
-            this.btree = btree;
-        }
-
-        public RTree getRTree() {
-            return rtree;
-        }
-
-        public BTree getBTree() {
-            return btree;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private final LSMHarness lsmHarness;
-
-    // In-memory components.
-    private final LSMRTreeComponent memComponent;
-    protected final InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager;
-    private final static int MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID = 0;
-    private final static int MEM_BTREE_FILE_ID = 1;
-
-    // This is used to estimate number of tuples in the memory RTree for
-    // efficient memory allocation in the sort operation prior to flushing
-    private int memRTreeTuples = 0;
-    private RTreeTupleSorter rTreeTupleSorter = null;
+public class LSMRTree extends AbstractLSMRTree {
 
     // On-disk components.
-    private final ILSMFileManager fileManager;
-    protected final IBufferCache diskBufferCache;
-    protected final IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider;
-    // For creating RTree's used in flush and merge.
-    private final RTreeFactory diskRTreeFactory;
     // For creating BTree's used in flush and merge.
     private final BTreeFactory diskBTreeFactory;
-    // List of LSMRTreeComponent instances. Using Object for better sharing via
-    // ILSMTree + LSMHarness.
-    private final LinkedList<Object> diskComponents = new LinkedList<Object>();
-    // Helps to guarantees physical consistency of LSM components.
-    private final ILSMComponentFinalizer componentFinalizer;
-
-    private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories;
-    private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories;
-
-    // Common for in-memory and on-disk components.
-    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeInteriorFrameFactory;
-    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeInteriorFrameFactory;
-    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory;
-    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory;
 
     public LSMRTree(IBufferCache memBufferCache, InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager,
             ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory,
             ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeInteriorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory,
             ILSMFileManager fileManager, RTreeFactory diskRTreeFactory, BTreeFactory diskBTreeFactory,
             IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider, int fieldCount, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
-            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy, ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) {
-        RTree memRTree = new RTree(memBufferCache, fieldCount, rtreeCmpFactories, memFreePageManager,
-                rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, rtreeLeafFrameFactory);
-        // TODO: Do we need another operation callback here?
-        BTree memBTree = new BTree(memBufferCache, fieldCount, btreeCmpFactories, memFreePageManager,
-                btreeInteriorFrameFactory, btreeLeafFrameFactory);
-        memComponent = new LSMRTreeComponent(memRTree, memBTree);
-        this.memFreePageManager = memFreePageManager;
-        this.diskBufferCache = diskBTreeFactory.getBufferCache();
-        this.diskFileMapProvider = diskFileMapProvider;
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, ILinearizeComparatorFactory linearizer,
+            int[] comparatorFields, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] linearizerArray, ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy, ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) {
+        super(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager, rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, rtreeLeafFrameFactory,
+                btreeInteriorFrameFactory, btreeLeafFrameFactory, fileManager, diskRTreeFactory, diskFileMapProvider,
+                new LSMRTreeComponentFinalizer(diskFileMapProvider), fieldCount, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories,
+                linearizer, comparatorFields, linearizerArray, flushPolicy, mergePolicy);
         this.diskBTreeFactory = diskBTreeFactory;
-        this.fileManager = fileManager;
-        this.rtreeInteriorFrameFactory = rtreeInteriorFrameFactory;
-        this.rtreeLeafFrameFactory = rtreeLeafFrameFactory;
-        this.btreeInteriorFrameFactory = btreeInteriorFrameFactory;
-        this.btreeLeafFrameFactory = btreeLeafFrameFactory;
-        this.diskRTreeFactory = diskRTreeFactory;
-        this.btreeCmpFactories = btreeCmpFactories;
-        this.rtreeCmpFactories = rtreeCmpFactories;
-        this.lsmHarness = new LSMHarness(this, flushPolicy, mergePolicy);
-        componentFinalizer = new LSMRTreeComponentFinalizer(diskFileMapProvider);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void create(int indexFileId) throws HyracksDataException {
-        memComponent.getRTree().create(MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID);
-        memComponent.getBTree().create(MEM_BTREE_FILE_ID);
-        fileManager.createDirs();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -167,8 +87,7 @@
      */
     @Override
     public void open(int indexFileId) throws HyracksDataException {
-        memComponent.getRTree().open(MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID);
-        memComponent.getBTree().open(MEM_BTREE_FILE_ID);
+        super.open(indexFileId);
         RTree dummyRTree = diskRTreeFactory.createIndexInstance();
         BTree dummyBTree = diskBTreeFactory.createIndexInstance();
         LSMRTreeComponent dummyComponent = new LSMRTreeComponent(dummyRTree, dummyBTree);
@@ -198,8 +117,7 @@
             btree.close();
         }
         diskComponents.clear();
-        memComponent.getRTree().close();
-        memComponent.getBTree().close();
+        super.close();
     }
 
     private LSMRTreeFileNameComponent getMergeTargetFileName(List<Object> mergingDiskTrees) throws HyracksDataException {
@@ -212,151 +130,6 @@
         return component;
     }
 
-    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-    protected ITreeIndex createDiskTree(TreeFactory diskTreeFactory, FileReference fileRef, boolean createTree)
-            throws HyracksDataException {
-        // File will be deleted during cleanup of merge().
-        diskBufferCache.createFile(fileRef);
-        int diskTreeFileId = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileId(fileRef);
-        // File will be closed during cleanup of merge().
-        diskBufferCache.openFile(diskTreeFileId);
-        // Create new tree instance.
-        ITreeIndex diskTree = diskTreeFactory.createIndexInstance();
-        if (createTree) {
-            diskTree.create(diskTreeFileId);
-        }
-        // Tree will be closed during cleanup of merge().
-        diskTree.open(diskTreeFileId);
-        return diskTree;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public IIndexBulkLoadContext beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException {
-        // Note that by using a flush target file name, we state that the new
-        // bulk loaded tree is "newer" than any other merged tree.
-        LSMRTreeFileNameComponent fileNames = (LSMRTreeFileNameComponent) fileManager.getRelFlushFileName();
-        FileReference rtreeFile = fileManager.createFlushFile(fileNames.getRTreeFileName());
-        RTree diskRTree = (RTree) createDiskTree(diskRTreeFactory, rtreeFile, true);
-        // For each RTree, we require to have a buddy BTree. thus, we create an
-        // empty BTree.
-        FileReference btreeFile = fileManager.createFlushFile(fileNames.getBTreeFileName());
-        BTree diskBTree = (BTree) createDiskTree(diskBTreeFactory, btreeFile, true);
-        LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = new LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext(diskRTree, diskBTree);
-        bulkLoadCtx.beginBulkLoad(fillFactor);
-        return bulkLoadCtx;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void bulkLoadAddTuple(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
-        LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = (LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext) ictx;
-        bulkLoadCtx.getRTree().bulkLoadAddTuple(tuple, bulkLoadCtx.getBulkLoadCtx());
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void endBulkLoad(IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
-        LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = (LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext) ictx;
-        bulkLoadCtx.getRTree().endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx.getBulkLoadCtx());
-        LSMRTreeComponent diskComponent = new LSMRTreeComponent(bulkLoadCtx.getRTree(), bulkLoadCtx.getBTree());
-        lsmHarness.addBulkLoadedComponent(diskComponent);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getLeafFrameFactory() {
-        return memComponent.getRTree().getLeafFrameFactory();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getInteriorFrameFactory() {
-        return memComponent.getRTree().getInteriorFrameFactory();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public IFreePageManager getFreePageManager() {
-        return memComponent.getRTree().getFreePageManager();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int getFieldCount() {
-        return memComponent.getRTree().getFieldCount();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int getRootPageId() {
-        return memComponent.getRTree().getRootPageId();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public IndexType getIndexType() {
-        return memComponent.getRTree().getIndexType();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int getFileId() {
-        return memComponent.getRTree().getFileId();
-    }
-
-    public boolean insertUpdateOrDelete(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexOpContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException,
-            TreeIndexException {
-        LSMRTreeOpContext ctx = (LSMRTreeOpContext) ictx;
-        if (ctx.getIndexOp() == IndexOp.PHYSICALDELETE) {
-            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Physical delete not yet supported in LSM R-tree");
-        }
-
-        if (ctx.getIndexOp() == IndexOp.INSERT) {
-            // Before each insert, we must check whether there exist a killer
-            // tuple in the memBTree. If we find a killer tuple, we must truly
-            // delete the existing tuple from the BTree, and then insert it to
-            // memRTree. Otherwise, the old killer tuple will kill the newly
-            // added RTree tuple.
-            RangePredicate btreeRangePredicate = new RangePredicate(tuple, tuple, true, true,
-                    ctx.getBTreeMultiComparator(), ctx.getBTreeMultiComparator());
-            ITreeIndexCursor cursor = ctx.memBTreeAccessor.createSearchCursor();
-            ctx.memBTreeAccessor.search(cursor, btreeRangePredicate);
-            boolean foundTupleInMemoryBTree = false;
-            try {
-                if (cursor.hasNext()) {
-                    foundTupleInMemoryBTree = true;
-                }
-            } finally {
-                cursor.close();
-            }
-            if (foundTupleInMemoryBTree) {
-                try {
-                    ctx.memBTreeAccessor.delete(tuple);
-                } catch (BTreeNonExistentKeyException e) {
-                    // Tuple has been deleted in the meantime. Do nothing.
-                    // This normally shouldn't happen if we are dealing with
-                    // good citizens since LSMRTree is used as a secondary
-                    // index and a tuple shouldn't be deleted twice without
-                    // insert between them.
-                }
-            }
-            ctx.memRTreeAccessor.insert(tuple);
-            memRTreeTuples++;
-
-        } else {
-            // For each delete operation, we make sure that we run a true
-            // in-memory RTree delete operation besides from inserting a delete
-            // tuple in the in-memory BTree. The reason for running the RTree
-            // delete operation is that to avoid the following scenario:
-            // 1) Inserter inserts tupleA to the in-memory RTree.
-            // 2) Deleter inserts tupleA to the in-memory BTree.
-            // 3) Inserter inserts tupleA to the in-memory RTree.
-            // Note that all the above operations happened before flushing the
-            // in-memory trees Now, when we search using the LSMRTree search
-            // cursor, it will return tupleA twice! which is not correct! Thus
-            // we run a true RTree delete operation.
-            ctx.memRTreeAccessor.delete(tuple);
-            try {
-                ctx.memBTreeAccessor.insert(tuple);
-            } catch (BTreeDuplicateKeyException e) {
-                // Do nothing, because one delete tuple is enough to indicate
-                // that all the corresponding insert tuples are deleted
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
     public void search(IIndexCursor cursor, List<Object> diskComponents, ISearchPredicate pred, IIndexOpContext ictx,
             boolean includeMemComponent, AtomicInteger searcherRefCount) throws HyracksDataException, IndexException {
         LSMRTreeOpContext ctx = (LSMRTreeOpContext) ictx;
@@ -384,11 +157,10 @@
             diskTreeIx++;
         }
 
-        LSMRTreeSearchCursor lsmRTreeCursor = (LSMRTreeSearchCursor) cursor;
         LSMRTreeCursorInitialState initialState = new LSMRTreeCursorInitialState(numTrees, rtreeLeafFrameFactory,
                 rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, btreeLeafFrameFactory, ctx.getBTreeMultiComparator(), rTreeAccessors,
-                bTreeAccessors, searcherRefCount, includeMemComponent, lsmHarness, ctx.searchCallback);
-        lsmRTreeCursor.open(initialState, pred);
+                bTreeAccessors, searcherRefCount, includeMemComponent, lsmHarness, comparatorFields, linearizerArray, ctx.searchCallback);
+        cursor.open(initialState, pred);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -406,18 +178,25 @@
         LSMRTreeFileNameComponent fileNames = (LSMRTreeFileNameComponent) fileManager.getRelFlushFileName();
         FileReference rtreeFile = fileManager.createFlushFile(fileNames.getRTreeFileName());
         RTree diskRTree = (RTree) createDiskTree(diskRTreeFactory, rtreeFile, true);
+        ITreeIndexBulkLoader rTreeBulkloader;
+        ITreeIndexCursor cursor;
+
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] linearizerArray = { linearizer };
 
         if (rTreeTupleSorter == null) {
-            // TODO: Pass the Hilbert cmps here
-            rTreeTupleSorter = new RTreeTupleSorter(memRTreeTuples, MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID, rtreeCmpFactories,
+            rTreeTupleSorter = new TreeTupleSorter(memRTreeTuples, MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID, linearizerArray,
                     rtreeLeafFrameFactory.createFrame(), rtreeLeafFrameFactory.createFrame(), memComponent.getRTree()
-                            .getBufferCache());
+                            .getBufferCache(), comparatorFields);
         } else {
             rTreeTupleSorter.reset();
         }
-        // BulkLoad the tuples from the in-memory tree into the new disk RTree.
-        IIndexBulkLoadContext rtreeBulkLoadCtx = diskRTree.beginBulkLoad(1.0f);
+        // BulkLoad the tuples from the in-memory tree into the new disk
+        // RTree.
 
+        boolean isEmpty = true;
+        if (rtreeScanCursor.hasNext()) {
+            isEmpty = false;
+        }
         try {
             while (rtreeScanCursor.hasNext()) {
                 rtreeScanCursor.next();
@@ -426,18 +205,22 @@
         } finally {
             rtreeScanCursor.close();
         }
-        rTreeTupleSorter.sort();
+        if (!isEmpty) {
+            rTreeTupleSorter.sort();
+        }
+        rTreeBulkloader = diskRTree.createBulkLoader(1.0f);
+        cursor = rTreeTupleSorter;
 
         try {
-            while (rTreeTupleSorter.hasNext()) {
-                rTreeTupleSorter.next();
-                ITupleReference frameTuple = rTreeTupleSorter.getTuple();
-                diskRTree.bulkLoadAddTuple(frameTuple, rtreeBulkLoadCtx);
+            while (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                cursor.next();
+                ITupleReference frameTuple = cursor.getTuple();
+                rTreeBulkloader.add(frameTuple);
             }
         } finally {
-            rtreeScanCursor.close();
+            cursor.close();
         }
-        diskRTree.endBulkLoad(rtreeBulkLoadCtx);
+        rTreeBulkloader.end();
 
         // scan the memory BTree
         ITreeIndexAccessor memBTreeAccessor = memComponent.getBTree().createAccessor(NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE,
@@ -449,17 +232,17 @@
         BTree diskBTree = (BTree) createDiskTree(diskBTreeFactory, btreeFile, true);
 
         // BulkLoad the tuples from the in-memory tree into the new disk BTree.
-        IIndexBulkLoadContext btreeBulkLoadCtx = diskBTree.beginBulkLoad(1.0f);
+        ITreeIndexBulkLoader bTreeBulkloader = diskBTree.createBulkLoader(1.0f);
         try {
             while (btreeScanCursor.hasNext()) {
                 btreeScanCursor.next();
                 ITupleReference frameTuple = btreeScanCursor.getTuple();
-                diskBTree.bulkLoadAddTuple(frameTuple, btreeBulkLoadCtx);
+                bTreeBulkloader.add(frameTuple);
             }
         } finally {
             btreeScanCursor.close();
         }
-        diskBTree.endBulkLoad(btreeBulkLoadCtx);
+        bTreeBulkloader.end();
         return new LSMRTreeComponent(diskRTree, diskBTree);
     }
 
@@ -470,7 +253,8 @@
         // The RTree should be renamed before the BTree.
 
         IIndexOpContext ctx = createOpContext();
-        ITreeIndexCursor cursor = new LSMRTreeSearchCursor();
+        ITreeIndexCursor cursor;
+        cursor = new LSMRTreeSortedCursor(linearizer);
         ISearchPredicate rtreeSearchPred = new SearchPredicate(null, null);
         // Scan the RTrees, ignoring the in-memory RTree.
         List<Object> mergingComponents = lsmHarness.search(cursor, rtreeSearchPred, ctx, false);
@@ -489,17 +273,17 @@
         RTree mergedRTree = (RTree) createDiskTree(diskRTreeFactory, rtreeFile, true);
         BTree mergedBTree = (BTree) createDiskTree(diskBTreeFactory, btreeFile, true);
 
-        IIndexBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = mergedRTree.beginBulkLoad(1.0f);
+        ITreeIndexBulkLoader bulkloader = mergedRTree.createBulkLoader(1.0f);
         try {
             while (cursor.hasNext()) {
                 cursor.next();
                 ITupleReference frameTuple = cursor.getTuple();
-                mergedRTree.bulkLoadAddTuple(frameTuple, bulkLoadCtx);
+                bulkloader.add(frameTuple);
             }
         } finally {
             cursor.close();
         }
-        mergedRTree.endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx);
+        bulkloader.end();
 
         // Load an empty BTree tree.
         IIndexBulkLoadContext btreeBulkLoadCtx = mergedBTree.beginBulkLoad(1.0f);
@@ -509,12 +293,6 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void addMergedComponent(Object newComponent, List<Object> mergedComponents) {
-        diskComponents.removeAll(mergedComponents);
-        diskComponents.addLast((LSMRTreeComponent) newComponent);
-    }
-
-    @Override
     public void cleanUpAfterMerge(List<Object> mergedComponents) throws HyracksDataException {
         for (Object o : mergedComponents) {
             LSMRTreeComponent component = (LSMRTreeComponent) o;
@@ -534,40 +312,6 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void addFlushedComponent(Object index) {
-        diskComponents.addFirst((LSMRTreeComponent) index);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public InMemoryFreePageManager getInMemoryFreePageManager() {
-        return memFreePageManager;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void resetInMemoryComponent() throws HyracksDataException {
-        memComponent.getRTree().create(MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID);
-        memComponent.getBTree().create(MEM_BTREE_FILE_ID);
-        memFreePageManager.reset();
-        memRTreeTuples = 0;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public List<Object> getDiskComponents() {
-        return diskComponents;
-    }
-
-    protected LSMRTreeOpContext createOpContext() {
-        return new LSMRTreeOpContext((RTree.RTreeAccessor) memComponent.getRTree().createAccessor(
-                NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE, NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE),
-                (IRTreeLeafFrame) rtreeLeafFrameFactory.createFrame(),
-                (IRTreeInteriorFrame) rtreeInteriorFrameFactory.createFrame(), memFreePageManager
-                        .getMetaDataFrameFactory().createFrame(), 8, (BTree.BTreeAccessor) memComponent.getBTree()
-                        .createAccessor(NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE, NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE),
-                btreeLeafFrameFactory, btreeInteriorFrameFactory, memFreePageManager.getMetaDataFrameFactory()
-                        .createFrame(), rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, null, null);
-    }
-
-    @Override
     public IIndexAccessor createAccessor(IModificationOperationCallback modificationCallback,
             ISearchOperationCallback searchCallback) {
         return new LSMRTreeAccessor(lsmHarness, createOpContext());
@@ -590,17 +334,45 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
-        return rtreeCmpFactories;
+    public ITreeIndexBulkLoader createBulkLoader(float fillLevel) throws TreeIndexException {
+        return new LSMRTreeBulkLoader(fillLevel);
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public IBufferCache getBufferCache() {
-        return diskBufferCache;
-    }
+    public class LSMRTreeBulkLoader implements ITreeIndexBulkLoader {
+        private final RTree diskRTree;
+        private final BTree diskBTree;
+        private final RTreeBulkLoader bulkLoader;
 
-    @Override
-    public ILSMComponentFinalizer getComponentFinalizer() {
-        return componentFinalizer;
+        public LSMRTreeBulkLoader(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException {
+            // Note that by using a flush target file name, we state that the
+            // new bulk loaded tree is "newer" than any other merged tree.
+            try {
+                LSMRTreeFileNameComponent fileNames = (LSMRTreeFileNameComponent) fileManager.getRelFlushFileName();
+                FileReference rtreeFile = fileManager.createFlushFile(fileNames.getRTreeFileName());
+                diskRTree = (RTree) createDiskTree(diskRTreeFactory, rtreeFile, true);
+                // For each RTree, we require to have a buddy BTree. thus, we
+                // create an
+                // empty BTree.
+                FileReference btreeFile = fileManager.createFlushFile(fileNames.getBTreeFileName());
+                diskBTree = (BTree) createDiskTree(diskBTreeFactory, btreeFile, true);
+            } catch (HyracksDataException e) {
+                throw new TreeIndexException(e);
+            }
+
+            bulkLoader = (RTreeBulkLoader) diskRTree.createBulkLoader(fillFactor);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void add(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException {
+            bulkLoader.add(tuple);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void end() throws HyracksDataException {
+            bulkLoader.end();
+            LSMRTreeComponent diskComponent = new LSMRTreeComponent(diskRTree, diskBTree);
+            lsmHarness.addBulkLoadedComponent(diskComponent);
+        }
+
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeAbstractCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeAbstractCursor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93834f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeAbstractCursor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTreeRangeSearchCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ICursorInitialState;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSearchCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
+
+public abstract class LSMRTreeAbstractCursor {
+
+    protected RTreeSearchCursor[] rtreeCursors;
+
+    public abstract void next() throws HyracksDataException;
+
+    public abstract boolean hasNext() throws HyracksDataException;
+
+    public abstract void reset() throws HyracksDataException;
+
+    protected BTreeRangeSearchCursor[] btreeCursors;
+    protected ITreeIndexAccessor[] diskRTreeAccessors;
+    protected ITreeIndexAccessor[] diskBTreeAccessors;
+    private MultiComparator btreeCmp;
+    protected int numberOfTrees;
+    protected SearchPredicate rtreeSearchPredicate;
+    protected RangePredicate btreeRangePredicate;
+    protected ITupleReference frameTuple;
+    private AtomicInteger searcherRefCount;
+    private boolean includeMemRTree;
+    private LSMHarness lsmHarness;
+    protected boolean foundNext;
+
+    public LSMRTreeAbstractCursor() {
+        super();
+    }
+
+    public RTreeSearchCursor getCursor(int cursorIndex) {
+        return rtreeCursors[cursorIndex];
+    }
+
+    public void open(ICursorInitialState initialState, ISearchPredicate searchPred) throws HyracksDataException {
+        LSMRTreeCursorInitialState lsmInitialState = (LSMRTreeCursorInitialState) initialState;
+        btreeCmp = lsmInitialState.getBTreeCmp();
+        searcherRefCount = lsmInitialState.getSearcherRefCount();
+        includeMemRTree = lsmInitialState.getIncludeMemComponent();
+        lsmHarness = lsmInitialState.getLSMHarness();
+        numberOfTrees = lsmInitialState.getNumberOfTrees();
+        diskRTreeAccessors = lsmInitialState.getRTreeAccessors();
+        diskBTreeAccessors = lsmInitialState.getBTreeAccessors();
+
+        rtreeCursors = new RTreeSearchCursor[numberOfTrees];
+        btreeCursors = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor[numberOfTrees];
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < numberOfTrees; i++) {
+            rtreeCursors[i] = new RTreeSearchCursor((IRTreeInteriorFrame) lsmInitialState
+                    .getRTreeInteriorFrameFactory().createFrame(), (IRTreeLeafFrame) lsmInitialState
+                    .getRTreeLeafFrameFactory().createFrame());
+
+            btreeCursors[i] = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor((IBTreeLeafFrame) lsmInitialState.getBTreeLeafFrameFactory()
+                    .createFrame(), false);
+        }
+        rtreeSearchPredicate = (SearchPredicate) searchPred;
+        btreeRangePredicate = new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, btreeCmp, btreeCmp);
+    }
+
+    public ICachedPage getPage() {
+        // do nothing
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < numberOfTrees; i++) {
+                rtreeCursors[i].close();
+                btreeCursors[i].close();
+            }
+            rtreeCursors = null;
+            btreeCursors = null;
+        } finally {
+            lsmHarness.closeSearchCursor(searcherRefCount, includeMemRTree);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setBufferCache(IBufferCache bufferCache) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    public void setFileId(int fileId) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    public ITupleReference getTuple() {
+        return frameTuple;
+    }
+
+    public boolean exclusiveLatchNodes() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeComponentFinalizer.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeComponentFinalizer.java
index b3fbce7..1d83e00 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeComponentFinalizer.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeComponentFinalizer.java
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.TreeIndexComponentFinalizer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTree.LSMRTreeComponent;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.AbstractLSMRTree.LSMRTreeComponent;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
 
 public class LSMRTreeComponentFinalizer extends TreeIndexComponentFinalizer {
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeCursorInitialState.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeCursorInitialState.java
index 2d1f744..e33795e 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeCursorInitialState.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeCursorInitialState.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ICursorInitialState;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchOperationCallback;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
@@ -32,19 +33,21 @@
     private ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory;
     private ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory;
     private MultiComparator btreeCmp;
+    private MultiComparator hilbertCmp;
     private ITreeIndexAccessor[] rTreeAccessors;
     private ITreeIndexAccessor[] bTreeAccessors;
     private AtomicInteger searcherRefCount;
     private final boolean includeMemRTree;
     private final LSMHarness lsmHarness;
+    private final int[] comparatorFields;
 
     private ISearchOperationCallback searchCallback;
 
     public LSMRTreeCursorInitialState(int numberOfTrees, ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory,
             ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory,
             MultiComparator btreeCmp, ITreeIndexAccessor[] rTreeAccessors, ITreeIndexAccessor[] bTreeAccessors,
-            AtomicInteger searcherRefCount, boolean includeMemRTree, LSMHarness lsmHarness,
-            ISearchOperationCallback searchCallback) {
+            AtomicInteger searcherRefCount, boolean includeMemRTree, LSMHarness lsmHarness, int[] comparatorFields,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] linearizerArray, ISearchOperationCallback searchCallback) {
         this.numberOfTrees = numberOfTrees;
         this.rtreeLeafFrameFactory = rtreeLeafFrameFactory;
         this.rtreeInteriorFrameFactory = rtreeInteriorFrameFactory;
@@ -55,9 +58,19 @@
         this.searcherRefCount = searcherRefCount;
         this.includeMemRTree = includeMemRTree;
         this.lsmHarness = lsmHarness;
+        this.comparatorFields = comparatorFields;
+        this.hilbertCmp = MultiComparator.create(linearizerArray);
         this.searchCallback = searchCallback;
     }
 
