diff --git a/hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/io/FileReference.java b/hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/io/FileReference.java
index 9e27077..e6f3481 100644
--- a/hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/io/FileReference.java
+++ b/hyracks-api/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/api/io/FileReference.java
@@ -21,19 +21,26 @@
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
     private final File file;
+    private final IODeviceHandle dev;
 
     public FileReference(IODeviceHandle dev, String devRelPath) {
         file = new File(dev.getPath(), devRelPath);
+        this.dev = dev;
     }
 
     public FileReference(File file) {
         this.file = file;
+        this.dev = null;
     }
 
     public File getFile() {
-        return file;
+    	return file;
     }
 
+    public IODeviceHandle getDevideHandle() {
+    	return dev;
+    }
+    
     @Override
     public String toString() {
         return file.getAbsolutePath();
diff --git a/hyracks-dataflow-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/common/util/SerdeUtils.java b/hyracks-dataflow-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/common/util/SerdeUtils.java
index 87d9b35..00575f4 100644
--- a/hyracks-dataflow-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/common/util/SerdeUtils.java
+++ b/hyracks-dataflow-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/common/util/SerdeUtils.java
@@ -35,13 +35,41 @@
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public class SerdeUtils {
-    public static ITypeTraits[] serdesToTypeTraits(ISerializerDeserializer[] serdes, int numSerdes) {
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[numSerdes];
-        for (int i = 0; i < numSerdes; i++) {
+	public static class PayloadTypeTraits implements ITypeTraits {
+		private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+		final int payloadSize;
+		
+		public PayloadTypeTraits(int payloadSize) {
+			this.payloadSize = payloadSize;
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+		public boolean isFixedLength() {
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public int getFixedLength() {
+			return payloadSize;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	public static ITypeTraits[] serdesToTypeTraits(ISerializerDeserializer[] serdes) {
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[serdes.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < serdes.length; i++) {
             typeTraits[i] = serdeToTypeTrait(serdes[i]);
         }
         return typeTraits;
     }
+    
+    public static ITypeTraits[] serdesToTypeTraits(ISerializerDeserializer[] serdes, int payloadSize) {
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[serdes.length + 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < serdes.length; i++) {
+            typeTraits[i] = serdeToTypeTrait(serdes[i]);
+        }
+        typeTraits[serdes.length] = new PayloadTypeTraits(payloadSize);
+        return typeTraits;
+    }
 
     public static ITypeTraits serdeToTypeTrait(ISerializerDeserializer serde) {
         if (serde instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
diff --git a/hyracks-dataflow-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/common/util/TupleUtils.java b/hyracks-dataflow-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/common/util/TupleUtils.java
index 14c4d66..b35dd75 100644
--- a/hyracks-dataflow-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/common/util/TupleUtils.java
+++ b/hyracks-dataflow-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/dataflow/common/util/TupleUtils.java
@@ -25,29 +25,32 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 
-@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") 
-public class TupleUtils {    
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class TupleUtils {
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-    public static void createTuple(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, ArrayTupleReference tuple, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, final Object... fields) throws HyracksDataException {
+    public static void createTuple(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, ArrayTupleReference tuple,
+            ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, final Object... fields) throws HyracksDataException {
         DataOutput dos = tupleBuilder.getDataOutput();
         tupleBuilder.reset();
         int numFields = Math.min(tupleBuilder.getFieldEndOffsets().length, fields.length);
-        for (int i = 0; i < numFields; i++) {  
+        for (int i = 0; i < numFields; i++) {
             fieldSerdes[i].serialize(fields[i], dos);
             tupleBuilder.addFieldEndOffset();
         }
         tuple.reset(tupleBuilder.getFieldEndOffsets(), tupleBuilder.getByteArray());
     }
 
-    public static ITupleReference createTuple(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, final Object... fields) throws HyracksDataException {
+    public static ITupleReference createTuple(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, final Object... fields)
+            throws HyracksDataException {
         ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fields.length);
         ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
         createTuple(tupleBuilder, tuple, fieldSerdes, fields);
         return tuple;
     }
-    
+
     public static void createIntegerTuple(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, ArrayTupleReference tuple,
             final int... fields) throws HyracksDataException {
         DataOutput dos = tupleBuilder.getDataOutput();
@@ -65,14 +68,31 @@
         createIntegerTuple(tupleBuilder, tuple, fields);
         return tuple;
     }
-    
-    public static String printTuple(ITupleReference tuple,
-            ISerializerDeserializer[] fields) throws HyracksDataException {
+
+    public static void createDoubleTuple(ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, ArrayTupleReference tuple,
+            final double... fields) throws HyracksDataException {
+        DataOutput dos = tupleBuilder.getDataOutput();
+        tupleBuilder.reset();
+        for (final double i : fields) {
+            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(i, dos);
+            tupleBuilder.addFieldEndOffset();
+        }
+        tuple.reset(tupleBuilder.getFieldEndOffsets(), tupleBuilder.getByteArray());
+    }
+
+    public static ITupleReference createDoubleTuple(final double... fields) throws HyracksDataException {
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fields.length);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        createDoubleTuple(tupleBuilder, tuple, fields);
+        return tuple;
+    }
+
+    public static String printTuple(