+    public MultiComparator getHilbertCmp() {
+        return hilbertCmp;
+    }
+
+    public int[] getComparatorFields() {
+        return comparatorFields;
+    }
+
     public int getNumberOfTrees() {
         return numberOfTrees;
     }
@@ -95,7 +108,7 @@
         return bTreeAccessors;
     }
 
-    public boolean getIncludeMemRTree() {
+    public boolean getIncludeMemComponent() {
         return includeMemRTree;
     }
 
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFileManager.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFileManager.java
index 0d1f8c3..6487397 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFileManager.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFileManager.java
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.IODeviceHandle;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMComponentFinalizer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMTreeFileManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTree.LSMRTreeComponent;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.AbstractLSMRTree.LSMRTreeComponent;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
 
 public class LSMRTreeFileManager extends LSMTreeFileManager {
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFlushCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFlushCursor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65f3f4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFlushCursor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ICursorInitialState;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
+
+public class LSMRTreeFlushCursor implements ITreeIndexCursor {
+    private final TreeTupleSorter rTreeTupleSorter;
+    private final TreeTupleSorter bTreeTupleSorter;
+    private final int[] comparatorFields;
+    private final MultiComparator cmp;
+    private ITupleReference frameTuple;
+    private ITupleReference leftOverTuple;
+    private ITupleReference rtreeTuple;
+    private ITupleReference btreeTuple;
+    private boolean foundNext = false;
+
+    public LSMRTreeFlushCursor(TreeTupleSorter rTreeTupleSorter, TreeTupleSorter bTreeTupleSorter,
+            int[] comparatorFields, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories) {
+        this.rTreeTupleSorter = rTreeTupleSorter;
+        this.bTreeTupleSorter = bTreeTupleSorter;
+        this.comparatorFields = comparatorFields;
+        cmp = MultiComparator.create(comparatorFactories);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void open(ICursorInitialState initialState, ISearchPredicate searchPred) throws HyracksDataException {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasNext() throws HyracksDataException {
+        if (foundNext) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        while (true) {
+            if (leftOverTuple != null && leftOverTuple == rtreeTuple) {
+                if (bTreeTupleSorter.hasNext()) {
+                    bTreeTupleSorter.next();
+                    btreeTuple = bTreeTupleSorter.getTuple();
+                } else {
+                    frameTuple = rtreeTuple;
+                    foundNext = true;
+                    leftOverTuple = null;
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } else if (leftOverTuple != null && leftOverTuple == btreeTuple) {
+                if (rTreeTupleSorter.hasNext()) {
+                    rTreeTupleSorter.next();
+                    rtreeTuple = rTreeTupleSorter.getTuple();
+                } else {
+                    frameTuple = btreeTuple;
+                    foundNext = true;
+                    leftOverTuple = null;
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (rTreeTupleSorter.hasNext() && bTreeTupleSorter.hasNext()) {
+                    rTreeTupleSorter.next();
+                    bTreeTupleSorter.next();
+                    rtreeTuple = rTreeTupleSorter.getTuple();
+                    btreeTuple = bTreeTupleSorter.getTuple();
+                } else if (rTreeTupleSorter.hasNext()) {
+                    rTreeTupleSorter.next();
+                    rtreeTuple = rTreeTupleSorter.getTuple();
+                    frameTuple = rtreeTuple;
+                    leftOverTuple = null;
+                    foundNext = true;
+                    return true;
+                } else if (bTreeTupleSorter.hasNext()) {
+                    bTreeTupleSorter.next();
+                    btreeTuple = bTreeTupleSorter.getTuple();
+                    frameTuple = btreeTuple;
+                    leftOverTuple = null;
+                    foundNext = true;
+                    return true;
+                } else {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int c = cmp.selectiveFieldCompare(rtreeTuple, btreeTuple, comparatorFields);
+            if (c == 0) {
+                leftOverTuple = null;
+                continue;
+            } else if (c < 0) {
+                frameTuple = rtreeTuple;
+                leftOverTuple = btreeTuple;
+                foundNext = true;
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                frameTuple = btreeTuple;
+                leftOverTuple = rtreeTuple;
+                foundNext = true;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void next() throws HyracksDataException {
+        foundNext = false;
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reset() throws HyracksDataException {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITupleReference getTuple() {
+        return frameTuple;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ICachedPage getPage() {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setBufferCache(IBufferCache bufferCache) {
+        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setFileId(int fileId) {
+        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean exclusiveLatchNodes() {
+        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
+        return false;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeSearchCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeSearchCursor.java
index 6e77eaf..c578902 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeSearchCursor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeSearchCursor.java
@@ -15,54 +15,23 @@
 
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
 
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
-
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeLeafFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTreeRangeSearchCursor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ICursorInitialState;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchOperationCallback;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMHarness;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSearchCursor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
 
-public class LSMRTreeSearchCursor implements ITreeIndexCursor {
+public class LSMRTreeSearchCursor extends LSMRTreeAbstractCursor implements ITreeIndexCursor {
 
-    private RTreeSearchCursor[] rtreeCursors;
-    private BTreeRangeSearchCursor[] btreeCursors;
-    private ITreeIndexAccessor[] diskRTreeAccessors;
-    private ITreeIndexAccessor[] diskBTreeAccessors;
     private int currentCursror;
-    private MultiComparator btreeCmp;
-    private int numberOfTrees;
-    private SearchPredicate rtreeSearchPredicate;
-    private RangePredicate btreeRangePredicate;
-    private ITupleReference frameTuple;
-    private AtomicInteger searcherRefCount;
-    private boolean includeMemRTree;
-    private LSMHarness lsmHarness;
-    private boolean foundNext = false;
     private ISearchOperationCallback searchCallback;
 
     public LSMRTreeSearchCursor() {
         currentCursror = 0;
     }
 
-    public RTreeSearchCursor getCursor(int cursorIndex) {
-        return rtreeCursors[cursorIndex];
-    }
-
     @Override
     public void reset() {
         currentCursror = 0;
@@ -129,69 +98,8 @@
 
     @Override
     public void open(ICursorInitialState initialState, ISearchPredicate searchPred) throws HyracksDataException {
-        LSMRTreeCursorInitialState lsmInitialState = (LSMRTreeCursorInitialState) initialState;
-        searchCallback = lsmInitialState.getSearchOperationCallback();
-        btreeCmp = lsmInitialState.getBTreeCmp();
-        searcherRefCount = lsmInitialState.getSearcherRefCount();
-        includeMemRTree = lsmInitialState.getIncludeMemRTree();
-        lsmHarness = lsmInitialState.getLSMHarness();
-        numberOfTrees = lsmInitialState.getNumberOfTrees();
-        diskRTreeAccessors = lsmInitialState.getRTreeAccessors();
-        diskBTreeAccessors = lsmInitialState.getBTreeAccessors();
-
-        rtreeCursors = new RTreeSearchCursor[numberOfTrees];
-        btreeCursors = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor[numberOfTrees];
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < numberOfTrees; i++) {
-            rtreeCursors[i] = new RTreeSearchCursor((IRTreeInteriorFrame) lsmInitialState
-                    .getRTreeInteriorFrameFactory().createFrame(), (IRTreeLeafFrame) lsmInitialState
-                    .getRTreeLeafFrameFactory().createFrame());
-
-            btreeCursors[i] = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor((IBTreeLeafFrame) lsmInitialState.getBTreeLeafFrameFactory()
-                    .createFrame(), false);
-        }
-        rtreeSearchPredicate = (SearchPredicate) searchPred;
-        btreeRangePredicate = new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, btreeCmp, btreeCmp);
+        super.open(initialState, searchPred);
         searchNextCursor();
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public ICachedPage getPage() {
-        // do nothing
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
-        try {
-            for (int i = 0; i < numberOfTrees; i++) {
-                rtreeCursors[i].close();
-                btreeCursors[i].close();
-            }
-            rtreeCursors = null;
-            btreeCursors = null;
-        } finally {
-            lsmHarness.closeSearchCursor(searcherRefCount, includeMemRTree);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void setBufferCache(IBufferCache bufferCache) {
-        // do nothing
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void setFileId(int fileId) {
-        // do nothing
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public ITupleReference getTuple() {
-        return frameTuple;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean exclusiveLatchNodes() {
-        return false;
-    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeSortedCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeSortedCursor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e0916a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeSortedCursor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ICursorInitialState;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexException;
+
+public class LSMRTreeSortedCursor extends LSMRTreeAbstractCursor implements ITreeIndexCursor {
+
+    private ILinearizeComparator linearizeCmp;
+    private boolean[] depletedRtreeCursors;
+    private int foundIn = -1;
+
+    public LSMRTreeSortedCursor(ILinearizeComparatorFactory linearizer) throws HyracksDataException {
+        super();
+        this.linearizeCmp = linearizer.createBinaryComparator();
+        reset();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reset() throws HyracksDataException {
+        depletedRtreeCursors = new boolean[numberOfTrees];
+        foundNext = false;
+        for (int i = 0; i < numberOfTrees; i++) {
+            rtreeCursors[i].reset();
+            try {
+                diskRTreeAccessors[i].search(rtreeCursors[i], rtreeSearchPredicate);
+            } catch (IndexException e) {
+                throw new HyracksDataException(e);
+            }
+            if (rtreeCursors[i].hasNext()) {
+                rtreeCursors[i].next();
+            } else {
+                depletedRtreeCursors[i] = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasNext() throws HyracksDataException {
+        while (!foundNext) {
+            frameTuple = null;
+
+            if (foundIn != -1) {
+                if (rtreeCursors[foundIn].hasNext()) {
+                    rtreeCursors[foundIn].next();
+                } else {
+                    depletedRtreeCursors[foundIn] = true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            foundIn = -1;
+            for (int i = 0; i < numberOfTrees; i++) {
+                if (depletedRtreeCursors[i])
+                    continue;
+
+                if (frameTuple == null) {
+                    frameTuple = rtreeCursors[i].getTuple();
+                    foundIn = i;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (linearizeCmp.compare(frameTuple.getFieldData(0), frameTuple.getFieldStart(0),
+                        frameTuple.getFieldLength(0) * linearizeCmp.getDimensions(), rtreeCursors[i].getTuple()
+                                .getFieldData(0), rtreeCursors[i].getTuple().getFieldStart(0), rtreeCursors[i]
+                                .getTuple().getFieldLength(0) * linearizeCmp.getDimensions()) <= 0) {
+                    frameTuple = rtreeCursors[i].getTuple();
+                    foundIn = i;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (foundIn == -1)
+                return false;
+
+            boolean killed = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < foundIn; i++) {
+                try {
+                    btreeCursors[i].reset();
+                    btreeRangePredicate.setHighKey(frameTuple, true);
+                    btreeRangePredicate.setLowKey(frameTuple, true);
+                    diskBTreeAccessors[i].search(btreeCursors[i], btreeRangePredicate);
+                } catch (IndexException e) {
+                    throw new HyracksDataException(e);
+                }
+                try {
+                    if (btreeCursors[i].hasNext()) {
+                        killed = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    btreeCursors[i].close();
+                }
+            }
+            if (!killed) {
+                foundNext = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void next() throws HyracksDataException {
+        foundNext = false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void open(ICursorInitialState initialState, ISearchPredicate searchPred) throws HyracksDataException {
+        super.open(initialState, searchPred);
+        reset();
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f83ac35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.java
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTreeRangeSearchCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexOpContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IModificationOperationCallback;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchOperationCallback;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexBulkLoader;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NoOpOperationCallback;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFileManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFlushPolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMMergePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMTreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.TreeIndexComponentFinalizer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree.RTreeBulkLoader;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSearchCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples extends AbstractLSMRTree {
+
+    private TreeTupleSorter bTreeTupleSorter = null;
+
+    // On-disk components.
+    // For creating RTree's used in bulk load. Different from diskRTreeFactory
+    // because it should have a different tuple writer in it's leaf frames.
+    private final RTreeFactory bulkLoadRTreeFactory;
+
+    public LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples(IBufferCache memBufferCache, InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager,
+            ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory,
+            ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeInteriorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory,
+            ILSMFileManager fileManager, RTreeFactory diskRTreeFactory, RTreeFactory bulkLoadRTreeFactory,
+            IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider, int fieldCount, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, ILinearizeComparatorFactory linearizer,
+            int[] comparatorFields, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] linearizerArray, ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy, ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) {
+        super(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager, rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, rtreeLeafFrameFactory,
+                btreeInteriorFrameFactory, btreeLeafFrameFactory, fileManager, diskRTreeFactory, diskFileMapProvider,
+                new TreeIndexComponentFinalizer(diskFileMapProvider), fieldCount, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories,
+                linearizer, comparatorFields, linearizerArray, flushPolicy, mergePolicy);
+        this.bulkLoadRTreeFactory = bulkLoadRTreeFactory;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Opens LSMRTree, cleaning up invalid files from base dir, and registering
+     * all valid files as on-disk RTrees and BTrees.
+     * 
+     * @param indexFileId
+     *            Dummy file id.
+     * @throws HyracksDataException
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void open(int indexFileId) throws HyracksDataException {
+        super.open(indexFileId);
+        RTree dummyRTree = diskRTreeFactory.createIndexInstance();
+        List<Object> validFileNames = fileManager.cleanupAndGetValidFiles(dummyRTree, componentFinalizer);
+        for (Object o : validFileNames) {
+            String fileName = (String) o;
+            FileReference fileRef = new FileReference(new File(fileName));
+            RTree rtree = (RTree) createDiskTree(diskRTreeFactory, fileRef, false);
+            diskComponents.add(rtree);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
+        for (Object o : diskComponents) {
+            RTree rtree = (RTree) o;
+            diskBufferCache.closeFile(rtree.getFileId());
+            diskBufferCache.deleteFile(rtree.getFileId(), false);
+            rtree.close();
+        }
+        diskComponents.clear();
+        super.close();
+    }
+
+    private RTree createFlushTarget() throws HyracksDataException {
+        String relFlushFileName = (String) fileManager.getRelFlushFileName();
+        FileReference fileRef = fileManager.createFlushFile(relFlushFileName);
+        return (RTree) createDiskTree(diskRTreeFactory, fileRef, true);
+    }
+
+    private RTree createMergeTarget(List<Object> mergingDiskRTrees) throws HyracksDataException {
+        RTree firstRTree = (RTree) mergingDiskRTrees.get(0);
+        RTree lastRTree = (RTree) mergingDiskRTrees.get(mergingDiskRTrees.size() - 1);
+        FileReference firstFile = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileName(firstRTree.getFileId());
+        FileReference lastFile = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileName(lastRTree.getFileId());
+        String relMergeFileName = (String) fileManager.getRelMergeFileName(firstFile.getFile().getName(), lastFile
+                .getFile().getName());
+        FileReference fileRef = fileManager.createMergeFile(relMergeFileName);
+        return (RTree) createDiskTree(diskRTreeFactory, fileRef, true);
+    }
+
+    public void search(IIndexCursor cursor, List<Object> diskComponents, ISearchPredicate pred, IIndexOpContext ictx,
+            boolean includeMemComponent, AtomicInteger searcherRefCount) throws HyracksDataException, IndexException {
+        LSMRTreeOpContext ctx = (LSMRTreeOpContext) ictx;
+        LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSearchCursor lsmTreeCursor = (LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSearchCursor) cursor;
+        int numDiskRTrees = diskComponents.size();
+
+        LSMRTreeCursorInitialState initialState;
+        ITreeIndexAccessor[] bTreeAccessors = null;
+        if (includeMemComponent) {
+            // Only in-memory BTree
+            bTreeAccessors = new ITreeIndexAccessor[1];
+            bTreeAccessors[0] = ctx.memBTreeAccessor;
+        }
+
+        initialState = new LSMRTreeCursorInitialState(numDiskRTrees, rtreeLeafFrameFactory, rtreeInteriorFrameFactory,
+                btreeLeafFrameFactory, ctx.getBTreeMultiComparator(), null, bTreeAccessors, searcherRefCount,
+                includeMemComponent, lsmHarness, comparatorFields, linearizerArray, ctx.searchCallback);
+
+        lsmTreeCursor.open(initialState, pred);
+
+        if (includeMemComponent) {
+            // Open cursor of in-memory RTree
+            ctx.memRTreeAccessor.search(lsmTreeCursor.getMemRTreeCursor(), pred);
+        }
+
+        // Open cursors of on-disk RTrees.
+        ITreeIndexAccessor[] diskRTreeAccessors = new ITreeIndexAccessor[numDiskRTrees];
+        int diskRTreeIx = 0;
+        ListIterator<Object> diskRTreesIter = diskComponents.listIterator();
+        while (diskRTreesIter.hasNext()) {
+            RTree diskRTree = (RTree) diskRTreesIter.next();
+            diskRTreeAccessors[diskRTreeIx] = diskRTree.createAccessor(NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE,
+                    NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE);
+            diskRTreeAccessors[diskRTreeIx].search(lsmTreeCursor.getCursor(diskRTreeIx), pred);
+            diskRTreeIx++;
+        }
+        lsmTreeCursor.initPriorityQueue();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndex flush() throws HyracksDataException, IndexException {
+        // Renaming order is critical because we use assume ordering when we
+        // read the file names when we open the tree.
+        // The RTree should be renamed before the BTree.
+
+        // scan the memory RTree
+        ITreeIndexAccessor memRTreeAccessor = memComponent.getRTree().createAccessor(NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE,
+                NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE);
+        RTreeSearchCursor rtreeScanCursor = (RTreeSearchCursor) memRTreeAccessor.createSearchCursor();
+        SearchPredicate rtreeNullPredicate = new SearchPredicate(null, null);
+        memRTreeAccessor.search(rtreeScanCursor, rtreeNullPredicate);
+        RTree diskRTree = createFlushTarget();
+
+        // scan the memory BTree
+        ITreeIndexAccessor memBTreeAccessor = memComponent.getBTree().createAccessor(NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE,
+                NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE);
+        BTreeRangeSearchCursor btreeScanCursor = (BTreeRangeSearchCursor) memBTreeAccessor.createSearchCursor();
+        RangePredicate btreeNullPredicate = new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, null, null);
+        memBTreeAccessor.search(btreeScanCursor, btreeNullPredicate);
+
+        // Since the LSM-RTree is used as a secondary assumption, the
+        // primary key will be the last comparator in the BTree comparators
+        if (rTreeTupleSorter == null) {
+            rTreeTupleSorter = new TreeTupleSorter(memRTreeTuples, MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID, linearizerArray,
+                    rtreeLeafFrameFactory.createFrame(), rtreeLeafFrameFactory.createFrame(), memComponent.getRTree()
+                            .getBufferCache(), comparatorFields);
+
+            bTreeTupleSorter = new TreeTupleSorter(memBTreeTuples, MEM_BTREE_FILE_ID, linearizerArray,
+                    btreeLeafFrameFactory.createFrame(), btreeLeafFrameFactory.createFrame(), memComponent.getBTree()
+                            .getBufferCache(), comparatorFields);
+        } else {
+            rTreeTupleSorter.reset();
+            bTreeTupleSorter.reset();
+        }
+        // BulkLoad the tuples from the in-memory tree into the new disk
+        // RTree.
+
+        boolean isEmpty = true;
+        if (rtreeScanCursor.hasNext()) {
+            isEmpty = false;
+        }
+        try {
+            while (rtreeScanCursor.hasNext()) {
+                rtreeScanCursor.next();
+                rTreeTupleSorter.insertTupleEntry(rtreeScanCursor.getPageId(), rtreeScanCursor.getTupleOffset());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            rtreeScanCursor.close();
+        }
+        if (!isEmpty) {
+            rTreeTupleSorter.sort();
+        }
+
+        isEmpty = true;
+        if (btreeScanCursor.hasNext()) {
+            isEmpty = false;
+        }
+        try {
+            while (btreeScanCursor.hasNext()) {
+                btreeScanCursor.next();
+                bTreeTupleSorter.insertTupleEntry(btreeScanCursor.getPageId(), btreeScanCursor.getTupleOffset());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            btreeScanCursor.close();
+        }
+        if (!isEmpty) {
+            bTreeTupleSorter.sort();
+        }
+
+        ITreeIndexBulkLoader rTreeBulkloader = diskRTree.createBulkLoader(1.0f);
+        LSMRTreeFlushCursor cursor = new LSMRTreeFlushCursor(rTreeTupleSorter, bTreeTupleSorter, comparatorFields,
+                linearizerArray);
+        cursor.open(null, null);
+
+        try {
+            while (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                cursor.next();
+                ITupleReference frameTuple = cursor.getTuple();
+
+                rTreeBulkloader.add(frameTuple);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            cursor.close();
+        }
+
+        rTreeBulkloader.end();
+
+        return diskRTree;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndex merge(List<Object> mergedComponents) throws HyracksDataException, IndexException {
+        LSMRTreeOpContext ctx = createOpContext();
+        ITreeIndexCursor cursor = new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSearchCursor();
+        ISearchPredicate rtreeSearchPred = new SearchPredicate(null, null);
+        // Ordered scan, ignoring the in-memory RTree.
+        // We get back a snapshot of the on-disk RTrees that are going to be
+        // merged now, so we can clean them up after the merge has completed.
+        List<Object> mergingDiskRTrees = lsmHarness.search(cursor, (SearchPredicate) rtreeSearchPred, ctx, false);
+        mergedComponents.addAll(mergingDiskRTrees);
+
+        // Nothing to merge.
+        if (mergedComponents.size() <= 1) {
+            cursor.close();
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Bulk load the tuples from all on-disk RTrees into the new RTree.
+        RTree mergedRTree = createMergeTarget(mergingDiskRTrees);
+        ITreeIndexBulkLoader bulkloader = mergedRTree.createBulkLoader(1.0f);
+        try {
+            while (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                cursor.next();
+                ITupleReference frameTuple = cursor.getTuple();
+                bulkloader.add(frameTuple);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            cursor.close();
+        }
+        bulkloader.end();
+        return mergedRTree;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cleanUpAfterMerge(List<Object> mergedComponents) throws HyracksDataException {
+        for (Object o : mergedComponents) {
+            RTree oldRTree = (RTree) o;
+            FileReference fileRef = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileName(oldRTree.getFileId());
+            diskBufferCache.closeFile(oldRTree.getFileId());
+            diskBufferCache.deleteFile(oldRTree.getFileId(), false);
+            oldRTree.close();
+            fileRef.getFile().delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IIndexAccessor createAccessor(IModificationOperationCallback modificationCallback,
+            ISearchOperationCallback searchCallback) {
+        return new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesAccessor(lsmHarness, createOpContext());
+    }
+
+    public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesAccessor extends LSMTreeIndexAccessor {
+        public LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesAccessor(LSMHarness lsmHarness, IIndexOpContext ctx) {
+            super(lsmHarness, ctx);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public ITreeIndexCursor createSearchCursor() {
+            return new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSearchCursor();
+        }
+
+        public MultiComparator getMultiComparator() {
+            LSMRTreeOpContext concreteCtx = (LSMRTreeOpContext) ctx;
+            return concreteCtx.rtreeOpContext.cmp;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexBulkLoader createBulkLoader(float fillLevel) throws TreeIndexException {
+        return new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesBulkLoader(fillLevel);
+    }
+
+    private RTree createBulkLoadTarget() throws HyracksDataException {
+        String relFlushFileName = (String) fileManager.getRelFlushFileName();
+        FileReference fileRef = fileManager.createFlushFile(relFlushFileName);
+        return (RTree) createDiskTree(bulkLoadRTreeFactory, fileRef, true);
+    }
+
+    public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesBulkLoader implements ITreeIndexBulkLoader {
+        private final RTree diskRTree;
+        private final RTreeBulkLoader bulkLoader;
+
+        public LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesBulkLoader(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException {
+            // Note that by using a flush target file name, we state that the
+            // new bulk loaded tree is "newer" than any other merged tree.
+            try {
+                diskRTree = createBulkLoadTarget();
+            } catch (HyracksDataException e) {
+                throw new TreeIndexException(e);
+            }
+            bulkLoader = (RTreeBulkLoader) diskRTree.createBulkLoader(fillFactor);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void add(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException {
+            bulkLoader.add(tuple);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void end() throws HyracksDataException {
+            bulkLoader.end();
+            lsmHarness.addBulkLoadedComponent(diskRTree);
+        }
+
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSearchCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSearchCursor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9556230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSearchCursor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTreeRangeSearchCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ICursorInitialState;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMTreeSearchCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSearchCursor;
+
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesSearchCursor extends LSMTreeSearchCursor {
+    private RTreeSearchCursor memRTreeCursor;
+    private BTreeRangeSearchCursor memBTreeCursor;
+    private RangePredicate btreeRangePredicate;
+    private ITreeIndexAccessor memBTreeAccessor;
+    protected PriorityQueueHilbertComparator pqCmp;
+    private boolean foundNext;
+    private ITupleReference frameTuple;
+    private int[] comparatorFields;
+    private MultiComparator btreeCmp;
+
+    public void initPriorityQueue() throws HyracksDataException {
+        int pqInitSize = (rangeCursors.length > 0) ? rangeCursors.length : 1;
+        outputPriorityQueue = new PriorityQueue<PriorityQueueElement>(pqInitSize, pqCmp);
+        for (int i = 0; i < rangeCursors.length; i++) {
+            PriorityQueueElement element;
+            if (rangeCursors[i].hasNext()) {
+                rangeCursors[i].next();
+                element = new PriorityQueueElement(rangeCursors[i].getTuple(), i);
+                outputPriorityQueue.offer(element);
+            }
+        }
+        checkPriorityQueue();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void open(ICursorInitialState initialState, ISearchPredicate searchPred) throws HyracksDataException {
+        LSMRTreeCursorInitialState lsmInitialState = (LSMRTreeCursorInitialState) initialState;
+        cmp = lsmInitialState.getHilbertCmp();
+        btreeCmp = lsmInitialState.getBTreeCmp();
+        int numDiskRTrees = lsmInitialState.getNumberOfTrees();
+        rangeCursors = new RTreeSearchCursor[numDiskRTrees];
+        for (int i = 0; i < numDiskRTrees; i++) {
+            rangeCursors[i] = new RTreeSearchCursor((IRTreeInteriorFrame) lsmInitialState
+                    .getRTreeInteriorFrameFactory().createFrame(), (IRTreeLeafFrame) lsmInitialState
+                    .getRTreeLeafFrameFactory().createFrame());
+        }
+        includeMemComponent = lsmInitialState.getIncludeMemComponent();
+        if (includeMemComponent) {
+            memRTreeCursor = new RTreeSearchCursor((IRTreeInteriorFrame) lsmInitialState.getRTreeInteriorFrameFactory()
+                    .createFrame(), (IRTreeLeafFrame) lsmInitialState.getRTreeLeafFrameFactory().createFrame());
+            memBTreeCursor = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor((IBTreeLeafFrame) lsmInitialState.getBTreeLeafFrameFactory()
+                    .createFrame(), false);
+            memBTreeAccessor = lsmInitialState.getBTreeAccessors()[0];
+            btreeRangePredicate = new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, btreeCmp, btreeCmp);
+        }
+        searcherfRefCount = lsmInitialState.getSearcherRefCount();
+        lsmHarness = lsmInitialState.getLSMHarness();
+        comparatorFields = lsmInitialState.getComparatorFields();
+        setPriorityQueueComparator();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasNext() throws HyracksDataException {
+        if (includeMemComponent) {
+            if (foundNext) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            while (memRTreeCursor.hasNext()) {
+                memRTreeCursor.next();
+                ITupleReference memRTreeTuple = memRTreeCursor.getTuple();
+                if (searchMemBTree(memRTreeTuple)) {
+                    foundNext = true;
+                    frameTuple = memRTreeTuple;
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            while (super.hasNext()) {
+                super.next();
+                ITupleReference diskRTreeTuple = super.getTuple();
+                if (searchMemBTree(diskRTreeTuple)) {
+                    foundNext = true;
+                    frameTuple = diskRTreeTuple;
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            return super.hasNext();
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void next() throws HyracksDataException {
+        if (includeMemComponent) {
+            foundNext = false;
+        } else {
+            super.next();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITupleReference getTuple() {
+        if (includeMemComponent) {
+            return frameTuple;
+        } else {
+            return super.getTuple();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
+        if (includeMemComponent) {
+            memRTreeCursor.close();
+            memBTreeCursor.close();
+        }
+        super.close();
+    }
+
+    public ITreeIndexCursor getMemRTreeCursor() {
+        return memRTreeCursor;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int compare(MultiComparator cmp, ITupleReference tupleA, ITupleReference tupleB) {
+        return cmp.selectiveFieldCompare(tupleA, tupleB, comparatorFields);
+    }
+
+    private boolean searchMemBTree(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException {
+        try {
+            btreeRangePredicate.setHighKey(tuple, true);
+            btreeRangePredicate.setLowKey(tuple, true);
+            memBTreeAccessor.search(memBTreeCursor, btreeRangePredicate);
+        } catch (IndexException e) {
+            throw new HyracksDataException(e);
+        }
+        try {
+            if (memBTreeCursor.hasNext()) {
+                return false;
+            } else {
+                return true;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            memBTreeCursor.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void setPriorityQueueComparator() {
+        if (pqCmp == null || cmp != pqCmp.getMultiComparator()) {
+            pqCmp = new PriorityQueueHilbertComparator(cmp, comparatorFields);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PriorityQueueHilbertComparator implements Comparator<PriorityQueueElement> {
+
+        private final MultiComparator cmp;
+        private final int[] comparatorFields;
+
+        public PriorityQueueHilbertComparator(MultiComparator cmp, int[] comparatorFields) {
+            this.cmp = cmp;
+            this.comparatorFields = comparatorFields;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compare(PriorityQueueElement elementA, PriorityQueueElement elementB) {
+            int result = cmp.selectiveFieldCompare(elementA.getTuple(), elementB.getTuple(), comparatorFields);
+            if (result != 0) {
+                return result;
+            }
+            if (elementA.getCursorIndex() > elementB.getCursorIndex()) {
+                return 1;
+            } else {
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public MultiComparator getMultiComparator() {
+            return cmp;
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/RTreeTupleSorter.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/TreeTupleSorter.java
similarity index 73%
rename from hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/RTreeTupleSorter.java
rename to hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/TreeTupleSorter.java
index ab6eb59..d63cff9 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/RTreeTupleSorter.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/TreeTupleSorter.java
@@ -15,18 +15,20 @@
 
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
 
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ICursorInitialState;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.BufferedFileHandle;
 
-public class RTreeTupleSorter {
-    private final IBinaryComparator[] comparators;
+public class TreeTupleSorter implements ITreeIndexCursor {
     private int numTuples;
     private int currentTupleIndex;
     private int[] tPointers;
@@ -37,21 +39,21 @@
     private ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple2;
     private final int fileId;
     private final static int ARRAY_GROWTH = 1000; // Must be at least of size 2
+    private final int[] comparatorFields;
+    private final MultiComparator cmp;
 
-    public RTreeTupleSorter(int initialSize, int fileId, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories,
-            ITreeIndexFrame leafFrame1, ITreeIndexFrame leafFrame2, IBufferCache bufferCache) {
+    public TreeTupleSorter(int initialSize, int fileId, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories,
+            ITreeIndexFrame leafFrame1, ITreeIndexFrame leafFrame2, IBufferCache bufferCache, int[] comparatorFields) {
         this.fileId = fileId;
-        comparators = new IBinaryComparator[comparatorFactories.length];
-        for (int i = 0; i < comparatorFactories.length; ++i) {
-            comparators[i] = comparatorFactories[i].createBinaryComparator();
-        }
         this.leafFrame1 = leafFrame1;
         this.leafFrame2 = leafFrame2;
         this.bufferCache = bufferCache;
+        this.comparatorFields = comparatorFields;
         tPointers = new int[initialSize * 2];
         frameTuple1 = leafFrame1.createTupleReference();
         frameTuple2 = leafFrame2.createTupleReference();
         currentTupleIndex = 0;
+        cmp = MultiComparator.create(comparatorFactories);
     }
 
     public void reset() {
@@ -63,11 +65,17 @@
         if (numTuples <= currentTupleIndex) {
             return false;
         }
+        // We don't latch pages since this code is only used by flush () before
+        // bulk-loading the r-tree to disk and flush is not concurrent.
+        //
         ICachedPage node1 = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, tPointers[currentTupleIndex * 2]),
                 false);
-        leafFrame1.setPage(node1);
-        frameTuple1.resetByTupleOffset(leafFrame1.getBuffer(), tPointers[currentTupleIndex * 2 + 1]);
-
+        try {
+            leafFrame1.setPage(node1);
+            frameTuple1.resetByTupleOffset(leafFrame1.getBuffer(), tPointers[currentTupleIndex * 2 + 1]);
+        } finally {
+            bufferCache.unpin(node1);
+        }
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -171,18 +179,46 @@
         ICachedPage node2 = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, i2), false);
         leafFrame2.setPage(node2);
 
-        frameTuple1.resetByTupleOffset(leafFrame1.getBuffer(), j1);
-        frameTuple2.resetByTupleOffset(leafFrame2.getBuffer(), j2);
+        try {
+            frameTuple1.resetByTupleOffset(leafFrame1.getBuffer(), j1);
+            frameTuple2.resetByTupleOffset(leafFrame2.getBuffer(), j2);
 
-        for (int f = 0; f < comparators.length; ++f) {
-            int c = comparators[f].compare(frameTuple1.getFieldData(f), frameTuple1.getFieldStart(f),
-                    frameTuple1.getFieldLength(f), frameTuple2.getFieldData(f), frameTuple2.getFieldStart(f),
-                    frameTuple2.getFieldLength(f));
-            if (c != 0) {
-                return c;
-            }
+            return cmp.selectiveFieldCompare(frameTuple1, frameTuple2, comparatorFields);
+
+        } finally {
+            bufferCache.unpin(node1);
+            bufferCache.unpin(node2);
         }
-        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void open(ICursorInitialState initialState, ISearchPredicate searchPred) throws HyracksDataException {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ICachedPage getPage() {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setBufferCache(IBufferCache bufferCache) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setFileId(int fileId) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean exclusiveLatchNodes() {
+        return false;
     }
 
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriter.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriter.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1852b51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.tuples;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+
+public class LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriter extends LSMRTreeTupleWriter {
+    public LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriter(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits) {
+        // Third parameter is never used locally, just give false.
+        super(typeTraits, false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int writeTuple(ITupleReference tuple, byte[] targetBuf, int targetOff) {
+        int tupleSize = bytesRequired(tuple);
+        byte[] buf = tuple.getFieldData(0);
+        int tupleStartOff = ((LSMRTreeTupleReference) tuple).getTupleStart();
+        System.arraycopy(buf, tupleStartOff, targetBuf, targetOff, tupleSize);
+        return tupleSize;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39a8e4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.tuples;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
+
+public class LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory extends TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    private final ITypeTraits[] typeTraits;
+
+    public LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits) {
+        super(typeTraits);
+        this.typeTraits = typeTraits;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexTupleWriter createTupleWriter() {
+        return new LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriter(typeTraits);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeTupleReference.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeTupleReference.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70072e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeTupleReference.java
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.tuples;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMTreeTupleReference;
+
+public class LSMRTreeTupleReference extends TypeAwareTupleReference implements ILSMTreeTupleReference {
+
+    public LSMRTreeTupleReference(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits) {
+        super(typeTraits);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int getNullFlagsBytes() {
+        // +1.0 is for matter/antimatter bit.
+        return (int) Math.ceil((fieldCount + 1.0) / 8.0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isAntimatter() {
+        // Check if the leftmost bit is 0 or 1.
+        final byte mask = (byte) (1 << 7);
+        if ((buf.array()[tupleStartOff] & mask) != 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public int getTupleStart() {
+        return tupleStartOff;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeTupleWriter.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeTupleWriter.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..932a307
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeTupleWriter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.tuples;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter;
+
+public class LSMRTreeTupleWriter extends RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter {
+    private final boolean isAntimatter;
+
+    public LSMRTreeTupleWriter(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, boolean isAntimatter) {
+        super(typeTraits);
+        this.isAntimatter = isAntimatter;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexTupleReference createTupleReference() {
+        return new LSMRTreeTupleReference(typeTraits);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int bytesRequired(ITupleReference tuple) {
+        return super.bytesRequired(tuple);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int writeTuple(ITupleReference tuple, byte[] targetBuf, int targetOff) {
+        int bytesWritten = super.writeTuple(tuple, targetBuf, targetOff);
+        if (isAntimatter) {
+            setAntimatterBit(targetBuf, targetOff);
+        }
+        return bytesWritten;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int getNullFlagsBytes(int numFields) {
+        // +1.0 is for matter/antimatter bit.
+        return (int) Math.ceil(((double) numFields + 1.0) / 8.0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int getNullFlagsBytes(ITupleReference tuple) {
+        // +1.0 is for matter/antimatter bit.
+        return (int) Math.ceil(((double) tuple.getFieldCount() + 1.0) / 8.0);
+    }
+
+    protected void setAntimatterBit(byte[] targetBuf, int targetOff) {
+        // Set leftmost bit to 1.
+        targetBuf[targetOff] = (byte) (targetBuf[targetOff] | (1 << 7));
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeTupleWriterFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeTupleWriterFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..493d368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMRTreeTupleWriterFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.tuples;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
+
+public class LSMRTreeTupleWriterFactory extends TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    private final ITypeTraits[] typeTraits;
+    private final boolean isDelete;
+
+    public LSMRTreeTupleWriterFactory(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, boolean isDelete) {
+        super(typeTraits);
+        this.typeTraits = typeTraits;
+        this.isDelete = isDelete;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexTupleWriter createTupleWriter() {
+        return new LSMRTreeTupleWriter(typeTraits, isDelete);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/utils/LSMRTreeUtils.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/utils/LSMRTreeUtils.java
index 2a41962..bf20bbc 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/utils/LSMRTreeUtils.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/utils/LSMRTreeUtils.java
@@ -16,44 +16,55 @@
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.utils;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.IIOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.DoublePointable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.IntegerPointable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFileManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFlushPolicy;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMMergePolicy;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.BTreeFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMTreeFileManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTree;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTreeFileManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.RTreeFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.tuples.LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.tuples.LSMRTreeTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.tuples.LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.linearize.HilbertDoubleComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.linearize.ZCurveDoubleComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.linearize.ZCurveIntComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
 
 public class LSMRTreeUtils {
-    public static LSMRTree createLSMTree(InMemoryBufferCache memBufferCache,
-            InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager, IIOManager ioManager, String onDiskDir,
-            IBufferCache diskBufferCache, IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
-            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy,
-            ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) {
+    public static LSMRTree createLSMTree(IBufferCache memBufferCache, InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager,
+            IIOManager ioManager, String onDiskDir, IBufferCache diskBufferCache, IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider,
+            ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType, ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy,
+            ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) throws TreeIndexException {
         LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory rtreeTupleWriterFactory = new LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits, false);
         LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory btreeTupleWriterFactory = new LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits, true);
 
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeInteriorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(rtreeTupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
+                valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType);
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(rtreeTupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
+                valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType);
 
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(btreeTupleWriterFactory);
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(btreeTupleWriterFactory);
@@ -68,11 +79,82 @@
         BTreeFactory diskBTreeFactory = new BTreeFactory(diskBufferCache, freePageManagerFactory,
                 btreeCmpFactories, typeTraits.length, btreeInteriorFrameFactory, btreeLeafFrameFactory);
 
+        ILinearizeComparatorFactory linearizer = proposeBestLinearizer(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories.length);
+        int[] comparatorFields = { 0 };
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] linearizerArray = { linearizer };
+
         ILSMFileManager fileNameManager = new LSMRTreeFileManager(ioManager, diskFileMapProvider, onDiskDir);
         LSMRTree lsmTree = new LSMRTree(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager, rtreeInteriorFrameFactory,
                 rtreeLeafFrameFactory, btreeInteriorFrameFactory, btreeLeafFrameFactory, fileNameManager,
                 diskRTreeFactory, diskBTreeFactory, diskFileMapProvider, typeTraits.length, rtreeCmpFactories,
-                btreeCmpFactories, flushPolicy, mergePolicy);
+                btreeCmpFactories, linearizer, comparatorFields, linearizerArray, flushPolicy, mergePolicy);
         return lsmTree;
     }
+
+    public static LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples createLSMTreeWithAntiMatterTuples(IBufferCache memBufferCache,
+            InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager, IIOManager ioManager, String onDiskDir,
+            IBufferCache diskBufferCache, IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            ILSMFlushPolicy flushPolicy, ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy)
+            throws TreeIndexException {
+
+        LSMRTreeTupleWriterFactory rtreeTupleWriterFactory = new LSMRTreeTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits, false);
+        LSMRTreeTupleWriterFactory btreeTupleWriterFactory = new LSMRTreeTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits, true);
+
+        LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory copyTupleWriterFactory = new LSMRTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
+
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeInteriorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(rtreeTupleWriterFactory,
+                valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType);
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(rtreeTupleWriterFactory,
+                valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType);
+
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(btreeTupleWriterFactory);
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(btreeTupleWriterFactory);
+
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory copyTupleLeafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(copyTupleWriterFactory,
+                valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType);
+
+        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
+        LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory freePageManagerFactory = new LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory(diskBufferCache,
+                metaFrameFactory);
+
+        RTreeFactory diskRTreeFactory = new RTreeFactory(diskBufferCache, freePageManagerFactory, rtreeCmpFactories,
+                typeTraits.length, rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, copyTupleLeafFrameFactory);
+
+        RTreeFactory bulkLoadRTreeFactory = new RTreeFactory(diskBufferCache, freePageManagerFactory,
+                rtreeCmpFactories, typeTraits.length, rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, rtreeLeafFrameFactory);
+
+        ILinearizeComparatorFactory linearizer = proposeBestLinearizer(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories.length);
+        // The first field is for the sorted curve (e.g. Hilbert curve), and the
+        // second field is for the primary key.
+        int[] comparatorFields = { 0, btreeCmpFactories.length - 1 };
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] linearizerArray = { linearizer, btreeCmpFactories[btreeCmpFactories.length - 1] };
+
+        ILSMFileManager fileNameManager = new LSMTreeFileManager(ioManager, diskFileMapProvider, onDiskDir);
+        LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples lsmTree = new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager,
+                rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, rtreeLeafFrameFactory, btreeInteriorFrameFactory, btreeLeafFrameFactory,
+                fileNameManager, diskRTreeFactory, bulkLoadRTreeFactory, diskFileMapProvider, typeTraits.length,
+                rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, linearizer, comparatorFields, linearizerArray, flushPolicy, mergePolicy);
+        return lsmTree;
+    }
+
+    private static ILinearizeComparatorFactory proposeBestLinearizer(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, int numKeyFields)
+            throws TreeIndexException {
+        for (int i = 0; i < numKeyFields; i++) {
+            if (!(typeTraits[i].getClass().equals(typeTraits[0].getClass()))) {
+                throw new TreeIndexException("Cannot propose linearizer if dimensions have different types");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (numKeyFields / 2 == 2 && (typeTraits[0].getClass() == DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS.getClass())) {
+            return new HilbertDoubleComparatorFactory(2);
+        } else if (typeTraits[0].getClass() == DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS.getClass()) {
+            return new ZCurveDoubleComparatorFactory(numKeyFields / 2);
+        } else if (typeTraits[0].getClass() == IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS.getClass()) {
+            return new ZCurveIntComparatorFactory(numKeyFields / 2);
+        }
+
+        throw new TreeIndexException("Cannot propose linearizer");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/api/IRTreePolicy.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/api/IRTreePolicy.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1d026a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/api/IRTreePolicy.java
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISlotManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISplitKey;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+
+public interface IRTreePolicy {
+    public void split(ITreeIndexFrame leftFrame, ByteBuffer buf, ITreeIndexFrame rightFrame, ISlotManager slotManager,
+            ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple, ITupleReference tuple, ISplitKey splitKey);
+
+    public boolean findBestChild(ITreeIndexFrame frame, ITupleReference tuple, ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple,
+            MultiComparator cmp);
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelper.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelper.java
index 0470da9..843c472 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelper.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelper.java
@@ -21,22 +21,25 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexDataflowHelper;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
 
 public class RTreeDataflowHelper extends TreeIndexDataflowHelper {
 
     private final IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories;
+    private final RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType;
 
     public RTreeDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int partition,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories) {
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) {
         super(opDesc, ctx, partition);
         this.valueProviderFactories = valueProviderFactories;
+        this.rtreePolicyType = rtreePolicyType;
     }
 
     @Override
     public ITreeIndex createIndexInstance() throws HyracksDataException {
         return RTreeUtils.createRTree(treeOpDesc.getStorageManager().getBufferCache(ctx),
                 treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexTypeTraits(), valueProviderFactories,
-                treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexComparatorFactories());
+                treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexComparatorFactories(), rtreePolicyType);
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java
index 6b9fd4c..06af8ee 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java
@@ -20,20 +20,24 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IndexDataflowHelper;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 public class RTreeDataflowHelperFactory implements IIndexDataflowHelperFactory {
 
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
     private final IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories;
+    private final RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType;
 
-    public RTreeDataflowHelperFactory(IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories) {
+    public RTreeDataflowHelperFactory(IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) {
         this.valueProviderFactories = valueProviderFactories;
+        this.rtreePolicyType = rtreePolicyType;
     }
 
     @Override
     public IndexDataflowHelper createIndexDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
             int partition) {
-        return new RTreeDataflowHelper(opDesc, ctx, partition, valueProviderFactories);
+        return new RTreeDataflowHelper(opDesc, ctx, partition, valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType);
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RStarTreePolicy.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RStarTreePolicy.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..adbb80d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RStarTreePolicy.java
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISlotManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISplitKey;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.EntriesOrder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSplitKey;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.Rectangle;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.TupleEntryArrayList;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.UnorderedSlotManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter;
+
+public class RStarTreePolicy implements IRTreePolicy {
+
+    private TupleEntryArrayList tupleEntries1;
+    private TupleEntryArrayList tupleEntries2;
+    private Rectangle[] rec;
+
+    private static final int nearMinimumOverlapFactor = 32;
+    private static final double splitFactor = 0.4;
+    private static final int numTuplesEntries = 100;
+
+    private final ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter;
+    private final IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders;
+    private ITreeIndexTupleReference cmpFrameTuple;
+    private final int totalFreeSpaceOff;
+
+    public RStarTreePolicy(ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders,
+            ITreeIndexTupleReference cmpFrameTuple, int totalFreeSpaceOff) {
+        this.tupleWriter = tupleWriter;
+        this.keyValueProviders = keyValueProviders;
+        this.totalFreeSpaceOff = totalFreeSpaceOff;
+        this.cmpFrameTuple = cmpFrameTuple;
+        tupleEntries1 = new TupleEntryArrayList(numTuplesEntries, numTuplesEntries);
+        tupleEntries2 = new TupleEntryArrayList(numTuplesEntries, numTuplesEntries);
+        rec = new Rectangle[4];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            rec[i] = new Rectangle(keyValueProviders.length / 2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void split(ITreeIndexFrame leftFrame, ByteBuffer buf, ITreeIndexFrame rightFrame, ISlotManager slotManager,
+            ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple, ITupleReference tuple, ISplitKey splitKey) {
+        RTreeSplitKey rTreeSplitKey = ((RTreeSplitKey) splitKey);
+        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter rTreeTupleWriterleftRTreeFrame = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) tupleWriter);
+        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter rTreeTupleWriterRightFrame = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) rightFrame.getTupleWriter());
+
+        RTreeNSMFrame leftRTreeFrame = ((RTreeNSMFrame) leftFrame);
+
+        // calculations are based on the R*-tree paper
+        int m = (int) Math.floor((leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount() + 1) * splitFactor);
+        int splitDistribution = leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount() - (2 * m) + 2;
+
+        // to calculate the minimum margin in order to pick the split axis
+        double minMargin = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+        int splitAxis = 0, sortOrder = 0;
+
+        int maxFieldPos = keyValueProviders.length / 2;
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            for (int k = 0; k < leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount(); ++k) {
+
+                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leftRTreeFrame, k);
+                double LowerKey = keyValueProviders[i]
+                        .getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(i), frameTuple.getFieldStart(i));
+                double UpperKey = keyValueProviders[j]
+                        .getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(j), frameTuple.getFieldStart(j));
+
+                tupleEntries1.add(k, LowerKey);
+                tupleEntries2.add(k, UpperKey);
+            }
+            double LowerKey = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i));
+            double UpperKey = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j));
+
+            tupleEntries1.add(-1, LowerKey);
+            tupleEntries2.add(-1, UpperKey);
+
+            tupleEntries1.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount() + 1);
+            tupleEntries2.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount() + 1);
+
+            double lowerMargin = 0.0, upperMargin = 0.0;
+            // generate distribution
+            for (int k = 1; k <= splitDistribution; ++k) {
+                int d = m - 1 + k;
+
+                generateDist(leftRTreeFrame, frameTuple, tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[0], 0, d);
+                generateDist(leftRTreeFrame, frameTuple, tuple, tupleEntries2, rec[1], 0, d);
+                generateDist(leftRTreeFrame, frameTuple, tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[2], d,
+                        leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount() + 1);
+                generateDist(leftRTreeFrame, frameTuple, tuple, tupleEntries2, rec[3], d,
+                        leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount() + 1);
+
+                // calculate the margin of the distributions
+                lowerMargin += rec[0].margin() + rec[2].margin();
+                upperMargin += rec[1].margin() + rec[3].margin();
+            }
+            double margin = Math.min(lowerMargin, upperMargin);
+
+            // store minimum margin as split axis
+            if (margin < minMargin) {
+                minMargin = margin;
+                splitAxis = i;
+                sortOrder = (lowerMargin < upperMargin) ? 0 : 2;
+            }
+
+            tupleEntries1.clear();
+            tupleEntries2.clear();
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount(); ++i) {
+            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leftRTreeFrame, i);
+            double key = keyValueProviders[splitAxis + sortOrder].getValue(
+                    frameTuple.getFieldData(splitAxis + sortOrder), frameTuple.getFieldStart(splitAxis + sortOrder));
+            tupleEntries1.add(i, key);
+        }
+        double key = keyValueProviders[splitAxis + sortOrder].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(splitAxis + sortOrder),
+                tuple.getFieldStart(splitAxis + sortOrder));
+        tupleEntries1.add(-1, key);
+        tupleEntries1.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount() + 1);
+
+        double minArea = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+        double minOverlap = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+        int splitPoint = 0;
+        for (int i = 1; i <= splitDistribution; ++i) {
+            int d = m - 1 + i;
+
+            generateDist(leftRTreeFrame, frameTuple, tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[0], 0, d);
+            generateDist(leftRTreeFrame, frameTuple, tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[2], d,
+                    leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount() + 1);
+
+            double overlap = rec[0].overlappedArea(rec[2]);
+            if (overlap < minOverlap) {
+                splitPoint = d;
+                minOverlap = overlap;
+                minArea = rec[0].area() + rec[2].area();
+            } else if (overlap == minOverlap) {
+                double area = rec[0].area() + rec[2].area();
+                if (area < minArea) {
+                    splitPoint = d;
+                    minArea = area;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        int startIndex, endIndex;
+        if (splitPoint < (leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount() + 1) / 2) {
+            startIndex = 0;
+            endIndex = splitPoint;
+        } else {
+            startIndex = splitPoint;
+            endIndex = (leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount() + 1);
+        }
+        boolean tupleInserted = false;
+        int totalBytes = 0, numOfDeletedTuples = 0;
+        for (int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) {
+            if (tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex() != -1) {
+                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leftRTreeFrame, tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex());
+                rightFrame.insert(frameTuple, -1);
+                ((UnorderedSlotManager) slotManager).modifySlot(
+                        slotManager.getSlotOff(tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex()), -1);
+                totalBytes += leftRTreeFrame.getTupleSize(frameTuple);
+                numOfDeletedTuples++;
+            } else {
+                rightFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
+                tupleInserted = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        ((UnorderedSlotManager) slotManager).deleteEmptySlots();
+
+        // maintain space information
+        buf.putInt(totalFreeSpaceOff, buf.getInt(totalFreeSpaceOff) + totalBytes
+                + (slotManager.getSlotSize() * numOfDeletedTuples));
+
+        // compact both pages
+        rightFrame.compact();
+        leftRTreeFrame.compact();
+
+        if (!tupleInserted) {
+            leftRTreeFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
+        }
+
+        int tupleOff = slotManager.getTupleOff(slotManager.getSlotEndOff());
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, tupleOff);
+        int splitKeySize = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frameTuple, 0, keyValueProviders.length);
+
+        splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
+        leftRTreeFrame.adjustMBR();
+        rTreeTupleWriterleftRTreeFrame.writeTupleFields(leftRTreeFrame.getTuples(), 0,
+                rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
+        rTreeSplitKey.getLeftTuple().resetByTupleOffset(rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
+
+        ((IRTreeFrame) rightFrame).adjustMBR();
+        rTreeTupleWriterRightFrame.writeTupleFields(((RTreeNSMFrame) rightFrame).getTuples(), 0,
+                rTreeSplitKey.getRightPageBuffer(), 0);
+        rTreeSplitKey.getRightTuple().resetByTupleOffset(rTreeSplitKey.getRightPageBuffer(), 0);
+
+        tupleEntries1.clear();
+        tupleEntries2.clear();
+    }
+
+    public void generateDist(ITreeIndexFrame leftRTreeFrame, ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple,
+            ITupleReference tuple, TupleEntryArrayList entries, Rectangle rec, int start, int end) {
+        int j = 0;
+        while (entries.get(j).getTupleIndex() == -1) {
+            j++;
+        }
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leftRTreeFrame, entries.get(j).getTupleIndex());
+        rec.set(frameTuple, keyValueProviders);
+        for (int i = start; i < end; ++i) {
+            if (i != j) {
+                if (entries.get(i).getTupleIndex() != -1) {
+                    frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leftRTreeFrame, entries.get(i).getTupleIndex());
+                    rec.enlarge(frameTuple, keyValueProviders);
+                } else {
+                    rec.enlarge(tuple, keyValueProviders);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean findBestChild(ITreeIndexFrame frame, ITupleReference tuple, ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple, MultiComparator cmp) {
+        cmpFrameTuple.setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+        frameTuple.setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+
+        int bestChild = 0;
+        double minEnlargedArea = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+
+        // the children pointers in the node point to leaves
+        if (frame.getLevel() == 1) {
+            // find least overlap enlargement, use minimum enlarged area to
+            // break tie, if tie still exists use minimum area to break it
+            for (int i = 0; i < frame.getTupleCount(); ++i) {
+                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, i);
+                double enlargedArea = RTreeComputationUtils.enlargedArea(frameTuple, tuple, cmp, keyValueProviders);
+                tupleEntries1.add(i, enlargedArea);
+                if (enlargedArea < minEnlargedArea) {
+                    minEnlargedArea = enlargedArea;
+                    bestChild = i;
+                }
+            }
+            if (minEnlargedArea < RTreeNSMFrame.doubleEpsilon() || minEnlargedArea > RTreeNSMFrame.doubleEpsilon()) {
+                minEnlargedArea = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+                int k;
+                if (frame.getTupleCount() > nearMinimumOverlapFactor) {
+                    // sort the entries based on their area enlargement needed
+                    // to include the object
+                    tupleEntries1.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, frame.getTupleCount());
+                    k = nearMinimumOverlapFactor;
+                } else {
+                    k = frame.getTupleCount();
+                }
+
+                double minOverlap = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+                int id = 0;
+                for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
+                    double difference = 0.0;
+                    for (int j = 0; j < frame.getTupleCount(); ++j) {
+                        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, j);
+                        cmpFrameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex());
+
+                        int c = ((RTreeNSMInteriorFrame)frame).pointerCmp(frameTuple, cmpFrameTuple, cmp);
+                        if (c != 0) {
+                            double intersection = RTreeComputationUtils.overlappedArea(frameTuple, tuple, cmpFrameTuple, cmp, keyValueProviders);
+                            if (intersection != 0.0) {
+                                difference += intersection - RTreeComputationUtils.overlappedArea(frameTuple, null, cmpFrameTuple, cmp, keyValueProviders);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            id = j;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    double enlargedArea = RTreeComputationUtils.enlargedArea(cmpFrameTuple, tuple, cmp, keyValueProviders);
+                    if (difference < minOverlap) {
+                        minOverlap = difference;
+                        minEnlargedArea = enlargedArea;
+                        bestChild = id;
+                    } else if (difference == minOverlap) {
+                        if (enlargedArea < minEnlargedArea) {
+                            minEnlargedArea = enlargedArea;
+                            bestChild = id;
+                        } else if (enlargedArea == minEnlargedArea) {
+                            double area = RTreeComputationUtils.area(cmpFrameTuple, cmp, keyValueProviders);
+                            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, bestChild);
+                            double minArea = RTreeComputationUtils.area(frameTuple, cmp, keyValueProviders);
+                            if (area < minArea) {
+                                bestChild = id;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else { // find minimum enlarged area, use minimum area to break tie
+            for (int i = 0; i < frame.getTupleCount(); i++) {
+                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, i);
+                double enlargedArea = RTreeComputationUtils.enlargedArea(frameTuple, tuple, cmp, keyValueProviders);
+                if (enlargedArea < minEnlargedArea) {
+                    minEnlargedArea = enlargedArea;
+                    bestChild = i;
+                } else if (enlargedArea == minEnlargedArea) {
+                    double area = RTreeComputationUtils.area(frameTuple, cmp, keyValueProviders);
+                    frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, bestChild);
+                    double minArea = RTreeComputationUtils.area(frameTuple, cmp, keyValueProviders);
+                    if (area < minArea) {
+                        bestChild = i;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        tupleEntries1.clear();
+
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, bestChild);
+        if (minEnlargedArea > 0.0) {
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeComputationUtils.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeComputationUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..475dc6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeComputationUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+
+public class RTreeComputationUtils {
+
+    public static double enlargedArea(ITupleReference tuple, ITupleReference tupleToBeInserted, MultiComparator cmp,
+            IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders) {
+        double areaBeforeEnlarge = RTreeComputationUtils.area(tuple, cmp, keyValueProviders);
+        double areaAfterEnlarge = 1.0;
+
+        int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            double pHigh, pLow;
+            int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
+                    tuple.getFieldLength(i), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(i), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(i),
+                    tupleToBeInserted.getFieldLength(i));
+            if (c < 0) {
+                pLow = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i));
+            } else {
+                pLow = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(i),
+                        tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(i));
+            }
+
+            c = cmp.getComparators()[j].compare(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j),
+                    tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(j), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(j),
+                    tupleToBeInserted.getFieldLength(j));
+            if (c > 0) {
+                pHigh = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j));
+            } else {
+                pHigh = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(j),
+                        tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(j));
+            }
+            areaAfterEnlarge *= pHigh - pLow;
+        }
+        return areaAfterEnlarge - areaBeforeEnlarge;
+    }
+
+    public static double overlappedArea(ITupleReference tuple1, ITupleReference tupleToBeInserted,
+            ITupleReference tuple2, MultiComparator cmp, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders) {
+        double area = 1.0;
+        double f1, f2;
+
+        int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            double pHigh1, pLow1;
+            if (tupleToBeInserted != null) {
+                int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(tuple1.getFieldData(i), tuple1.getFieldStart(i),
+                        tuple1.getFieldLength(i), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(i),
+                        tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(i), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldLength(i));
+                if (c < 0) {
+                    pLow1 = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple1.getFieldData(i), tuple1.getFieldStart(i));
+                } else {
+                    pLow1 = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(i),
+                            tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(i));
+                }
+
+                c = cmp.getComparators()[j].compare(tuple1.getFieldData(j), tuple1.getFieldStart(j),
+                        tuple1.getFieldLength(j), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(j),
+                        tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(j), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldLength(j));
+                if (c > 0) {
+                    pHigh1 = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple1.getFieldData(j), tuple1.getFieldStart(j));
+                } else {
+                    pHigh1 = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(j),
+                            tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(j));
+                }
+            } else {
+                pLow1 = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple1.getFieldData(i), tuple1.getFieldStart(i));
+                pHigh1 = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple1.getFieldData(j), tuple1.getFieldStart(j));
+            }
+
+            double pLow2 = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple2.getFieldData(i), tuple2.getFieldStart(i));
+            double pHigh2 = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple2.getFieldData(j), tuple2.getFieldStart(j));
+
+            if (pLow1 > pHigh2 || pHigh1 < pLow2) {
+                return 0.0;
+            }
+
+            f1 = Math.max(pLow1, pLow2);
+            f2 = Math.min(pHigh1, pHigh2);
+            area *= f2 - f1;
+        }
+        return area;
+    }
+
+    public static double area(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders) {
+        double area = 1.0;
+        int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            area *= keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j))
+                    - keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i));
+        }
+        return area;
+    }
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMFrame.java
index 6943199..23c717d 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMFrame.java
@@ -22,13 +22,12 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.TreeIndexNSMFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.EntriesOrder;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSplitKey;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreePolicy;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.Rectangle;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.TupleEntryArrayList;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.UnorderedSlotManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter;
 
 public abstract class RTreeNSMFrame extends TreeIndexNSMFrame implements IRTreeFrame {
     protected static final int pageNsnOff = smFlagOff + 1;
@@ -42,13 +41,14 @@
 
     protected Rectangle[] rec;
 
-    protected static final double splitFactor = 0.4;
-    protected static final int nearMinimumOverlapFactor = 32;
     private static final double doubleEpsilon = computeDoubleEpsilon();
-    private static final int numTuplesEntries = 100;
+    private static final int numTuplesEntries = 500;
     protected final IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders;
 
-    public RTreeNSMFrame(ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders) {
+    protected IRTreePolicy rtreePolicy;
+
+    public RTreeNSMFrame(ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) {
         super(tupleWriter, new UnorderedSlotManager());
         this.tuples = new ITreeIndexTupleReference[keyValueProviders.length];
         for (int i = 0; i < keyValueProviders.length; i++) {
@@ -63,6 +63,13 @@
             rec[i] = new Rectangle(keyValueProviders.length / 2);
         }
         this.keyValueProviders = keyValueProviders;
+
+        if (rtreePolicyType == RTreePolicyType.RTREE) {
+            rtreePolicy = new RTreePolicy(tupleWriter, keyValueProviders, cmpFrameTuple, totalFreeSpaceOff);
+        } else {
+            rtreePolicy = new RStarTreePolicy(tupleWriter, keyValueProviders, cmpFrameTuple, totalFreeSpaceOff);
+        }
+
     }
 
     private static double computeDoubleEpsilon() {
@@ -115,161 +122,13 @@
         buf.putInt(rightPageOff, rightPage);
     }
 
-    protected ITreeIndexTupleReference[] getTuples() {
+    public ITreeIndexTupleReference[] getTuples() {
         return tuples;
     }
 
     @Override
     public void split(ITreeIndexFrame rightFrame, ITupleReference tuple, ISplitKey splitKey) {
-        RTreeSplitKey rTreeSplitKey = ((RTreeSplitKey) splitKey);
-        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter rTreeTupleWriterLeftFrame = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) tupleWriter);
-        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter rTreeTupleWriterRightFrame = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) rightFrame.getTupleWriter());
-
-        // calculations are based on the R*-tree paper
-        int m = (int) Math.floor((getTupleCount() + 1) * splitFactor);
-        int splitDistribution = getTupleCount() - (2 * m) + 2;
-
-        // to calculate the minimum margin in order to pick the split axis
-        double minMargin = Double.MAX_VALUE;
-        int splitAxis = 0, sortOrder = 0;
-
-        int maxFieldPos = keyValueProviders.length / 2;
-        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
-            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
-            for (int k = 0; k < getTupleCount(); ++k) {
-
-                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, k);
-                double LowerKey = keyValueProviders[i]
-                        .getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(i), frameTuple.getFieldStart(i));
-                double UpperKey = keyValueProviders[j]
-                        .getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(j), frameTuple.getFieldStart(j));
-
-                tupleEntries1.add(k, LowerKey);
-                tupleEntries2.add(k, UpperKey);
-            }
-            double LowerKey = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i));
-            double UpperKey = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j));
-
-            tupleEntries1.add(-1, LowerKey);
-            tupleEntries2.add(-1, UpperKey);
-
-            tupleEntries1.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, getTupleCount() + 1);
-            tupleEntries2.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, getTupleCount() + 1);
-
-            double lowerMargin = 0.0, upperMargin = 0.0;
-            // generate distribution
-            for (int k = 1; k <= splitDistribution; ++k) {
-                int d = m - 1 + k;
-
-                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[0], 0, d);
-                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries2, rec[1], 0, d);
-                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[2], d, getTupleCount() + 1);
-                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries2, rec[3], d, getTupleCount() + 1);
-
-                // calculate the margin of the distributions
-                lowerMargin += rec[0].margin() + rec[2].margin();
-                upperMargin += rec[1].margin() + rec[3].margin();
-            }
-            double margin = Math.min(lowerMargin, upperMargin);
-
-            // store minimum margin as split axis
-            if (margin < minMargin) {
-                minMargin = margin;
-                splitAxis = i;
-                sortOrder = (lowerMargin < upperMargin) ? 0 : 2;
-            }
-
-            tupleEntries1.clear();
-            tupleEntries2.clear();
-        }
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < getTupleCount(); ++i) {
-            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
-            double key = keyValueProviders[splitAxis + sortOrder].getValue(
-                    frameTuple.getFieldData(splitAxis + sortOrder), frameTuple.getFieldStart(splitAxis + sortOrder));
-            tupleEntries1.add(i, key);
-        }
-        double key = keyValueProviders[splitAxis + sortOrder].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(splitAxis + sortOrder),
-                tuple.getFieldStart(splitAxis + sortOrder));
-        tupleEntries1.add(-1, key);
-        tupleEntries1.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, getTupleCount() + 1);
-
-        double minArea = Double.MAX_VALUE;
-        double minOverlap = Double.MAX_VALUE;
-        int splitPoint = 0;
-        for (int i = 1; i <= splitDistribution; ++i) {
-            int d = m - 1 + i;
-
-            generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[0], 0, d);
-            generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[2], d, getTupleCount() + 1);
-
-            double overlap = rec[0].overlappedArea(rec[2]);
-            if (overlap < minOverlap) {
-                splitPoint = d;
-                minOverlap = overlap;
-                minArea = rec[0].area() + rec[2].area();
-            } else if (overlap == minOverlap) {
-                double area = rec[0].area() + rec[2].area();
-                if (area < minArea) {
-                    splitPoint = d;
-                    minArea = area;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        int startIndex, endIndex;
-        if (splitPoint < (getTupleCount() + 1) / 2) {
-            startIndex = 0;
-            endIndex = splitPoint;
-        } else {
-            startIndex = splitPoint;
-            endIndex = (getTupleCount() + 1);
-        }
-        boolean tupleInserted = false;
-        int totalBytes = 0, numOfDeletedTuples = 0;
-        for (int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) {
-            if (tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex() != -1) {
-                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex());
-                rightFrame.insert(frameTuple, -1);
-                ((UnorderedSlotManager) slotManager).modifySlot(
-                        slotManager.getSlotOff(tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex()), -1);
-                totalBytes += getTupleSize(frameTuple);
-                numOfDeletedTuples++;
-            } else {
-                rightFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
-                tupleInserted = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        ((UnorderedSlotManager) slotManager).deleteEmptySlots();
-
-        // maintain space information
-        buf.putInt(totalFreeSpaceOff, buf.getInt(totalFreeSpaceOff) + totalBytes
-                + (slotManager.getSlotSize() * numOfDeletedTuples));
-
-        // compact both pages
-        rightFrame.compact();
-        compact();
-
-        if (!tupleInserted) {
-            insert(tuple, -1);
-        }
-
-        int tupleOff = slotManager.getTupleOff(slotManager.getSlotEndOff());
-        frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, tupleOff);
-        int splitKeySize = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frameTuple, 0, keyValueProviders.length);
-
-        splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
-        this.adjustMBR();
-        rTreeTupleWriterLeftFrame.writeTupleFields(getTuples(), 0, rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
-        rTreeSplitKey.getLeftTuple().resetByTupleOffset(rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
-
-        ((IRTreeFrame) rightFrame).adjustMBR();
-        rTreeTupleWriterRightFrame.writeTupleFields(((RTreeNSMFrame) rightFrame).getTuples(), 0,
-                rTreeSplitKey.getRightPageBuffer(), 0);
-        rTreeSplitKey.getRightTuple().resetByTupleOffset(rTreeSplitKey.getRightPageBuffer(), 0);
-
-        tupleEntries1.clear();
-        tupleEntries2.clear();
+        rtreePolicy.split(this, buf, rightFrame, slotManager, frameTuple, tuple, splitKey);
     }
 
     abstract public int getTupleSize(ITupleReference tuple);
@@ -329,4 +188,9 @@
     public int getPageHeaderSize() {
         return rightPageOff;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setMultiComparator(MultiComparator cmp) {
+        // currently, R-Tree Frames are unsorted
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java
index 63387ef..c1d93c4 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.SlotOffTupleOff;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.EntriesOrder;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.PathList;
 
 public class RTreeNSMInteriorFrame extends RTreeNSMFrame implements IRTreeInteriorFrame {
@@ -41,109 +40,16 @@
             .createBinaryComparator();
     private final int keyFieldCount;
 
-    public RTreeNSMInteriorFrame(ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders) {
-        super(tupleWriter, keyValueProviders);
+    public RTreeNSMInteriorFrame(ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) {
+        super(tupleWriter, keyValueProviders, rtreePolicyType);
         keyFieldCount = keyValueProviders.length;
         frameTuple.setFieldCount(keyFieldCount);
     }
 
     @Override
     public boolean findBestChild(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp) {
-        cmpFrameTuple.setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
-        frameTuple.setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
-
-        int bestChild = 0;
-        double minEnlargedArea = Double.MAX_VALUE;
-
-        // the children pointers in the node point to leaves
-        if (getLevel() == 1) {
-            // find least overlap enlargement, use minimum enlarged area to
-            // break tie, if tie still exists use minimum area to break it
-            for (int i = 0; i < getTupleCount(); ++i) {
-                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
-                double enlargedArea = enlargedArea(frameTuple, tuple, cmp);
-                tupleEntries1.add(i, enlargedArea);
-                if (enlargedArea < minEnlargedArea) {
-                    minEnlargedArea = enlargedArea;
-                    bestChild = i;
-                }
-            }
-            if (minEnlargedArea < RTreeNSMFrame.doubleEpsilon() || minEnlargedArea > RTreeNSMFrame.doubleEpsilon()) {
-                minEnlargedArea = Double.MAX_VALUE;
-                int k;
-                if (getTupleCount() > nearMinimumOverlapFactor) {
-                    // sort the entries based on their area enlargement needed
-                    // to include the object
-                    tupleEntries1.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, getTupleCount());
-                    k = nearMinimumOverlapFactor;
-                } else {
-                    k = getTupleCount();
-                }
-
-                double minOverlap = Double.MAX_VALUE;
-                int id = 0;
-                for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
-                    double difference = 0.0;
-                    for (int j = 0; j < getTupleCount(); ++j) {
-                        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, j);
-                        cmpFrameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex());
-
-                        int c = pointerCmp(frameTuple, cmpFrameTuple, cmp);
-                        if (c != 0) {
-                            double intersection = overlappedArea(frameTuple, tuple, cmpFrameTuple, cmp);
-                            if (intersection != 0.0) {
-                                difference += intersection - overlappedArea(frameTuple, null, cmpFrameTuple, cmp);
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            id = j;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    double enlargedArea = enlargedArea(cmpFrameTuple, tuple, cmp);
-                    if (difference < minOverlap) {
-                        minOverlap = difference;
-                        minEnlargedArea = enlargedArea;
-                        bestChild = id;
-                    } else if (difference == minOverlap) {
-                        if (enlargedArea < minEnlargedArea) {
-                            minEnlargedArea = enlargedArea;
-                            bestChild = id;
-                        } else if (enlargedArea == minEnlargedArea) {
-                            double area = area(cmpFrameTuple, cmp);
-                            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, bestChild);
-                            double minArea = area(frameTuple, cmp);
-                            if (area < minArea) {
-                                bestChild = id;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        } else { // find minimum enlarged area, use minimum area to break tie
-            for (int i = 0; i < getTupleCount(); i++) {
-                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
-                double enlargedArea = enlargedArea(frameTuple, tuple, cmp);
-                if (enlargedArea < minEnlargedArea) {
-                    minEnlargedArea = enlargedArea;
-                    bestChild = i;
-                } else if (enlargedArea == minEnlargedArea) {
-                    double area = area(frameTuple, cmp);
-                    frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, bestChild);
-                    double minArea = area(frameTuple, cmp);
-                    if (area < minArea) {
-                        bestChild = i;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        tupleEntries1.clear();
-
-        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, bestChild);
-        if (minEnlargedArea > 0.0) {
-            return true;
-        } else {
-            return false;
-        }
+        return rtreePolicy.findBestChild(this, tuple, frameTuple, cmp);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -279,7 +185,7 @@
 
     }
 
-    private int pointerCmp(ITupleReference tupleA, ITupleReference tupleB, MultiComparator cmp) {
+    protected int pointerCmp(ITupleReference tupleA, ITupleReference tupleB, MultiComparator cmp) {
         return childPtrCmp
                 .compare(tupleA.getFieldData(cmp.getKeyFieldCount() - 1), getChildPointerOff(tupleA), childPtrSize,
                         tupleB.getFieldData(cmp.getKeyFieldCount() - 1), getChildPointerOff(tupleB), childPtrSize);
@@ -354,97 +260,6 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    private double overlappedArea(ITupleReference tuple1, ITupleReference tupleToBeInserted, ITupleReference tuple2,
-            MultiComparator cmp) {
-        double area = 1.0;
-        double f1, f2;
-
-        int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
-        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
-            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
-            double pHigh1, pLow1;
-            if (tupleToBeInserted != null) {
-                int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(tuple1.getFieldData(i), tuple1.getFieldStart(i),
-                        tuple1.getFieldLength(i), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(i),
-                        tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(i), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldLength(i));
-                if (c < 0) {
-                    pLow1 = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple1.getFieldData(i), tuple1.getFieldStart(i));
-                } else {
-                    pLow1 = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(i),
-                            tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(i));
-                }
-
-                c = cmp.getComparators()[j].compare(tuple1.getFieldData(j), tuple1.getFieldStart(j),
-                        tuple1.getFieldLength(j), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(j),
-                        tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(j), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldLength(j));
-                if (c > 0) {
-                    pHigh1 = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple1.getFieldData(j), tuple1.getFieldStart(j));
-                } else {
-                    pHigh1 = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(j),
-                            tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(j));
-                }
-            } else {
-                pLow1 = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple1.getFieldData(i), tuple1.getFieldStart(i));
-                pHigh1 = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple1.getFieldData(j), tuple1.getFieldStart(j));
-            }
-
-            double pLow2 = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple2.getFieldData(i), tuple2.getFieldStart(i));
-            double pHigh2 = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple2.getFieldData(j), tuple2.getFieldStart(j));
-
-            if (pLow1 > pHigh2 || pHigh1 < pLow2) {
-                return 0.0;
-            }
-
-            f1 = Math.max(pLow1, pLow2);
-            f2 = Math.min(pHigh1, pHigh2);
-            area *= f2 - f1;
-        }
-        return area;
-    }
-
-    private double enlargedArea(ITupleReference tuple, ITupleReference tupleToBeInserted, MultiComparator cmp) {
-        double areaBeforeEnlarge = area(tuple, cmp);
-        double areaAfterEnlarge = 1.0;
-
-        int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
-        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
-            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
-            double pHigh, pLow;
-            int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
-                    tuple.getFieldLength(i), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(i), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(i),
-                    tupleToBeInserted.getFieldLength(i));
-            if (c < 0) {
-                pLow = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i));
-            } else {
-                pLow = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(i),
-                        tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(i));
-            }
-
-            c = cmp.getComparators()[j].compare(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j),
-                    tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(j), tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(j),
-                    tupleToBeInserted.getFieldLength(j));
-            if (c > 0) {
-                pHigh = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j));
-            } else {
-                pHigh = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(j),
-                        tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(j));
-            }
-            areaAfterEnlarge *= pHigh - pLow;
-        }
-        return areaAfterEnlarge - areaBeforeEnlarge;
-    }
-
-    private double area(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp) {
-        double area = 1.0;
-        int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
-        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
-            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
-            area *= keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j))
-                    - keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i));
-        }
-        return area;
-    }
-
     @Override
     public boolean checkEnlargement(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp) {
         int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
@@ -509,4 +324,8 @@
     public int getFieldCount() {
         return keyValueProviders.length;
     }
+
+    public int getChildPointerSize() {
+        return childPtrSize;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory.java
index 943a179..fdb0e0a 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory.java
@@ -26,13 +26,16 @@
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
     private final ITreeIndexTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory;
     private final IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] keyValueProviderFactories;
+    private final RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType;
 
-    public RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(ITreeIndexTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] keyValueProviderFactories) {
+    public RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(ITreeIndexTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] keyValueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) {
         this.tupleWriterFactory = tupleWriterFactory;
         if (keyValueProviderFactories.length % 2 != 0) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("The key has different number of dimensions.");
         }
         this.keyValueProviderFactories = keyValueProviderFactories;
+        this.rtreePolicyType = rtreePolicyType;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -41,11 +44,11 @@
         for (int i = 0; i < keyValueProviders.length; i++) {
             keyValueProviders[i] = keyValueProviderFactories[i].createPrimitiveValueProvider();
         }
-        return new RTreeNSMInteriorFrame(tupleWriterFactory.createTupleWriter(), keyValueProviders);
+        return new RTreeNSMInteriorFrame(tupleWriterFactory.createTupleWriter(), keyValueProviders, rtreePolicyType);
     }
 
-	@Override
-	public ITreeIndexTupleWriterFactory getTupleWriterFactory() {
-		return tupleWriterFactory;
-	}
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexTupleWriterFactory getTupleWriterFactory() {
+        return tupleWriterFactory;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMLeafFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMLeafFrame.java
index 3c6701e..d52ef16 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMLeafFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMLeafFrame.java
@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@
 
 public class RTreeNSMLeafFrame extends RTreeNSMFrame implements IRTreeLeafFrame {
 
-    public RTreeNSMLeafFrame(ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders) {
-        super(tupleWriter, keyValueProviders);
+    public RTreeNSMLeafFrame(ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) {
+        super(tupleWriter, keyValueProviders, rtreePolicyType);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory.java
index e31148f..b4d382b 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory.java
@@ -26,13 +26,16 @@
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
     private final ITreeIndexTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory;
     private final IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] keyValueProviderFactories;
+    private final RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType;
 
-    public RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(ITreeIndexTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] keyValueProviderFactories) {
+    public RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(ITreeIndexTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] keyValueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) {
         this.tupleWriterFactory = tupleWriterFactory;
         if (keyValueProviderFactories.length % 2 != 0) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("The key has different number of dimensions.");
         }
         this.keyValueProviderFactories = keyValueProviderFactories;
+        this.rtreePolicyType = rtreePolicyType;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -41,11 +44,11 @@
         for (int i = 0; i < keyValueProviders.length; i++) {
             keyValueProviders[i] = keyValueProviderFactories[i].createPrimitiveValueProvider();
         }
-        return new RTreeNSMLeafFrame(tupleWriterFactory.createTupleWriter(), keyValueProviders);
+        return new RTreeNSMLeafFrame(tupleWriterFactory.createTupleWriter(), keyValueProviders, rtreePolicyType);
     }
 
-	@Override
-	public ITreeIndexTupleWriterFactory getTupleWriterFactory() {
-		return tupleWriterFactory;
-	}
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexTupleWriterFactory getTupleWriterFactory() {
+        return tupleWriterFactory;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreePolicy.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreePolicy.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f69661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreePolicy.java
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISlotManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISplitKey;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSplitKey;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.Rectangle;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.UnorderedSlotManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter;
+
+public class RTreePolicy implements IRTreePolicy {
+
+    private Rectangle[] rec;
+
+    private final ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter;
+    private final IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders;
+    private ITreeIndexTupleReference cmpFrameTuple;
+    private final int totalFreeSpaceOff;
+
+    public RTreePolicy(ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders,
+            ITreeIndexTupleReference cmpFrameTuple, int totalFreeSpaceOff) {
+        this.tupleWriter = tupleWriter;
+        this.keyValueProviders = keyValueProviders;
+        this.cmpFrameTuple = cmpFrameTuple;
+        this.totalFreeSpaceOff = totalFreeSpaceOff;
+
+        rec = new Rectangle[2];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            rec[i] = new Rectangle(keyValueProviders.length / 2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void split(ITreeIndexFrame leftFrame, ByteBuffer buf, ITreeIndexFrame rightFrame, ISlotManager slotManager,
+            ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple, ITupleReference tuple, ISplitKey splitKey) {
+        RTreeSplitKey rTreeSplitKey = ((RTreeSplitKey) splitKey);
+        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter rTreeTupleWriterLeftFrame = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) tupleWriter);
+        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter rTreeTupleWriterRightFrame = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) rightFrame.getTupleWriter());
+
+        RTreeNSMFrame leftRTreeFrame = ((RTreeNSMFrame) leftFrame);
+
+        double separation = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+        int seed1 = 0, seed2 = 0;
+        int maxFieldPos = keyValueProviders.length / 2;
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leftRTreeFrame, 0);
+            double leastLowerValue = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i));
+            double greatestUpperValue = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j));
+            double leastUpperValue = leastLowerValue;
+            double greatestLowerValue = greatestUpperValue;
+            int leastUpperIndex = -1;
+            int greatestLowerIndex = -1;
+            double width;
+
+            for (int k = 0; k < leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount(); ++k) {
+                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leftRTreeFrame, k);
+                double lowerValue = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(i),
+                        frameTuple.getFieldStart(i));
+                if (lowerValue > greatestLowerValue) {
+                    greatestLowerIndex = k;
+                    cmpFrameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leftRTreeFrame, k);
+                    greatestLowerValue = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(cmpFrameTuple.getFieldData(i),
+                            cmpFrameTuple.getFieldStart(i));
+                }
+                double higherValue = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(j),
+                        frameTuple.getFieldStart(j));
+                if (higherValue < leastUpperValue) {
+                    leastUpperIndex = k;
+                    cmpFrameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leftRTreeFrame, k);
+                    leastUpperValue = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(cmpFrameTuple.getFieldData(j),
+                            cmpFrameTuple.getFieldStart(j));
+                }
+
+                leastLowerValue = Math.min(lowerValue, leastLowerValue);
+                greatestUpperValue = Math.max(higherValue, greatestUpperValue);
+            }
+
+            width = greatestUpperValue - leastLowerValue;
+            if (width <= 0) {
+                width = 1;
+            }
+
+            double f = (greatestLowerValue - leastUpperValue) / width;
+
+            if (f > separation) {
+                seed1 = leastUpperIndex;
+                seed2 = greatestLowerIndex;
+                separation = f;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (seed1 == -1 && seed1 == seed2) {
+            seed2 = 0;
+        } else if (seed1 == seed2) {
+            if (seed2 == 0) {
+                ++seed2;
+            } else {
+                --seed2;
+            }
+        }
+
+        int totalBytes = 0, numOfDeletedTuples = 0;
+        if (seed1 == -1) {
+            rightFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
+            rec[0].set(tuple, keyValueProviders);
+        } else {
+            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leftRTreeFrame, seed1);
+            rec[0].set(frameTuple, keyValueProviders);
+            rightFrame.insert(frameTuple, -1);
+            ((UnorderedSlotManager) slotManager).modifySlot(slotManager.getSlotOff(seed1), -1);
+            totalBytes += leftRTreeFrame.getTupleSize(frameTuple);
+            numOfDeletedTuples++;
+        }
+
+        if (seed2 == -1) {
+            rec[1].set(tuple, keyValueProviders);
+        } else {
+            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leftRTreeFrame, seed2);
+            rec[1].set(frameTuple, keyValueProviders);
+        }
+        int remainingTuplestoBeInsertedInRightFrame;
+        for (int k = 0; k < leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount(); ++k) {
+            remainingTuplestoBeInsertedInRightFrame = leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount() / 2 - rightFrame.getTupleCount();
+            if (remainingTuplestoBeInsertedInRightFrame == 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if (k != seed1 && k != seed2) {
+                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leftRTreeFrame, k);
+                if (rec[0].enlargedArea(frameTuple, keyValueProviders) < rec[1].enlargedArea(frameTuple,
+                        keyValueProviders)
+                        || leftRTreeFrame.getTupleCount() - k <= remainingTuplestoBeInsertedInRightFrame) {
+                    rightFrame.insert(frameTuple, -1);
+                    rec[0].enlarge(frameTuple, keyValueProviders);
+                    ((UnorderedSlotManager) slotManager).modifySlot(slotManager.getSlotOff(k), -1);
+                    totalBytes += leftRTreeFrame.getTupleSize(frameTuple);
+                    numOfDeletedTuples++;
+                } else {
+                    rec[1].enlarge(frameTuple, keyValueProviders);
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        ((UnorderedSlotManager) slotManager).deleteEmptySlots();
+
+        // maintain space information
+        buf.putInt(totalFreeSpaceOff, buf.getInt(totalFreeSpaceOff) + totalBytes
+                + (slotManager.getSlotSize() * numOfDeletedTuples));
+
+        // compact both pages
+        rightFrame.compact();
+        leftRTreeFrame.compact();
+
+        if (seed2 == -1) {
+            leftRTreeFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
+        } else if (seed1 != -1
+                && rec[0].enlargedArea(tuple, keyValueProviders) < rec[1].enlargedArea(tuple, keyValueProviders)) {
+            rightFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
+        } else if (seed1 != -1) {
+            leftRTreeFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
+        }
+
+        int tupleOff = slotManager.getTupleOff(slotManager.getSlotEndOff());
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, tupleOff);
+        int splitKeySize = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frameTuple, 0, keyValueProviders.length);
+
+        splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
+        leftRTreeFrame.adjustMBR();
+        rTreeTupleWriterLeftFrame.writeTupleFields(leftRTreeFrame.getTuples(), 0, rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
+        rTreeSplitKey.getLeftTuple().resetByTupleOffset(rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
+
+        ((IRTreeFrame) rightFrame).adjustMBR();
+        rTreeTupleWriterRightFrame.writeTupleFields(((RTreeNSMFrame) rightFrame).getTuples(), 0,
+                rTreeSplitKey.getRightPageBuffer(), 0);
+        rTreeSplitKey.getRightTuple().resetByTupleOffset(rTreeSplitKey.getRightPageBuffer(), 0);
+
+    }
+
+    public boolean findBestChild(ITreeIndexFrame frame, ITupleReference tuple, ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple,
+            MultiComparator cmp) {
+        cmpFrameTuple.setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+        frameTuple.setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+
+        int bestChild = 0;
+        double minEnlargedArea = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+
+        // find minimum enlarged area, use minimum area to break tie
+        for (int i = 0; i < frame.getTupleCount(); i++) {
+            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, i);
+            double enlargedArea = RTreeComputationUtils.enlargedArea(frameTuple, tuple, cmp, keyValueProviders);
+            if (enlargedArea < minEnlargedArea) {
+                minEnlargedArea = enlargedArea;
+                bestChild = i;
+            } else if (enlargedArea == minEnlargedArea) {
+                double area = RTreeComputationUtils.area(frameTuple, cmp, keyValueProviders);
+                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, bestChild);
+                double minArea = RTreeComputationUtils.area(frameTuple, cmp, keyValueProviders);
+                if (area < minArea) {
+                    bestChild = i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, bestChild);
+        if (minEnlargedArea > 0.0) {
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreePolicyType.java
similarity index 72%
copy from hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java
copy to hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreePolicyType.java
index cfc71fc..712c424 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreePolicyType.java
@@ -13,10 +13,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples;
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames;
 
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
-
-public interface ILSMBTreeTupleReference extends ITreeIndexTupleReference {
-	public boolean isAntimatter();
+public enum RTreePolicyType {
+    RTREE, RSTARTREE
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTree.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTree.java
index d69de4b..356c097 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTree.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTree.java
@@ -15,33 +15,32 @@
 
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls;
 
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
-import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
-import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexOpContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IModificationOperationCallback;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchOperationCallback;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.FrameOpSpaceStatus;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NoOpOperationCallback;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.AbstractTreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NodeFrontier;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.TreeDiskOrderScanCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
@@ -49,57 +48,29 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMInteriorFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.BufferedFileHandle;
 
-public class RTree implements ITreeIndex {
-
-    private final int rootPage = 1;
+public class RTree extends AbstractTreeIndex {
 
     // Global node sequence number used for the concurrency control protocol
     private final AtomicLong globalNsn;
-    private final ReadWriteLock treeLatch;
-
-    private final IFreePageManager freePageManager;
-    private final IBufferCache bufferCache;
-    private int fileId;
-
-    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory;
-    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory;
-    private final int fieldCount;
-    private final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories;
 
     public RTree(IBufferCache bufferCache, int fieldCount, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories,
             IFreePageManager freePageManager, ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory,
             ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory) {
-        this.bufferCache = bufferCache;
-        this.fieldCount = fieldCount;
-        this.cmpFactories = cmpFactories;
-        this.freePageManager = freePageManager;
-        this.interiorFrameFactory = interiorFrameFactory;
-        this.leafFrameFactory = leafFrameFactory;
+        super(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmpFactories, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
         globalNsn = new AtomicLong();
-        this.treeLatch = new ReentrantReadWriteLock(true);
     }
 
     private long incrementGlobalNsn() {
         return globalNsn.incrementAndGet();
     }
 
-    public byte getTreeHeight(IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame) throws HyracksDataException {
-        ICachedPage rootNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rootPage), false);
-        rootNode.acquireReadLatch();
-        try {
-            leafFrame.setPage(rootNode);
-            return leafFrame.getLevel();
-        } finally {
-            rootNode.releaseReadLatch();
-            bufferCache.unpin(rootNode);
-        }
-    }
-
     @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
     public String printTree(IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame, IRTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame,
             ISerializerDeserializer[] keySerdes) throws Exception {
@@ -190,28 +161,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public void open(int fileId) {
-        this.fileId = fileId;
-        freePageManager.open(fileId);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void close() {
-        fileId = -1;
-        freePageManager.close();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int getFileId() {
-        return fileId;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public IBufferCache getBufferCache() {
-        return bufferCache;
-    }
-
     private RTreeOpContext createOpContext(IModificationOperationCallback modificationCallback,
             ISearchOperationCallback searchCallback) {
         return new RTreeOpContext((IRTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame(),
@@ -820,82 +769,10 @@
         ctx.cursor.open(ctx.cursorInitialState, (SearchPredicate) searchPred);
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getInteriorFrameFactory() {
-        return interiorFrameFactory;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getLeafFrameFactory() {
-        return leafFrameFactory;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
-        return cmpFactories;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public IFreePageManager getFreePageManager() {
-        return freePageManager;
-    }
-
     private void update(ITupleReference tuple, RTreeOpContext ctx) {
         throw new UnsupportedOperationException("RTree Update not implemented.");
     }
 
-    public boolean isEmptyTree(IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame) throws HyracksDataException {
-        ICachedPage rootNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rootPage), false);
-        rootNode.acquireReadLatch();
-        try {
-            leafFrame.setPage(rootNode);
-            if (leafFrame.getLevel() == 0 && leafFrame.getTupleCount() == 0) {
-                return true;
-            } else {
-                return false;
-            }
-        } finally {
-            rootNode.releaseReadLatch();
-            bufferCache.unpin(rootNode);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public final class BulkLoadContext implements IIndexBulkLoadContext {
-
-        public ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor;
-
-        public BulkLoadContext(float fillFactor, IRTreeFrame leafFrame, IRTreeFrame interiorFrame,
-                ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame) throws HyracksDataException {
-            indexAccessor = createAccessor(NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE, NoOpOperationCallback.INSTANCE);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public IIndexBulkLoadContext beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws HyracksDataException {
-        IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IRTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
-        if (!isEmptyTree(leafFrame)) {
-            throw new HyracksDataException("Trying to Bulk-load a non-empty RTree.");
-        }
-
-        BulkLoadContext ctx = new BulkLoadContext(fillFactor, (IRTreeFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame(),
-                (IRTreeFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame(), freePageManager.getMetaDataFrameFactory()
-                        .createFrame());
-        return ctx;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void bulkLoadAddTuple(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
-        try {
-            ((BulkLoadContext) ictx).indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-            throw new HyracksDataException("BulkLoad Error", e);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void endBulkLoad(IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
-    }
-
     private void diskOrderScan(ITreeIndexCursor icursor, RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
         TreeDiskOrderScanCursor cursor = (TreeDiskOrderScanCursor) icursor;
         ctx.reset();
@@ -903,7 +780,7 @@
         MultiComparator cmp = MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
         SearchPredicate searchPred = new SearchPredicate(null, cmp);
 
-        int currentPageId = rootPage + 1;
+        int currentPageId = rootPage;
         int maxPageId = freePageManager.getMaxPage(ctx.metaFrame);
 
         ICachedPage page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, currentPageId), false);
@@ -924,16 +801,6 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public int getRootPageId() {
-        return rootPage;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public int getFieldCount() {
-        return fieldCount;
-    }
-
-    @Override
     public IndexType getIndexType() {
         return IndexType.RTREE;
     }
@@ -1006,4 +873,121 @@
                     "The RTree does not support the notion of keys, therefore upsert does not make sense.");
         }
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public AbstractTreeIndexBulkLoader createBulkLoader(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException {
+        try {
+            return new RTreeBulkLoader(fillFactor);
+        } catch (HyracksDataException e) {
+            throw new TreeIndexException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class RTreeBulkLoader extends AbstractTreeIndex.AbstractTreeIndexBulkLoader {
+        ITreeIndexFrame lowerFrame, prevInteriorFrame;
+        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter tupleWriter = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) interiorFrame.getTupleWriter());
+        ITreeIndexTupleReference mbrTuple = interiorFrame.createTupleReference();
+        ByteBuffer mbr;
+
+        public RTreeBulkLoader(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException {
+            super(fillFactor);
+            prevInteriorFrame = interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void add(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException {
+            NodeFrontier leafFrontier = nodeFrontiers.get(0);
+
+            int spaceNeeded = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple) + slotSize;
+            int spaceUsed = leafFrame.getBuffer().capacity() - leafFrame.getTotalFreeSpace();
+
+            // try to free space by compression
+            if (spaceUsed + spaceNeeded > leafMaxBytes) {
+                leafFrame.compress();
+                spaceUsed = leafFrame.getBuffer().capacity() - leafFrame.getTotalFreeSpace();
+            }
+
+            if (spaceUsed + spaceNeeded > leafMaxBytes) {
+                propagateBulk(1, false);
+
+                leafFrontier.pageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(metaFrame);
+
+                leafFrontier.page.releaseWriteLatch();
+                bufferCache.unpin(leafFrontier.page);
+
+                leafFrontier.page = bufferCache
+                        .pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, leafFrontier.pageId), true);
+                leafFrontier.page.acquireWriteLatch();
+                leafFrame.setPage(leafFrontier.page);
+                leafFrame.initBuffer((byte) 0);
+            }
+
+            leafFrame.setPage(leafFrontier.page);
+            leafFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
+        }
+
+        public void end() throws HyracksDataException {
+            propagateBulk(1, true);
+
+            super.end();
+        }
+
+        protected void propagateBulk(int level, boolean toRoot) throws HyracksDataException {
+            boolean propagated = false;
+
+            if (level == 1)
+                lowerFrame = leafFrame;
+
+            if (lowerFrame.getTupleCount() == 0)
+                return;
+
+            if (level >= nodeFrontiers.size())
+                addLevel();
+
+            ((RTreeNSMFrame) lowerFrame).adjustMBR();
+
+            if (mbr == null) {
+                int bytesRequired = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(((RTreeNSMFrame) lowerFrame).getTuples()[0], 0,
+                        cmp.getKeyFieldCount())
+                        + ((RTreeNSMInteriorFrame) interiorFrame).getChildPointerSize();
+                mbr = ByteBuffer.allocate(bytesRequired);
+            }
+            tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(((RTreeNSMFrame) lowerFrame).getTuples(), 0, mbr, 0);
+            mbrTuple.resetByTupleOffset(mbr, 0);
+
+            NodeFrontier frontier = nodeFrontiers.get(level);
+            interiorFrame.setPage(frontier.page);
+
+            interiorFrame.insert(mbrTuple, -1);
+
+            interiorFrame.getBuffer().putInt(
+                    interiorFrame.getTupleOffset(interiorFrame.getTupleCount() - 1) + mbrTuple.getTupleSize(),
+                    nodeFrontiers.get(level - 1).pageId);
+
+            if (interiorFrame.hasSpaceInsert(mbrTuple) != FrameOpSpaceStatus.SUFFICIENT_CONTIGUOUS_SPACE && !toRoot) {
+                lowerFrame = prevInteriorFrame;
+                lowerFrame.setPage(frontier.page);
+
+                propagateBulk(level + 1, toRoot);
+                propagated = true;
+
+                frontier.page.releaseWriteLatch();
+                bufferCache.unpin(frontier.page);
+                frontier.pageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(metaFrame);
+
+                frontier.page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, frontier.pageId), true);
+                frontier.page.acquireWriteLatch();
+                interiorFrame.setPage(frontier.page);
+                interiorFrame.initBuffer((byte) level);
+            }
+
+            if (toRoot && !propagated && level < nodeFrontiers.size() - 1) {
+                lowerFrame = prevInteriorFrame;
+                lowerFrame.setPage(frontier.page);
+                propagateBulk(level + 1, true);
+            }
+
+            leafFrame.setPage(nodeFrontiers.get(0).page);
+        }
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTreeSearchCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTreeSearchCursor.java
index 0ae8969..799dbe5 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTreeSearchCursor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTreeSearchCursor.java
@@ -40,14 +40,14 @@
     private SearchPredicate pred;
     private PathList pathList;
     private int rootPage;
-    private ITupleReference searchKey;
+    protected ITupleReference searchKey;
 
     private int tupleIndex = 0;
     private int tupleIndexInc = 0;
     private int currentTupleIndex = 0;
     private int pageId = -1;
 
-    private MultiComparator cmp;
+    protected MultiComparator cmp;
 
     private ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple;
     private boolean readLatched = false;
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
         pathList = null;
     }
 
+    @Override
     public ITupleReference getTuple() {
         return frameTuple;
     }
@@ -120,15 +121,18 @@
                 }
 
                 if (!isLeaf) {
+                    // We do DFS so that we get the tuples ordered (for disk
+                    // RTrees only) in the case we we are using total order
+                    // (such as Hilbert order)
                     if (searchKey != null) {
-                        for (int i = 0; i < interiorFrame.getTupleCount(); i++) {
+                        for (int i = interiorFrame.getTupleCount() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                             int childPageId = interiorFrame.getChildPageIdIfIntersect(searchKey, i, cmp);
                             if (childPageId != -1) {
                                 pathList.add(childPageId, pageLsn, -1);
                             }
                         }
                     } else {
-                        for (int i = 0; i < interiorFrame.getTupleCount(); i++) {
+                        for (int i = interiorFrame.getTupleCount() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                             int childPageId = interiorFrame.getChildPageId(i);
                             pathList.add(childPageId, pageLsn, -1);
                         }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/Rectangle.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/Rectangle.java
index cb9b160..d0f4c71 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/Rectangle.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/Rectangle.java
@@ -19,94 +19,120 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProvider;
 
 public class Rectangle {
-	private int dim;
-	private double[] low;
-	private double[] high;
+    private int dim;
+    private double[] low;
+    private double[] high;
 
-	public Rectangle(int dim) {
-		this.dim = dim;
-		low = new double[this.dim];
-		high = new double[this.dim];
-	}
+    public Rectangle(int dim) {
+        this.dim = dim;
+        low = new double[this.dim];
+        high = new double[this.dim];
+    }
 
-	public int getDim() {
-		return dim;
-	}
+    public int getDim() {
+        return dim;
+    }
 
-	public double getLow(int i) {
-		return low[i];
-	}
+    public double getLow(int i) {
+        return low[i];
+    }
 
-	public double getHigh(int i) {
-		return high[i];
-	}
+    public double getHigh(int i) {
+        return high[i];
+    }
 
-	public void setLow(int i, double value) {
-		low[i] = value;
-	}
+    public void setLow(int i, double value) {
+        low[i] = value;
+    }
 
-	public void setHigh(int i, double value) {
-		high[i] = value;
-	}
+    public void setHigh(int i, double value) {
+        high[i] = value;
+    }
 
-	public void set(ITupleReference tuple, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] valueProviders) {
-		for (int i = 0; i < getDim(); i++) {
-			int j = i + getDim();
-			setLow(i, valueProviders[i].getValue(
-					tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i)));
-			setHigh(i, valueProviders[j].getValue(
-					tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j)));
-		}
-	}
+    public void set(ITupleReference tuple, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] valueProviders) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < getDim(); i++) {
+            int j = i + getDim();
+            setLow(i, valueProviders[i].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i)));
+            setHigh(i, valueProviders[j].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j)));
+        }
+    }
 
-	public void enlarge(ITupleReference tupleToBeInserted, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] valueProviders) {
-		for (int i = 0; i < getDim(); i++) {
-			int j = getDim() + i;
-			double low = valueProviders[i].getValue(
-					tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(i),
-					tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(i));
-			if (getLow(i) > low) {
-				setLow(i, low);
-			}
-			double high = valueProviders[j].getValue(
-					tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(j),
-					tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(j));
-			if (getHigh(i) < high) {
-				setHigh(i, high);
-			}
-		}
-	}
+    public void enlarge(ITupleReference tupleToBeInserted, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] valueProviders) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < getDim(); i++) {
+            int j = getDim() + i;
+            double low = valueProviders[i].getValue(tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(i),
+                    tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(i));
+            if (getLow(i) > low) {
+                setLow(i, low);
+            }
+            double high = valueProviders[j].getValue(tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(j),
+                    tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(j));
+            if (getHigh(i) < high) {
+                setHigh(i, high);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
-	public double margin() {
-		double margin = 0.0;
-		double mul = Math.pow(2, (double) getDim() - 1.0);
-		for (int i = 0; i < getDim(); i++) {
-			margin += (getHigh(i) - getLow(i)) * mul;
-		}
-		return margin;
-	}
+    public double enlargedArea(ITupleReference tupleToBeInserted, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] valueProviders) {
+        double areaBeforeEnlarge = area();
+        double areaAfterEnlarge = 1.0;
 
-	public double overlappedArea(Rectangle rec) {
-		double area = 1.0;
-		double f1, f2;
+        for (int i = 0; i < getDim(); i++) {
+            int j = getDim() + i;
 
-		for (int i = 0; i < getDim(); i++) {
-			if (getLow(i) > rec.getHigh(i) || getHigh(i) < rec.getLow(i)) {
-				return 0.0;
-			}
+            double low = valueProviders[i].getValue(tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(i),
+                    tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(i));
+            double lowAfterEnlargement;
+            if (getLow(i) > low) {
+                lowAfterEnlargement = low;
+            } else {
+                lowAfterEnlargement = getLow(i);
+            }
 
-			f1 = Math.max(getLow(i), rec.getLow(i));
-			f2 = Math.min(getHigh(i), rec.getHigh(i));
-			area *= f2 - f1;
-		}
-		return area;
-	}
+            double high = valueProviders[j].getValue(tupleToBeInserted.getFieldData(j),
+                    tupleToBeInserted.getFieldStart(j));
+            double highAfterEnlargement;
+            if (getHigh(i) < high) {
+                highAfterEnlargement = high;
+            } else {
+                highAfterEnlargement = getHigh(i);
+            }
 
-	public double area() {
-		double area = 1.0;
-		for (int i = 0; i < getDim(); i++) {
-			area *= getHigh(i) - getLow(i);
-		}
-		return area;
-	}
+            areaAfterEnlarge *= highAfterEnlargement - lowAfterEnlargement;
+        }
+        return areaAfterEnlarge - areaBeforeEnlarge;
+    }
+
+    public double margin() {
+        double margin = 0.0;
+        double mul = Math.pow(2, (double) getDim() - 1.0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < getDim(); i++) {
+            margin += (getHigh(i) - getLow(i)) * mul;
+        }
+        return margin;
+    }
+
+    public double overlappedArea(Rectangle rec) {
+        double area = 1.0;
+        double f1, f2;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < getDim(); i++) {
+            if (getLow(i) > rec.getHigh(i) || getHigh(i) < rec.getLow(i)) {
+                return 0.0;
+            }
+
+            f1 = Math.max(getLow(i), rec.getLow(i));
+            f2 = Math.min(getHigh(i), rec.getHigh(i));
+            area *= f2 - f1;
+        }
+        return area;
+    }
+
+    public double area() {
+        double area = 1.0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < getDim(); i++) {
+            area *= getHigh(i) - getLow(i);
+        }
+        return area;
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/HilbertDoubleComparator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/HilbertDoubleComparator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fce7e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/HilbertDoubleComparator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.linearize;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.DoublePointable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.DoubleArrayList;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IntArrayList;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.DoublePrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+
+/*
+ * This compares two points based on the hilbert curve. Currently, it only supports
+ * doubles (this can be changed by changing all doubles to ints as there are no
+ * number generics in Java) in the two-dimensional space. For more dimensions, the
+ * state machine has to be automatically generated. The idea of the fractal generation
+ * of the curve is described e.g. in http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=383528&type=pdf
+ * 
+ * Unlike the described approach, this comparator does not compute the hilbert value at 
+ * any point. Instead, it only evaluates how the two inputs compare to each other. This
+ * is done by starting at the lowest hilbert resolution and zooming in on the fractal until
+ * the two points are in different quadrants.
+ * 
+ * As a performance optimization, the state of the state machine is saved in a stack and 
+ * maintained over comparisons. The idea behind this is that comparisons are usually in a
+ * similar area (e.g. geo coordinates). Zooming in from [-MAX_VALUE, MAX_VALUE] would take
+ * ~300 steps every time. Instead, the comparator start from the previous state and zooms out
+ * if necessary
+ */
+
+public class HilbertDoubleComparator implements ILinearizeComparator {
+    private final int dim; // dimension
+    private final HilbertState[] states;
+
+    private double[] bounds;
+    private double stepsize;
+    private int state;
+    private IntArrayList stateStack = new IntArrayList(1000, 200);
+    private DoubleArrayList boundsStack = new DoubleArrayList(2000, 400);
+
+    private IPrimitiveValueProvider valueProvider = DoublePrimitiveValueProviderFactory.INSTANCE
+            .createPrimitiveValueProvider();
+
+    private double[] a;
+    private double[] b;
+
+    private class HilbertState {
+        public final int[] nextState;
+        public final int[] position;
+
+        public HilbertState(int[] nextState, int[] order) {
+            this.nextState = nextState;
+            this.position = order;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public HilbertDoubleComparator(int dimension) {
+        if (dimension != 2)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        dim = dimension;
+        a = new double[dim];
+        b = new double[dim];
+
+        states = new HilbertState[] { new HilbertState(new int[] { 3, 0, 1, 0 }, new int[] { 0, 1, 3, 2 }),
+                new HilbertState(new int[] { 1, 1, 0, 2 }, new int[] { 2, 1, 3, 0 }),
+                new HilbertState(new int[] { 2, 3, 2, 1 }, new int[] { 2, 3, 1, 0 }),
+                new HilbertState(new int[] { 0, 2, 3, 3 }, new int[] { 0, 3, 1, 2 }) };
+
+        resetStateMachine();
+    }
+
+    private void resetStateMachine() {
+        state = 0;
+        stateStack.clear();
+        stepsize = Double.MAX_VALUE / 2;
+        bounds = new double[dim];
+        boundsStack.clear();
+    }
+
+    public int compare() {
+        boolean equal = true;
+        for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
+            if (a[i] != b[i])
+                equal = false;
+        }
+        if (equal)
+            return 0;
+
+        // We keep the state of the state machine after a comparison. In most
+        // cases,
+        // the needed zoom factor is close to the old one. In this step, we
+        // check if we have
+        // to zoom out
+        while (true) {
+            if (stateStack.size() <= dim) {
+                resetStateMachine();
+                break;
+            }
+            boolean zoomOut = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
+                if (Math.min(a[i], b[i]) <= bounds[i] - 2 * stepsize
+                        || Math.max(a[i], b[i]) >= bounds[i] + 2 * stepsize) {
+                    zoomOut = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            state = stateStack.getLast();
+            stateStack.removeLast();
+            for (int j = dim - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+                bounds[j] = boundsStack.getLast();
+                boundsStack.removeLast();
+            }
+            stepsize *= 2;
+            if (!zoomOut) {
+                state = stateStack.getLast();
+                stateStack.removeLast();
+                for (int j = dim - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+                    bounds[j] = boundsStack.getLast();
+                    boundsStack.removeLast();
+                }
+                stepsize *= 2;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        while (true) {
+            stateStack.add(state);
+            for (int j = 0; j < dim; j++) {
+                boundsStack.add(bounds[j]);
+            }
+
+            // Find the quadrant in which A and B are
+            int quadrantA = 0, quadrantB = 0;
+            for (int i = dim - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                if (a[i] >= bounds[i])
+                    quadrantA ^= (1 << (dim - i - 1));
+                if (b[i] >= bounds[i])
+                    quadrantB ^= (1 << (dim - i - 1));
+
+                if (a[i] >= bounds[i]) {
+                    bounds[i] += stepsize;
+                } else {
+                    bounds[i] -= stepsize;
+                }
+            }
+
+            stepsize /= 2;
+            if (stepsize <= 2 * DoublePointable.getEpsilon())
+                return 0;
+            // avoid infinite loop due to machine epsilon problems
+
+            if (quadrantA != quadrantB) {
+                // find the position of A and B's quadrants
+                int posA = states[state].position[quadrantA];
+                int posB = states[state].position[quadrantB];
+
+                if (posA < posB)
+                    return -1;
+                else
+                    return 1;
+            }
+
+            state = states[state].nextState[quadrantA];
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compare(byte[] b1, int s1, int l1, byte[] b2, int s2, int l2) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
+            a[i] = DoubleSerializerDeserializer.getDouble(b1, s1 + (i * 8));
+            b[i] = DoubleSerializerDeserializer.getDouble(b2, s2 + (i * 8));
+        }
+
+        return compare();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getDimensions() {
+        return dim;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/HilbertDoubleComparatorFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/HilbertDoubleComparatorFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e06dba8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/HilbertDoubleComparatorFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.linearize;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparatorFactory;
+
+public class HilbertDoubleComparatorFactory implements ILinearizeComparatorFactory {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    
+    private int dim;
+
+    public static HilbertDoubleComparatorFactory get(int dim) {
+        return new HilbertDoubleComparatorFactory(dim);
+    }
+    
+    public HilbertDoubleComparatorFactory(int dim) {
+    	this.dim = dim;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ILinearizeComparator createBinaryComparator() {
+        return new HilbertDoubleComparator(dim);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/ZCurveDoubleComparator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/ZCurveDoubleComparator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee47761
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/ZCurveDoubleComparator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.linearize;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.DoublePointable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.DoubleArrayList;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.DoublePrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+
+/*
+ * This compares two points based on the z curve. For doubles, we cannot use
+ * the simple bit magic approach. There may, however, be a better approach than this.
+ */
+
+public class ZCurveDoubleComparator implements ILinearizeComparator {
+    private final int dim; // dimension
+
+    private double[] bounds;
+    private double stepsize;
+    private DoubleArrayList boundsStack = new DoubleArrayList(2000, 400);
+
+    private IPrimitiveValueProvider valueProvider = DoublePrimitiveValueProviderFactory.INSTANCE
+            .createPrimitiveValueProvider();
+
+    private double[] a;
+    private double[] b;
+
+    public ZCurveDoubleComparator(int dimension) {
+        dim = dimension;
+        a = new double[dim];
+        b = new double[dim];
+
+        resetStateMachine();
+    }
+
+    private void resetStateMachine() {
+        stepsize = Double.MAX_VALUE / 2;
+        bounds = new double[dim];
+        boundsStack.clear();
+    }
+
+    public int compare() {
+        boolean equal = true;
+        for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
+            if (a[i] != b[i])
+                equal = false;
+        }
+        if (equal)
+            return 0;
+
+        // We keep the state of the state machine after a comparison. In most
+        // cases,
+        // the needed zoom factor is close to the old one. In this step, we
+        // check if we have
+        // to zoom out
+        while (true) {
+            if (boundsStack.size() <= dim) {
+                resetStateMachine();
+                break;
+            }
+            boolean zoomOut = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
+                if (Math.min(a[i], b[i]) <= bounds[i] - 2 * stepsize
+                        || Math.max(a[i], b[i]) >= bounds[i] + 2 * stepsize) {
+                    zoomOut = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (int j = dim - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+                bounds[j] = boundsStack.getLast();
+                boundsStack.removeLast();
+            }
+            stepsize *= 2;
+            if (!zoomOut) {
+                for (int j = dim - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+                    bounds[j] = boundsStack.getLast();
+                    boundsStack.removeLast();
+                }
+                stepsize *= 2;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        while (true) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < dim; j++) {
+                boundsStack.add(bounds[j]);
+            }
+
+            // Find the quadrant in which A and B are
+            int quadrantA = 0, quadrantB = 0;
+            for (int i = dim - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                if (a[i] >= bounds[i])
+                    quadrantA ^= (1 << (dim - i - 1));
+                if (b[i] >= bounds[i])
+                    quadrantB ^= (1 << (dim - i - 1));
+
+                if (a[i] >= bounds[i]) {
+                    bounds[i] += stepsize;
+                } else {
+                    bounds[i] -= stepsize;
+                }
+            }
+
+            stepsize /= 2;
+            if (stepsize <= 2 * DoublePointable.getEpsilon())
+                return 0;
+            // avoid infinite loop due to machine epsilon problems
+
+            if (quadrantA != quadrantB) {
+                // find the position of A and B's quadrants
+                if (quadrantA < quadrantB)
+                    return -1;
+                else if (quadrantA > quadrantB)
+                    return 1;
+                else
+                    return 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compare(byte[] b1, int s1, int l1, byte[] b2, int s2, int l2) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
+            a[i] = DoubleSerializerDeserializer.getDouble(b1, s1 + (i * 8));
+            b[i] = DoubleSerializerDeserializer.getDouble(b2, s2 + (i * 8));
+        }
+
+        return compare();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getDimensions() {
+        return dim;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/ZCurveDoubleComparatorFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/ZCurveDoubleComparatorFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1b5806
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/ZCurveDoubleComparatorFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.linearize;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparatorFactory;
+
+public class ZCurveDoubleComparatorFactory implements ILinearizeComparatorFactory {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    
+    private int dim;
+
+    public static ZCurveDoubleComparatorFactory get(int dim) {
+        return new ZCurveDoubleComparatorFactory(dim);
+    }
+    
+    public ZCurveDoubleComparatorFactory(int dim) {
+    	this.dim = dim;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ILinearizeComparator createBinaryComparator() {
+        return new ZCurveDoubleComparator(dim);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/ZCurveIntComparator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/ZCurveIntComparator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f26f41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/ZCurveIntComparator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.linearize;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.DoublePointable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.DoubleArrayList;
+
+/*
+ * This compares two points based on the z curve. For doubles, we cannot use
+ * the simple bit magic approach. There may, however, be a better approach than this.
+ */
+
+public class ZCurveIntComparator implements ILinearizeComparator {
+    private final int dim; // dimension
+
+    private double[] bounds;
+    private double stepsize;
+    private DoubleArrayList boundsStack = new DoubleArrayList(2000, 400);
+
+    private int[] a;
+    private int[] b;
+
+    public ZCurveIntComparator(int dimension) {
+        dim = dimension;
+        a = new int[dim];
+        b = new int[dim];
+
+        resetStateMachine();
+    }
+
+    private void resetStateMachine() {
+        stepsize = Integer.MAX_VALUE / 2;
+        bounds = new double[dim];
+        boundsStack.clear();
+    }
+
+    public int compare() {
+        boolean equal = true;
+        for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
+            if (a[i] != b[i])
+                equal = false;
+        }
+        if (equal)
+            return 0;
+
+        // We keep the state of the state machine after a comparison. In most cases,
+        // the needed zoom factor is close to the old one. In this step, we check if we have
+        // to zoom out
+        while (true) {
+            if (boundsStack.size() <= dim) {
+                resetStateMachine();
+                break;
+            }
+            boolean zoomOut = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
+                if (Math.min(a[i], b[i]) <= bounds[i] - 2 * stepsize
+                        || Math.max(a[i], b[i]) >= bounds[i] + 2 * stepsize) {
+                    zoomOut = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (int j = dim - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+                bounds[j] = boundsStack.getLast();
+                boundsStack.removeLast();
+            }
+            stepsize *= 2;
+            if (!zoomOut) {
+                for (int j = dim - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+                    bounds[j] = boundsStack.getLast();
+                    boundsStack.removeLast();
+                }
+                stepsize *= 2;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        while (true) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < dim; j++) {
+                boundsStack.add(bounds[j]);
+            }
+
+            // Find the quadrant in which A and B are
+            int quadrantA = 0, quadrantB = 0;
+            for (int i = dim - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                if (a[i] >= bounds[i])
+                    quadrantA ^= (1 << (dim - i - 1));
+                if (b[i] >= bounds[i])
+                    quadrantB ^= (1 << (dim - i - 1));
+
+                if (a[i] >= bounds[i]) {
+                    bounds[i] += stepsize;
+                } else {
+                    bounds[i] -= stepsize;
+                }
+            }
+
+            stepsize /= 2;
+            if (stepsize <= 2 * DoublePointable.getEpsilon())
+                return 0;
+            // avoid infinite loop due to machine epsilon problems
+
+            if (quadrantA != quadrantB) {
+                // find the position of A and B's quadrants
+                if (quadrantA < quadrantB)
+                    return -1;
+                else if (quadrantA > quadrantB)
+                    return 1;
+                else
+                    return 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compare(byte[] b1, int s1, int l1, byte[] b2, int s2, int l2) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
+            a[i] = IntegerSerializerDeserializer.getInt(b1, s1 + (i * 8));
+            b[i] = IntegerSerializerDeserializer.getInt(b2, s2 + (i * 8));
+        }
+
+        return compare();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getDimensions() {
+        return dim;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/ZCurveIntComparatorFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/ZCurveIntComparatorFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a35a79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/linearize/ZCurveIntComparatorFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.linearize;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ILinearizeComparatorFactory;
+
+public class ZCurveIntComparatorFactory implements ILinearizeComparatorFactory {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    
+    private int dim;
+
+    public static ZCurveIntComparatorFactory get(int dim) {
+        return new ZCurveIntComparatorFactory(dim);
+    }
+    
+    public ZCurveIntComparatorFactory(int dim) {
+    	this.dim = dim;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ILinearizeComparator createBinaryComparator() {
+        return new ZCurveIntComparator(dim);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/util/RTreeUtils.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/util/RTreeUtils.java
index 6f5d36f..6527d40 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/util/RTreeUtils.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/util/RTreeUtils.java
@@ -30,19 +30,21 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 
 public class RTreeUtils {
     public static RTree createRTree(IBufferCache bufferCache, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) {
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) {
 
         RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
+                valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType);
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
+                valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType);
         ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
 
         IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, 0, metaFrameFactory);
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/BufferCache.java b/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/BufferCache.java
index bfcd765..7abb20c 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/BufferCache.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/BufferCache.java
@@ -148,8 +148,10 @@
         if (!newPage) {
             if (!cPage.valid) {
                 /*
-                 * We got a buffer and we have pinned it. But its invalid. If its a new page, we just mark it as valid
-                 * and return. Or else, while we hold the page lock, we get a write latch on the data and start a read.
+                 * We got a buffer and we have pinned it. But its invalid. If
+                 * its a new page, we just mark it as valid and return. Or else,
+                 * while we hold the page lock, we get a write latch on the data
+                 * and start a read.
                  */
                 cPage.acquireWriteLatch(false);
                 try {
@@ -175,7 +177,8 @@
 
             CachedPage cPage = null;
             /*
-             * Hash dpid to get a bucket and then check if the page exists in the bucket.
+             * Hash dpid to get a bucket and then check if the page exists in
+             * the bucket.
              */
             int hash = hash(dpid);
             CacheBucket bucket = pageMap[hash];
@@ -193,29 +196,38 @@
                 bucket.bucketLock.unlock();
             }
             /*
-             * If we got here, the page was not in the hash table. Now we ask the page replacement strategy to find us a victim.
+             * If we got here, the page was not in the hash table. Now we ask
+             * the page replacement strategy to find us a victim.
              */
             CachedPage victim = (CachedPage) pageReplacementStrategy.findVictim();
             if (victim != null) {
                 /*
-                 * We have a victim with the following invariants.
-                 * 1. The dpid on the CachedPage may or may not be valid.
-                 * 2. We have a pin on the CachedPage. We have to deal with three cases here.
-                 *  Case 1: The dpid on the CachedPage is invalid (-1). This indicates that this buffer has never been used.
-                 *  So we are the only ones holding it. Get a lock on the required dpid's hash bucket, check if someone inserted
-                 *  the page we want into the table. If so, decrement the pincount on the victim and return the winner page in the
-                 *  table. If such a winner does not exist, insert the victim and return it.
-                 *  Case 2: The dpid on the CachedPage is valid.
-                 *      Case 2a: The current dpid and required dpid hash to the same bucket.
-                 *      Get the bucket lock, check that the victim is still at pinCount == 1 If so check if there is a winning
-                 *      CachedPage with the required dpid. If so, decrement the pinCount on the victim and return the winner.
-                 *      If not, update the contents of the CachedPage to hold the required dpid and return it. If the picCount
-                 *      on the victim was != 1 or CachedPage was dirty someone used the victim for its old contents -- Decrement
-                 *      the pinCount and retry.
-                 *  Case 2b: The current dpid and required dpid hash to different buckets. Get the two bucket locks in the order
-                 *  of the bucket indexes (Ordering prevents deadlocks). Check for the existence of a winner in the new bucket
-                 *  and for potential use of the victim (pinCount != 1). If everything looks good, remove the CachedPage from
-                 *  the old bucket, and add it to the new bucket and update its header with the new dpid.
+                 * We have a victim with the following invariants. 1. The dpid
+                 * on the CachedPage may or may not be valid. 2. We have a pin
+                 * on the CachedPage. We have to deal with three cases here.
+                 * Case 1: The dpid on the CachedPage is invalid (-1). This
+                 * indicates that this buffer has never been used. So we are the
+                 * only ones holding it. Get a lock on the required dpid's hash
+                 * bucket, check if someone inserted the page we want into the
+                 * table. If so, decrement the pincount on the victim and return
+                 * the winner page in the table. If such a winner does not
+                 * exist, insert the victim and return it. Case 2: The dpid on
+                 * the CachedPage is valid. Case 2a: The current dpid and
+                 * required dpid hash to the same bucket. Get the bucket lock,
+                 * check that the victim is still at pinCount == 1 If so check
+                 * if there is a winning CachedPage with the required dpid. If
+                 * so, decrement the pinCount on the victim and return the
+                 * winner. If not, update the contents of the CachedPage to hold
+                 * the required dpid and return it. If the picCount on the
+                 * victim was != 1 or CachedPage was dirty someone used the
+                 * victim for its old contents -- Decrement the pinCount and
+                 * retry. Case 2b: The current dpid and required dpid hash to
+                 * different buckets. Get the two bucket locks in the order of
+                 * the bucket indexes (Ordering prevents deadlocks). Check for
+                 * the existence of a winner in the new bucket and for potential
+                 * use of the victim (pinCount != 1). If everything looks good,
+                 * remove the CachedPage from the old bucket, and add it to the
+                 * new bucket and update its header with the new dpid.
                  */
                 if (victim.dpid < 0) {
                     /*
@@ -312,7 +324,9 @@
                 }
             }
             /*
-             * Victimization failed -- all pages pinned? wait a bit, increment victimizationTryCount and loop around. Give up after MAX_VICTIMIZATION_TRY_COUNT trys.
+             * Victimization failed -- all pages pinned? wait a bit, increment
+             * victimizationTryCount and loop around. Give up after
+             * MAX_VICTIMIZATION_TRY_COUNT trys.
              */
             if (++victimizationTryCount >= MAX_VICTIMIZATION_TRY_COUNT) {
                 return null;
@@ -654,7 +668,8 @@
                             }
                             fileInfoMap.remove(entryFileId);
                             unreferencedFileFound = true;
-                            // for-each iterator is invalid because we changed fileInfoMap
+                            // for-each iterator is invalid because we changed
+                            // fileInfoMap
                             break;
                         }
                     }
@@ -788,7 +803,7 @@
             } finally {
                 fileMapManager.unregisterFile(fileId);
                 if (fInfo != null) {
-                    // Mark the fInfo as deleted, 
+                    // Mark the fInfo as deleted,
                     // such that when its pages are reclaimed in openFile(),
                     // the pages are not flushed to disk but only invalidates.
                     ioManager.close(fInfo.getFileHandle());
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/DebugBufferCache.java b/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/DebugBufferCache.java
index d610c7e..13f7d52 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/DebugBufferCache.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/DebugBufferCache.java
@@ -30,16 +30,16 @@
 
     // Actual BufferCache functionality is delegated to this bufferCache.
     private final IBufferCache bufferCache;
-    private AtomicLong pinCount;
-    private AtomicLong unpinCount;
-    private AtomicLong readLatchCount;
-    private AtomicLong readUnlatchCount;
-    private AtomicLong writeLatchCount;
-    private AtomicLong writeUnlatchCount;
-    private AtomicLong createFileCount;
-    private AtomicLong deleteFileCount;
-    private AtomicLong openFileCount;
-    private AtomicLong closeFileCount;
+    private AtomicLong pinCount = new AtomicLong();
+    private AtomicLong unpinCount = new AtomicLong();
+    private AtomicLong readLatchCount = new AtomicLong();
+    private AtomicLong readUnlatchCount = new AtomicLong();
+    private AtomicLong writeLatchCount = new AtomicLong();
+    private AtomicLong writeUnlatchCount = new AtomicLong();
+    private AtomicLong createFileCount = new AtomicLong();
+    private AtomicLong deleteFileCount = new AtomicLong();
+    private AtomicLong openFileCount = new AtomicLong();
+    private AtomicLong closeFileCount = new AtomicLong();
 
     public DebugBufferCache(IBufferCache bufferCache) {
         this.bufferCache = bufferCache;
diff --git a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexDeleteTest.java b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexDeleteTest.java
index 93075a1..0935315 100644
--- a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexDeleteTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexDeleteTest.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public abstract class OrderedIndexDeleteTest extends OrderedIndexTestDriver {
@@ -31,8 +32,8 @@
         this.orderedIndexTestUtils = new OrderedIndexTestUtils();
     }
 
-    private static final int numInsertRounds = 3;
-    private static final int numDeleteRounds = 3;
+    private static final int numInsertRounds = AccessMethodTestsConfig.BTREE_NUM_INSERT_ROUNDS;
+    private static final int numDeleteRounds = AccessMethodTestsConfig.BTREE_NUM_DELETE_ROUNDS;
 
     @Override
     protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType,
diff --git a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest.java b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest.java
index 3a894a2..0401038 100644
--- a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest.java
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public abstract class OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest {    
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@
     protected final int REGULAR_NUM_THREADS = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
     // Excessive number of threads for testing.
     protected final int EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() * 4;
-    protected final int NUM_OPERATIONS = 10000;
+    protected final int NUM_OPERATIONS = AccessMethodTestsConfig.BTREE_MULTITHREAD_NUM_OPERATIONS;
     
     protected ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> workloadConfs = getTestWorkloadConf();    
     
diff --git a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexTestDriver.java b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexTestDriver.java
index 8daa5e0..ef2ee0b 100644
--- a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexTestDriver.java
+++ b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexTestDriver.java
@@ -27,12 +27,13 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public abstract class OrderedIndexTestDriver {
     protected final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(OrderedIndexTestDriver.class.getName());
 
-    protected static final int numTuplesToInsert = 10000;
+    protected static final int numTuplesToInsert = AccessMethodTestsConfig.BTREE_NUM_TUPLES_TO_INSERT;
 
     protected abstract OrderedIndexTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys,
             BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception;
diff --git a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexUpdateTest.java b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexUpdateTest.java
index 65b2ade..fbf1011 100644
--- a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexUpdateTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/OrderedIndexUpdateTest.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public abstract class OrderedIndexUpdateTest extends OrderedIndexTestDriver {
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@
         this.orderedIndexTestUtils = new OrderedIndexTestUtils();
     }
 
-    private static final int numUpdateRounds = 3;
+    private static final int numUpdateRounds = AccessMethodTestsConfig.BTREE_NUM_UPDATE_ROUNDS;
 
     @Override
     protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType,
diff --git a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/TreeIndexTestUtils.java b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/TreeIndexTestUtils.java
index d16553a..c99299f 100644
--- a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/TreeIndexTestUtils.java
+++ b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/TreeIndexTestUtils.java
@@ -1,3 +1,18 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
diff --git a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/config/AccessMethodTestsConfig.java b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/config/AccessMethodTestsConfig.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73ada0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/config/AccessMethodTestsConfig.java
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config;
+
+/**
+ * Global parameters used for executing access method JUnit tests.
+ */
+public class AccessMethodTestsConfig {
+	// Test params for RTree, LSMRTree and LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.
+	public static final int RTREE_NUM_TUPLES_TO_INSERT = 10000;
+	public static final int RTREE_NUM_INSERT_ROUNDS = 2;
+	public static final int RTREE_NUM_DELETE_ROUNDS = 2;
+	public static final int RTREE_MULTITHREAD_NUM_OPERATIONS = 10000;
+	// Test params for LSMRTree and LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.
+	public static final int LSM_RTREE_BULKLOAD_ROUNDS = 5;
+	public static final int LSM_RTREE_MAX_TREES_TO_MERGE = 3;
+
+	// Test params for BTree, LSMBTree.
+	public static final int BTREE_NUM_TUPLES_TO_INSERT = 10000;
+	public static final int BTREE_NUM_INSERT_ROUNDS = 3;
+	public static final int BTREE_NUM_DELETE_ROUNDS = 3;
+	public static final int BTREE_NUM_UPDATE_ROUNDS = 3;
+	public static final int BTREE_MULTITHREAD_NUM_OPERATIONS = 10000;
+	// Test params for LSMBTree only.
+	public static final int LSM_BTREE_BULKLOAD_ROUNDS = 5;
+	public static final int LSM_BTREE_MAX_TREES_TO_MERGE = 10;
+
+	// Mem configuration for RTree.
+	public static final int RTREE_PAGE_SIZE = 512;
+	public static final int RTREE_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
+	public static final int RTREE_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
+	public static final int RTREE_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+
+	// Mem configuration for LSMRTree and LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.
+	public static final int LSM_RTREE_DISK_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+	public static final int LSM_RTREE_DISK_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
+	public static final int LSM_RTREE_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 2000;
+	public static final int LSM_RTREE_MEM_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+	public static final int LSM_RTREE_MEM_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
+	public static final int LSM_RTREE_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+
+	// Mem configuration for BTree.
+	public static final int BTREE_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+	public static final int BTREE_NUM_PAGES = 100;
+	public static final int BTREE_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
+	public static final int BTREE_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+
+	// Mem configuration for LSMBTree.
+	public static final int LSM_BTREE_DISK_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+	public static final int LSM_BTREE_DISK_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
+	public static final int LSM_BTREE_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 200;
+	public static final int LSM_BTREE_MEM_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+	public static final int LSM_BTREE_MEM_NUM_PAGES = 100;
+	public static final int LSM_BTREE_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+}
+
+/* ORIGINAL TEST PARAMETERS: DO NOT EDIT!
+// Test params for RTree, LSMRTree and LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.
+public static final int RTREE_NUM_TUPLES_TO_INSERT = 10000;
+public static final int RTREE_NUM_INSERT_ROUNDS = 2;
+public static final int RTREE_NUM_DELETE_ROUNDS = 2;
+public static final int RTREE_MULTITHREAD_NUM_OPERATIONS = 10000;
+// Test params for LSMRTree and LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.
+public static final int LSM_RTREE_BULKLOAD_ROUNDS = 5;
+public static final int LSM_RTREE_MAX_TREES_TO_MERGE = 3;	
+
+// Test params for BTree, LSMBTree.
+public static final int BTREE_NUM_TUPLES_TO_INSERT = 10000;
+public static final int BTREE_NUM_INSERT_ROUNDS = 3;
+public static final int BTREE_NUM_DELETE_ROUNDS = 3;
+public static final int BTREE_NUM_UPDATE_ROUNDS = 3;
+public static final int BTREE_MULTITHREAD_NUM_OPERATIONS = 10000;
+// Test params for LSMBTree only.
+public static final int LSM_BTREE_BULKLOAD_ROUNDS = 5;
+public static final int LSM_BTREE_MAX_TREES_TO_MERGE = 10;
+	
+	
+// Mem configuration for RTree.
+public static final int RTREE_PAGE_SIZE = 512;
+public static final int RTREE_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
+public static final int RTREE_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
+public static final int RTREE_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+	
+// Mem configuration for LSMRTree and LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.
+public static final int LSM_RTREE_DISK_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+public static final int LSM_RTREE_DISK_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
+public static final int LSM_RTREE_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 2000;
+public static final int LSM_RTREE_MEM_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+public static final int LSM_RTREE_MEM_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
+public static final int LSM_RTREE_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+	
+// Mem configuration for BTree.
+public static final int BTREE_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+public static final int BTREE_NUM_PAGES = 100;
+public static final int BTREE_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
+public static final int BTREE_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+	
+// Mem configuration for LSMBTree.
+public static final int LSM_BTREE_DISK_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+public static final int LSM_BTREE_DISK_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
+public static final int LSM_BTREE_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 200;
+public static final int LSM_BTREE_MEM_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+public static final int LSM_BTREE_MEM_NUM_PAGES = 100;
+public static final int LSM_BTREE_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+*/
diff --git a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest.java
index 198ac58..0d0c3b5 100644
--- a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public abstract class AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest extends AbstractRTreeTestDriver {
@@ -34,8 +35,9 @@
 
     @Override
     protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key) throws Exception {
-        AbstractRTreeTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws Exception {
+        AbstractRTreeTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, rtreePolicyType);
         for (int i = 0; i < bulkLoadRounds; i++) {
             // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first
             // one to determine which field types to generate.
diff --git a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeDeleteTest.java b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeDeleteTest.java
index e70f433..2e0f32f 100644
--- a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeDeleteTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeDeleteTest.java
@@ -20,14 +20,16 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public abstract class AbstractRTreeDeleteTest extends AbstractRTreeTestDriver {
 
     private final RTreeTestUtils rTreeTestUtils;
 
-    private static final int numInsertRounds = 2;
-    private static final int numDeleteRounds = 2;
+    private static final int numInsertRounds = AccessMethodTestsConfig.RTREE_NUM_INSERT_ROUNDS;
+    private static final int numDeleteRounds = AccessMethodTestsConfig.RTREE_NUM_DELETE_ROUNDS;
 
     public AbstractRTreeDeleteTest() {
         this.rTreeTestUtils = new RTreeTestUtils();
@@ -35,8 +37,9 @@
 
     @Override
     protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key) throws Exception {
-        AbstractRTreeTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws Exception {
+        AbstractRTreeTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, rtreePolicyType);
         for (int i = 0; i < numInsertRounds; i++) {
             // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first
             // one to determine which field types to generate.
diff --git a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeExamplesTest.java b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeExamplesTest.java
index baa04f5..8b1f3c7 100644
--- a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeExamplesTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeExamplesTest.java
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.NoOpOperationCallback;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.TreeDiskOrderScanCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
 
@@ -53,7 +54,8 @@
 
     protected abstract ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
             IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories) throws TreeIndexException;
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws TreeIndexException;
 
     protected abstract int getIndexFileId();
 
@@ -108,7 +110,8 @@
                 rtreeCmpFactories.length, IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
         int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
-        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories);
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories,
+                valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType.RTREE);
         treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
         treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
 
@@ -215,7 +218,8 @@
                 rtreeCmpFactories.length, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
 
         int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
-        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories);
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories,
+                valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType.RTREE);
         treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
         treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
 
@@ -314,7 +318,8 @@
                 rtreeCmpFactories.length, IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
         int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
-        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories);
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories,
+                valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType.RTREE);
         treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
         treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
 
@@ -446,7 +451,8 @@
                 rtreeCmpFactories.length, IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
         int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
-        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories);
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories,
+                valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType.RTREE);
         treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
         treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
 
@@ -512,8 +518,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void diskOrderScan(IIndexAccessor indexAccessor, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes)
-            throws Exception {
+    private void diskOrderScan(IIndexAccessor indexAccessor, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes) throws Exception {
         try {
             if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
                 LOGGER.info("Disk-Order Scan:");
@@ -541,12 +546,12 @@
                 LOGGER.info("Ignoring disk-order scan since it's not supported.");
             }
         } catch (ClassCastException e) {
-			// Ignore exception because IIndexAccessor sometimes isn't
-			// an ITreeIndexAccessor, e.g., for the LSMRTree.
-			if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-				LOGGER.info("Ignoring disk-order scan since it's not supported.");
-			}
-		}
+            // Ignore exception because IIndexAccessor sometimes isn't
+            // an ITreeIndexAccessor, e.g., for the LSMRTree.
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                LOGGER.info("Ignoring disk-order scan since it's not supported.");
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     private void rangeSearch(IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories, IIndexAccessor indexAccessor,
diff --git a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeInsertTest.java b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeInsertTest.java
index cdd6ee0..53712b8 100644
--- a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeInsertTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeInsertTest.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 /**
  * Tests the RTree insert operation with integer and double fields using various
@@ -41,8 +42,9 @@
 
     @Override
     protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key) throws Exception {
-        AbstractRTreeTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws Exception {
+        AbstractRTreeTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, rtreePolicyType);
         // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first one
         // to determine which field types to generate.
         if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
diff --git a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest.java b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest.java
index 2c185a5..9aafc48 100644
--- a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest.java
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@
     protected final int REGULAR_NUM_THREADS = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
     // Excessive number of threads for testing.
     protected final int EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() * 4;
-    protected final int NUM_OPERATIONS = 5000;
+    protected final int NUM_OPERATIONS = AccessMethodTestsConfig.RTREE_MULTITHREAD_NUM_OPERATIONS;
 
     protected ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> workloadConfs = getTestWorkloadConf();
 
@@ -59,7 +61,8 @@
 
     protected abstract ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
             IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories) throws TreeIndexException;
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws TreeIndexException;
 
     protected abstract int getFileId();
 
@@ -78,8 +81,9 @@
     }
 
     protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, int numThreads,
-            TestWorkloadConf conf, String dataMsg) throws HyracksException, InterruptedException, TreeIndexException {
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            int numThreads, TestWorkloadConf conf, String dataMsg) throws HyracksException, InterruptedException,
+            TreeIndexException {
         setUp();
 
         if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
@@ -93,7 +97,8 @@
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes,
                 fieldSerdes.length);
 
-        ITreeIndex index = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories);
+        ITreeIndex index = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories,
+                rtreePolicyType);
         ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory workerFactory = getWorkerFactory();
 
         // 4 batches per thread.
@@ -113,7 +118,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void twoDimensionsInt() throws InterruptedException, HyracksException, TreeIndexException {
+    public void rtreeTwoDimensionsInt() throws InterruptedException, HyracksException, TreeIndexException {
         ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
                 IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
                 IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
@@ -125,13 +130,36 @@
         String dataMsg = "Two Dimensions Of Integer Values";
 
         for (TestWorkloadConf conf : workloadConfs) {
-            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, REGULAR_NUM_THREADS, conf, dataMsg);
-            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS, conf, dataMsg);
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, RTreePolicyType.RTREE, REGULAR_NUM_THREADS, conf,
+                    dataMsg);
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, RTreePolicyType.RTREE, EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS, conf,
+                    dataMsg);
         }
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void fourDimensionsDouble() throws InterruptedException, HyracksException, TreeIndexException {
+    public void rtreeTwoDimensionsDouble() throws Exception {
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        int numKeys = 4;
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                numKeys, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+
+        String dataMsg = "Two Dimensions Of Double Values";
+
+        for (TestWorkloadConf conf : workloadConfs) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, RTreePolicyType.RTREE, REGULAR_NUM_THREADS, conf,
+                    dataMsg);
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, RTreePolicyType.RTREE, EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS, conf,
+                    dataMsg);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rtreeFourDimensionsDouble() throws InterruptedException, HyracksException, TreeIndexException {
         ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
                 DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
                 DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
@@ -145,8 +173,74 @@
         String dataMsg = "Four Dimensions Of Double Values";
 
         for (TestWorkloadConf conf : workloadConfs) {
-            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, REGULAR_NUM_THREADS, conf, dataMsg);
-            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS, conf, dataMsg);
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, RTreePolicyType.RTREE, REGULAR_NUM_THREADS, conf,
+                    dataMsg);
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, RTreePolicyType.RTREE, EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS, conf,
+                    dataMsg);
         }
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rstartreeTwoDimensionsInt() throws InterruptedException, HyracksException, TreeIndexException {
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        int numKeys = 4;
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                numKeys, IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        String dataMsg = "Two Dimensions Of Integer Values";
+
+        for (TestWorkloadConf conf : workloadConfs) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, RTreePolicyType.RSTARTREE, REGULAR_NUM_THREADS, conf,
+                    dataMsg);
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, RTreePolicyType.RSTARTREE, EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS,
+                    conf, dataMsg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rstartreeTwoDimensionsDouble() throws Exception {
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        int numKeys = 4;
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                numKeys, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+
+        String dataMsg = "Two Dimensions Of Double Values";
+
+        for (TestWorkloadConf conf : workloadConfs) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, RTreePolicyType.RSTARTREE, REGULAR_NUM_THREADS, conf,
+                    dataMsg);
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, RTreePolicyType.RSTARTREE, EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS,
+                    conf, dataMsg);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rstartreeFourDimensionsDouble() throws InterruptedException, HyracksException, TreeIndexException {
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        int numKeys = 8;
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                numKeys, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+
+        String dataMsg = "Four Dimensions Of Double Values";
+
+        for (TestWorkloadConf conf : workloadConfs) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, RTreePolicyType.RSTARTREE, REGULAR_NUM_THREADS, conf,
+                    dataMsg);
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, RTreePolicyType.RSTARTREE, EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS,
+                    conf, dataMsg);
+        }
+    }
+
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeTestDriver.java b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeTestDriver.java
index 10f4364..4c0bbc7 100644
--- a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeTestDriver.java
+++ b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeTestDriver.java
@@ -29,26 +29,30 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public abstract class AbstractRTreeTestDriver {
     protected final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(AbstractRTreeTestDriver.class.getName());
 
-    protected static final int numTuplesToInsert = 5000;
+    protected static final int numTuplesToInsert = AccessMethodTestsConfig.RTREE_NUM_TUPLES_TO_INSERT;
 
     protected abstract AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception;
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception;
 
     protected abstract Random getRandom();
 
     protected abstract void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key) throws Exception;
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws Exception;
 
     protected abstract String getTestOpName();
 
     @Test
-    public void twoDimensionsInt() throws Exception {
+    public void rtreeTwoDimensionsInt() throws Exception {
         if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
             LOGGER.info("RTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two Dimensions With Integer Keys.");
         }
@@ -64,12 +68,12 @@
         // and the top right coordinates are 1000, 1000
         ITupleReference key = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(-1000, -1000, 1000, 1000);
 
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, key);
+        runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, key, RTreePolicyType.RTREE);
 
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void twoDimensionsDouble() throws Exception {
+    public void rtreeTwoDimensionsDouble() throws Exception {
         if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
             LOGGER.info("RTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two Dimensions With Double Keys.");
         }
@@ -85,12 +89,12 @@
         // -1000.0 and the top right coordinates are 1000.0, 1000.0
         ITupleReference key = TupleUtils.createDoubleTuple(-1000.0, -1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0);
 
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, key);
+        runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, key, RTreePolicyType.RTREE);
 
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void fourDimensionsDouble() throws Exception {
+    public void rtreeFourDimensionsDouble() throws Exception {
         if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
             LOGGER.info("RTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Four Dimensions With Double Keys.");
         }
@@ -110,7 +114,72 @@
         ITupleReference key = TupleUtils.createDoubleTuple(-1000.0, -1000.0, -1000.0, -1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0,
                 1000.0);
 
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, key);
+        runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, key, RTreePolicyType.RTREE);
+    }
 
+    @Test
+    public void rstartreeTwoDimensionsInt() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("RTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two Dimensions With Integer Keys.");
+        }
+
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        int numKeys = 4;
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                numKeys, IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        // Range search, the rectangle bottom left coordinates are -1000, -1000
+        // and the top right coordinates are 1000, 1000
+        ITupleReference key = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(-1000, -1000, 1000, 1000);
+
+        runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, key, RTreePolicyType.RSTARTREE);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rstartreeTwoDimensionsDouble() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("RTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two Dimensions With Double Keys.");
+        }
+
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        int numKeys = 4;
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                numKeys, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        // Range search, the rectangle bottom left coordinates are -1000.0,
+        // -1000.0 and the top right coordinates are 1000.0, 1000.0
+        ITupleReference key = TupleUtils.createDoubleTuple(-1000.0, -1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0);
+
+        runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, key, RTreePolicyType.RSTARTREE);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rstartreeFourDimensionsDouble() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("RTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Four Dimensions With Double Keys.");
+        }
+
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        int numKeys = 8;
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                numKeys, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        // Range search, the rectangle bottom left coordinates are -1000.0,
+        // -1000.0, -1000.0, -1000.0 and the top right coordinates are 1000.0,
+        // 1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0
+        ITupleReference key = TupleUtils.createDoubleTuple(-1000.0, -1000.0, -1000.0, -1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0,
+                1000.0);
+
+        runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, key, RTreePolicyType.RSTARTREE);
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestHarness.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestHarness.java
index f5f8af5..80d2be1 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestHarness.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestHarness.java
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
@@ -34,10 +35,6 @@
             BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM, BTreeLeafFrameType.FIELD_PREFIX_COMPRESSED_NSM };
 
     private static final long RANDOM_SEED = 50;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_NUM_PAGES = 100;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
 
     protected final int pageSize;
     protected final int numPages;
@@ -55,10 +52,10 @@
     protected String fileName;
 
     public BTreeTestHarness() {
-        this.pageSize = DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE;
-        this.numPages = DEFAULT_NUM_PAGES;
-        this.maxOpenFiles = DEFAULT_MAX_OPEN_FILES;
-        this.hyracksFrameSize = DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE;
+    	this.pageSize = AccessMethodTestsConfig.BTREE_PAGE_SIZE;
+    	this.numPages = AccessMethodTestsConfig.BTREE_NUM_PAGES;
+    	this.maxOpenFiles = AccessMethodTestsConfig.BTREE_MAX_OPEN_FILES;
+    	this.hyracksFrameSize = AccessMethodTestsConfig.BTREE_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE;
     }
 
     public BTreeTestHarness(int pageSize, int numPages, int maxOpenFiles, int hyracksFrameSize) {
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMergeTestDriver.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMergeTestDriver.java
index 5268de6..6726418 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMergeTestDriver.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMergeTestDriver.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.OrderedIndexTestDriver;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.OrderedIndexTestUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIndexAccessor;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@
             orderedIndexTestUtils.bulkLoadStringTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
         }
 
-        int maxTreesToMerge = 10;
+        int maxTreesToMerge = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_BTREE_MAX_TREES_TO_MERGE;
         for (int i = 0; i < maxTreesToMerge; i++) {
             for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
                 if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java
index f1b357e..1237653 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.OrderedIndexBulkLoadTest;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.OrderedIndexTestContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestHarness;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.NoMergePolicy;
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@
 public class LSMBTreeMultiBulkLoadTest extends OrderedIndexBulkLoadTest {
     public LSMBTreeMultiBulkLoadTest() {
         // Using 5 bulk load rounds.
-        super(LSMBTreeTestHarness.LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST, 5);
+        super(LSMBTreeTestHarness.LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST, AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_RTREE_BULKLOAD_ROUNDS);
     }
 
     private final LSMBTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMBTreeTestHarness();
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/util/LSMBTreeTestHarness.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/util/LSMBTreeTestHarness.java
index d514722..d2f25bc 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/util/LSMBTreeTestHarness.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/util/LSMBTreeTestHarness.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOScheduler;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
@@ -45,12 +46,6 @@
     public static final BTreeLeafFrameType[] LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST = new BTreeLeafFrameType[] { BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM };
 
     private static final long RANDOM_SEED = 50;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_DISK_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_DISK_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 200;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES = 100;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
     private static final int DUMMY_FILE_ID = -1;
 
     protected final int diskPageSize;
@@ -74,8 +69,13 @@
     protected String onDiskDir;
 
     public LSMBTreeTestHarness() {
-        this(DEFAULT_DISK_PAGE_SIZE, DEFAULT_DISK_NUM_PAGES, DEFAULT_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES, DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE,
-                DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES, DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE);
+    	this.diskPageSize = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_BTREE_DISK_PAGE_SIZE;
+    	this.diskNumPages = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_BTREE_DISK_NUM_PAGES;
+    	this.diskMaxOpenFiles = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_BTREE_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES;
+    	this.memPageSize = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_BTREE_MEM_PAGE_SIZE;
+    	this.memNumPages = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_BTREE_MEM_NUM_PAGES;
+    	this.hyracksFrameSize = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_BTREE_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE;
+    	this.ioScheduler = SequentialScheduler.INSTANCE;
     }
 
     public LSMBTreeTestHarness(int diskPageSize, int diskNumPages, int diskMaxOpenFiles, int memPageSize,
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeBulkLoadTest.java
index 337fda2..288bccd 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeBulkLoadTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public class LSMRTreeBulkLoadTest extends AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest {
@@ -51,12 +52,12 @@
 
     @Override
     protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception {
         return LSMRTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
                 harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(),
-                harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, harness.getFileId(),
-                NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
-
+                harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, rtreePolicyType,
+                harness.getFileId(), NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeDeleteTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeDeleteTest.java
index c13c401..9c31b48 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeDeleteTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeDeleteTest.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeDeleteTest;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public class LSMRTreeDeleteTest extends AbstractRTreeDeleteTest {
@@ -47,12 +48,12 @@
 
     @Override
     protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception {
         return LSMRTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
                 harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(),
-                harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, harness.getFileId(),
-                NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
-
+                harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, rtreePolicyType,
+                harness.getFileId(), NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeExamplesTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeExamplesTest.java
index fc80861..888e794 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeExamplesTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeExamplesTest.java
@@ -30,18 +30,20 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.utils.LSMRTreeUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeExamplesTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 public class LSMRTreeExamplesTest extends AbstractRTreeExamplesTest {
     private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
 
     @Override
     protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
-            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories)
-            throws TreeIndexException {
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws TreeIndexException {
         return LSMRTreeUtils.createLSMTree(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
                 harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(),
                 harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories,
-                valueProviderFactories, new ImmediateFlushPolicy(harness.getIOScheduler()), NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
+                valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, new ImmediateFlushPolicy(harness.getIOScheduler()),
+                NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeInsertTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeInsertTest.java
index a6dc5a2..639a926 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeInsertTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeInsertTest.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeInsertTest;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public class LSMRTreeInsertTest extends AbstractRTreeInsertTest {
@@ -47,12 +48,12 @@
 
     @Override
     protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception {
         return LSMRTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
                 harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(),
-                harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, harness.getFileId(),
-                NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
-
+                harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, rtreePolicyType,
+                harness.getFileId(), NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTest.java
index ed0efe3..8ddf58c 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTest.java
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public class LSMRTreeMergeTest extends LSMRTreeMergeTestDriver {
@@ -46,11 +47,12 @@
 
     @Override
     protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception {
         return LSMRTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
                 harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(),
-                harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, harness.getFileId(),
-                NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
+                harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, rtreePolicyType,
+                harness.getFileId(), NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTestDriver.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTestDriver.java
index 86204fb..15eb08f 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTestDriver.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTestDriver.java
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIndexAccessor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestDriver;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.RTreeTestUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public abstract class LSMRTreeMergeTestDriver extends AbstractRTreeTestDriver {
@@ -36,9 +38,10 @@
 
     @Override
     protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key) throws Exception {
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws Exception {
 
-        AbstractRTreeTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+        AbstractRTreeTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, rtreePolicyType);
 
         // Start off with one tree bulk loaded.
         // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first one
@@ -49,13 +52,13 @@
             rTreeTestUtils.bulkLoadDoubleTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
         }
 
-        int maxTreesToMerge = 3;
+        int maxTreesToMerge = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_RTREE_BULKLOAD_ROUNDS;
         for (int i = 0; i < maxTreesToMerge; i++) {
-        	for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
-        		if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
-        			rTreeTestUtils.bulkLoadIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+            for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+                if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+                    rTreeTestUtils.bulkLoadIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
                 } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof DoubleSerializerDeserializer) {
-                	rTreeTestUtils.bulkLoadDoubleTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+                    rTreeTestUtils.bulkLoadDoubleTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
                 }
             }
 
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java
index 0471136..e3dce3d 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -24,17 +24,18 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.NoMergePolicy;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public class LSMRTreeMultiBulkLoadTest extends AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest {
     public LSMRTreeMultiBulkLoadTest() {
-        // Using 5 bulk load rounds.
-        super(5);
+        super(AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_RTREE_BULKLOAD_ROUNDS);
     }
 
     private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
@@ -51,12 +52,12 @@
 
     @Override
     protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception {
         return LSMRTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
                 harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(),
-                harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, harness.getFileId(),
-                NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
-
+                harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, rtreePolicyType,
+                harness.getFileId(), NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesBulkLoadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f23ccf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.NoMergePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesBulkLoadTest extends AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest {
+
+    public LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesBulkLoadTest() {
+        super(1);
+    }
+
+    private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception {
+        return LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(),
+                harness.getMemFreePageManager(), harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(),
+                harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories,
+                numKeys, rtreePolicyType, harness.getFileId(), NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDeleteTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDeleteTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b830317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDeleteTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.NoMergePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeDeleteTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesDeleteTest extends AbstractRTreeDeleteTest {
+
+    private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception {
+        return LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(),
+                harness.getMemFreePageManager(), harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(),
+                harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories,
+                numKeys, rtreePolicyType, harness.getFileId(), NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesExamplesTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesExamplesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a972228
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesExamplesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.ImmediateFlushPolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.NoMergePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.utils.LSMRTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeExamplesTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesExamplesTest extends AbstractRTreeExamplesTest {
+    private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws TreeIndexException {
+        return LSMRTreeUtils.createLSMTreeWithAntiMatterTuples(harness.getMemBufferCache(),
+                harness.getMemFreePageManager(), harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(),
+                harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories,
+                btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType,
+                new ImmediateFlushPolicy(harness.getIOScheduler()), NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int getIndexFileId() {
+        return harness.getFileId();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesInsertTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesInsertTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8468ed3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesInsertTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.NoMergePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeInsertTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesInsertTest extends AbstractRTreeInsertTest {
+
+    private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception {
+        return LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(),
+                harness.getMemFreePageManager(), harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(),
+                harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories,
+                numKeys, rtreePolicyType, harness.getFileId(), NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesMergeTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesMergeTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d1ffd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesMergeTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.NoMergePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesMergeTest extends LSMRTreeMergeTestDriver {
+
+    private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception {
+        return LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(),
+                harness.getMemFreePageManager(), harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(),
+                harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories,
+                numKeys, rtreePolicyType, harness.getFileId(), NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesMultiBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesMultiBulkLoadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfb4bc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesMultiBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.NoMergePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesMultiBulkLoadTest extends AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest {
+    public LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesMultiBulkLoadTest() {
+        super(AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_RTREE_BULKLOAD_ROUNDS);
+    }
+
+    private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception {
+        return LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(),
+                harness.getMemFreePageManager(), harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(),
+                harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories,
+                numKeys, rtreePolicyType, harness.getFileId(), NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/AbstractLSMRTreeTestWorker.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/AbstractLSMRTreeTestWorker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a89dca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/AbstractLSMRTreeTestWorker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.multithread;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.TestOperationSelector;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+
+public abstract class AbstractLSMRTreeTestWorker extends AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker {
+
+    protected final ITreeIndex lsmRTree;
+    protected final int numFields;
+    protected final ArrayTupleBuilder rearrangedTb;
+    protected final ArrayTupleReference rearrangedTuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+
+    public AbstractLSMRTreeTestWorker(DataGenThread dataGen, TestOperationSelector opSelector, ITreeIndex index,
+            int numBatches) {
+        super(dataGen, opSelector, index, numBatches);
+        lsmRTree = index;
+        numFields = lsmRTree.getFieldCount();
+        rearrangedTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(numFields);
+    }
+
+    protected void rearrangeTuple(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp) throws HyracksDataException {
+        // Create a tuple with rearranged key values to make sure lower points
+        // have larger coordinates than high points.
+        rearrangedTb.reset();
+        int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
+                    tuple.getFieldLength(i), tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j));
+            if (c > 0) {
+                rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j));
+            } else {
+                rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+            }
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
+                    tuple.getFieldLength(i), tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j));
+            if (c > 0) {
+                rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+            } else {
+                rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j));
+            }
+        }
+        for (int i = cmp.getKeyFieldCount(); i < numFields; i++) {
+            rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+        }
+        rearrangedTuple.reset(rearrangedTb.getFieldEndOffsets(), rearrangedTb.getByteArray());
+    }
+
+    protected void consumeCursorTuples(ITreeIndexCursor cursor) throws HyracksDataException {
+        try {
+            while (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                cursor.next();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            cursor.close();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeMultiThreadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeMultiThreadTest.java
index b689cf5..710076a 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeMultiThreadTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeMultiThreadTest.java
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.utils.LSMRTreeUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 
 public class LSMRTreeMultiThreadTest extends AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest {
 
@@ -51,13 +52,13 @@
 
     @Override
     protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
-            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories)
-            throws TreeIndexException {
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws TreeIndexException {
         return LSMRTreeUtils.createLSMTree(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
                 harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(),
                 harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories,
-                valueProviderFactories, new ImmediateFlushPolicy(harness.getIOScheduler()), NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
-
+                valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, new ImmediateFlushPolicy(harness.getIOScheduler()),
+                NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesMultiThreadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesMultiThreadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0211d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesMultiThreadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.multithread;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.TestWorkloadConf;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.ImmediateFlushPolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.NoMergePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.utils.LSMRTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesMultiThreadTest extends AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest {
+
+    private LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    private LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestWorkerFactory workerFactory = new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestWorkerFactory();
+
+    @Override
+    protected void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws TreeIndexException {
+        return LSMRTreeUtils.createLSMTreeWithAntiMatterTuples(harness.getMemBufferCache(),
+                harness.getMemFreePageManager(), harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(),
+                harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories,
+                btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, new ImmediateFlushPolicy(harness.getIOScheduler()),
+                NoMergePolicy.INSTANCE);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory getWorkerFactory() {
+        return workerFactory;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> getTestWorkloadConf() {
+        ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> workloadConfs = new ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf>();
+
+        // Insert only workload.
+        TestOperation[] insertOnlyOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertOnlyOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertOnlyOps)));
+
+        // Insert and merge workload.
+        TestOperation[] insertMergeOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.MERGE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertMergeOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertMergeOps)));
+
+        // Inserts mixed with scans.
+        TestOperation[] insertSearchOnlyOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.SCAN };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertSearchOnlyOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertSearchOnlyOps)));
+
+        // Inserts and deletes.
+        TestOperation[] insertDeleteOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertDeleteOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertDeleteOps)));
+
+        // Inserts, deletes and merges.
+        TestOperation[] insertDeleteMergeOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE,
+                TestOperation.MERGE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertDeleteMergeOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertDeleteMergeOps)));
+
+        // All operations except merge.
+        TestOperation[] allNoMergeOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE,
+                TestOperation.SCAN };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(allNoMergeOps, getUniformOpProbs(allNoMergeOps)));
+
+        // All operations.
+        TestOperation[] allOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE, TestOperation.SCAN,
+                TestOperation.MERGE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(allOps, getUniformOpProbs(allOps)));
+
+        return workloadConfs;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int getFileId() {
+        return harness.getFileId();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getIndexTypeName() {
+        return "LSMRTree";
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestWorker.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestWorker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c5613a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestWorker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.multithread;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.TestOperationSelector;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMMergeInProgressException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples.LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
+
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestWorker extends AbstractLSMRTreeTestWorker {
+
+    public LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestWorker(DataGenThread dataGen, TestOperationSelector opSelector,
+            ITreeIndex index, int numBatches) {
+        super(dataGen, opSelector, index, numBatches);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void performOp(ITupleReference tuple, TestOperation op) throws HyracksDataException, IndexException {
+        LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesAccessor accessor = (LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesAccessor) indexAccessor;
+        ITreeIndexCursor searchCursor = accessor.createSearchCursor();
+        MultiComparator cmp = accessor.getMultiComparator();
+        SearchPredicate rangePred = new SearchPredicate(tuple, cmp);
+
+        switch (op) {
+            case INSERT:
+                rearrangeTuple(tuple, cmp);
+                accessor.insert(rearrangedTuple);
+                break;
+
+            case DELETE:
+                rearrangeTuple(tuple, cmp);
+                accessor.delete(rearrangedTuple);
+                break;
+
+            case SCAN:
+                searchCursor.reset();
+                rangePred.setSearchKey(null);
+                accessor.search(searchCursor, rangePred);
+                consumeCursorTuples(searchCursor);
+                break;
+
+            case MERGE:
+                try {
+                    accessor.merge();
+                } catch (LSMMergeInProgressException e) {
+                    // Ignore ongoing merges. Do an insert instead.
+                    rearrangeTuple(tuple, cmp);
+                    accessor.insert(rearrangedTuple);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                throw new HyracksDataException("Op " + op.toString() + " not supported.");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestWorkerFactory.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestWorkerFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4613234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestWorkerFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.multithread;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.TestOperationSelector;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+
+public class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestWorkerFactory implements ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory {
+    @Override
+    public AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker create(DataGenThread dataGen, TestOperationSelector opSelector,
+            ITreeIndex index, int numBatches) {
+        return new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestWorker(dataGen, opSelector, index, numBatches);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestContext.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestContext.java
index bf40384..fbedc6a 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestContext.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestContext.java
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.utils.LSMRTreeUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.RTreeCheckTuple;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
 
@@ -67,8 +68,8 @@
     public static LSMRTreeTestContext create(InMemoryBufferCache memBufferCache,
             InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager, IOManager ioManager, String onDiskDir,
             IBufferCache diskBufferCache, IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeyFields, int fileId,
-            ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) throws Exception {
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeyFields, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            int fileId, ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) throws Exception {
         ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes);
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories = SerdeUtils
                 .serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes, numKeyFields);
@@ -76,7 +77,8 @@
                 fieldSerdes.length);
         LSMRTree lsmTree = LSMRTreeUtils.createLSMTree(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager, ioManager, onDiskDir,
                 diskBufferCache, diskFileMapProvider, typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories,
-                valueProviderFactories, new ImmediateFlushPolicy(SequentialScheduler.INSTANCE), mergePolicy);
+                valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, new ImmediateFlushPolicy(SequentialScheduler.INSTANCE),
+                mergePolicy);
         lsmTree.create(fileId);
         lsmTree.open(fileId);
         LSMRTreeTestContext testCtx = new LSMRTreeTestContext(fieldSerdes, lsmTree);
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestHarness.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestHarness.java
index 756c746..2c4432d 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestHarness.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestHarness.java
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.IODeviceHandle;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMIOScheduler;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
@@ -44,12 +45,6 @@
     protected static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(LSMRTreeTestHarness.class.getName());
 
     private static final long RANDOM_SEED = 50;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_DISK_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_DISK_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 2000;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
     private static final int DUMMY_FILE_ID = -1;
 
     protected final int diskPageSize;
@@ -73,8 +68,13 @@
     protected String onDiskDir;
 
     public LSMRTreeTestHarness() {
-        this(DEFAULT_DISK_PAGE_SIZE, DEFAULT_DISK_NUM_PAGES, DEFAULT_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES, DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE,
-                DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES, DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE);
+        this.diskPageSize = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_RTREE_DISK_PAGE_SIZE;
+        this.diskNumPages = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_RTREE_DISK_NUM_PAGES;
+        this.diskMaxOpenFiles = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_RTREE_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES;
+        this.memPageSize = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_RTREE_MEM_PAGE_SIZE;
+        this.memNumPages = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_RTREE_MEM_NUM_PAGES;
+        this.hyracksFrameSize = AccessMethodTestsConfig.LSM_RTREE_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE;
+        this.ioScheduler = SequentialScheduler.INSTANCE;
     }
 
     public LSMRTreeTestHarness(int diskPageSize, int diskNumPages, int diskMaxOpenFiles, int memPageSize,
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..410adca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext.java
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.SerdeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMMergePolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.ImmediateFlushPolicy;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.SequentialScheduler;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.utils.LSMRTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.RTreeCheckTuple;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public final class LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext extends AbstractRTreeTestContext {
+
+    public LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, ITreeIndex treeIndex) {
+        super(fieldSerdes, treeIndex);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getKeyFieldCount() {
+        LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples lsmTree = (LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples) treeIndex;
+        return lsmTree.getComparatorFactories().length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Override to provide delete semantics for the check tuples.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void deleteCheckTuple(RTreeCheckTuple checkTuple, Collection<RTreeCheckTuple> checkTuples) {
+        while (checkTuples.remove(checkTuple)) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
+        LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples lsmTree = (LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples) treeIndex;
+        return lsmTree.getComparatorFactories();
+    }
+
+    public static LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext create(InMemoryBufferCache memBufferCache,
+            InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager, IOManager ioManager, String onDiskDir,
+            IBufferCache diskBufferCache, IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeyFields, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType,
+            int fileId, ILSMMergePolicy mergePolicy) throws Exception {
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes);
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories = SerdeUtils
+                .serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes, numKeyFields);
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes,
+                fieldSerdes.length);
+        LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuples lsmTree = LSMRTreeUtils.createLSMTreeWithAntiMatterTuples(memBufferCache,
+                memFreePageManager, ioManager, onDiskDir, diskBufferCache, diskFileMapProvider, typeTraits,
+                rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories, rtreePolicyType, new ImmediateFlushPolicy(SequentialScheduler.INSTANCE),
+                mergePolicy);
+        lsmTree.create(fileId);
+        lsmTree.open(fileId);
+        LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext testCtx = new LSMRTreeWithAntiMatterTuplesTestContext(fieldSerdes,
+                lsmTree);
+        return testCtx;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeBulkLoadTest.java
index 58bca10..da38708 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeBulkLoadTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -23,8 +23,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestHarness;
 
@@ -49,9 +48,10 @@
 
     @Override
     protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception {
         return RTreeTestContext.create(harness.getBufferCache(), harness.getTreeFileId(), fieldSerdes,
-                valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+                valueProviderFactories, numKeys, rtreePolicyType);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeDeleteTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeDeleteTest.java
index 42e933e..4d0bad4 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeDeleteTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeDeleteTest.java
@@ -23,8 +23,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeDeleteTest;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestHarness;
 
@@ -45,9 +44,10 @@
 
     @Override
     protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception {
         return RTreeTestContext.create(harness.getBufferCache(), harness.getTreeFileId(), fieldSerdes,
-                valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+                valueProviderFactories, numKeys, rtreePolicyType);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeExamplesTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeExamplesTest.java
index c72338e..99b496f 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeExamplesTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeExamplesTest.java
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeExamplesTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestHarness;
 
@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@
 
     @Override
     protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
-            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories)
-            throws TreeIndexException {
-        return RTreeUtils.createRTree(harness.getBufferCache(), typeTraits,
-                valueProviderFactories, rtreeCmpFactories);
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws TreeIndexException {
+        return RTreeUtils.createRTree(harness.getBufferCache(), typeTraits, valueProviderFactories, rtreeCmpFactories,
+                rtreePolicyType);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeInsertTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeInsertTest.java
index 6efa620..193e067 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeInsertTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeInsertTest.java
@@ -23,21 +23,10 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeInsertTest;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestHarness;
 
-/**
- * Tests the BTree insert operation with strings and integer fields using
- * various numbers of key and payload fields.
- * 
- * Each tests first fills a BTree with randomly generated tuples. We compare the
- * following operations against expected results: 1. Point searches for all
- * tuples. 2. Ordered scan. 3. Disk-order scan. 4. Range search (and prefix
- * search for composite keys).
- * 
- */
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public class RTreeInsertTest extends AbstractRTreeInsertTest {
 
@@ -55,9 +44,10 @@
 
     @Override
     protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType)
+            throws Exception {
         return RTreeTestContext.create(harness.getBufferCache(), harness.getTreeFileId(), fieldSerdes,
-                valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+                valueProviderFactories, numKeys, rtreePolicyType);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeSearchCursorTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeSearchCursorTest.java
index 9248deb..7d18999 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeSearchCursorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeSearchCursorTest.java
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSearchCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
@@ -108,9 +109,9 @@
         ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
 
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
+                valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType.RTREE);
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
+                valueProviderFactories, RTreePolicyType.RTREE);
 
         IRTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame = (IRTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
         IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IRTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
@@ -132,7 +133,8 @@
             int p2x = rnd.nextInt();
             int p2y = rnd.nextInt();
 
-            int pk = rnd.nextInt();;
+            int pk = rnd.nextInt();
+            ;
 
             TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(tb, tuple, Math.min(p1x, p2x), Math.min(p1y, p2y), Math.max(p1x, p2x),
                     Math.max(p1y, p2y), pk);
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/multithread/RTreeMultiThreadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/multithread/RTreeMultiThreadTest.java
index 7520793..2e8c28f 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/multithread/RTreeMultiThreadTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/multithread/RTreeMultiThreadTest.java
@@ -21,12 +21,13 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.TestWorkloadConf;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.TestWorkloadConf;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestHarness;
 
@@ -48,10 +49,10 @@
 
     @Override
     protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
-            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories)
-            throws TreeIndexException {
-        return RTreeUtils.createRTree(harness.getBufferCache(), typeTraits,
-                valueProviderFactories, rtreeCmpFactories);
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
+            RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws TreeIndexException {
+        return RTreeUtils.createRTree(harness.getBufferCache(), typeTraits, valueProviderFactories, rtreeCmpFactories,
+                rtreePolicyType);
 
     }
 
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestContext.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestContext.java
index 039fb0b..4591398 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestContext.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestContext.java
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreePolicyType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
@@ -47,11 +48,11 @@
 
     public static RTreeTestContext create(IBufferCache bufferCache, int rtreeFileId,
             ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
-            int numKeyFields) throws Exception {
+            int numKeyFields, RTreePolicyType rtreePolicyType) throws Exception {
         ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes);
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes, numKeyFields);
-        RTree rtree = RTreeUtils
-                .createRTree(bufferCache, typeTraits, valueProviderFactories, cmpFactories);
+        RTree rtree = RTreeUtils.createRTree(bufferCache, typeTraits, valueProviderFactories, cmpFactories,
+                rtreePolicyType);
         rtree.create(rtreeFileId);
         rtree.open(rtreeFileId);
         RTreeTestContext testCtx = new RTreeTestContext(fieldSerdes, rtree);
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestHarness.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestHarness.java
index c0cec35..e463f57 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestHarness.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestHarness.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.config.AccessMethodTestsConfig;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
@@ -31,10 +32,6 @@
 public class RTreeTestHarness {
 
     private static final long RANDOM_SEED = 50;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
-    private static final int DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
 
     protected final int pageSize;
     protected final int numPages;
@@ -52,10 +49,10 @@
     protected String fileName;
 
     public RTreeTestHarness() {
-        this.pageSize = DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE;
-        this.numPages = DEFAULT_NUM_PAGES;
-        this.maxOpenFiles = DEFAULT_MAX_OPEN_FILES;
-        this.hyracksFrameSize = DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE;
+        this.pageSize = AccessMethodTestsConfig.RTREE_PAGE_SIZE;
+        this.numPages =  AccessMethodTestsConfig.RTREE_NUM_PAGES;
+        this.maxOpenFiles = AccessMethodTestsConfig.RTREE_MAX_OPEN_FILES;
+        this.hyracksFrameSize = AccessMethodTestsConfig.RTREE_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE;
     }
 
     public RTreeTestHarness(int pageSize, int numPages, int maxOpenFiles, int hyracksFrameSize) {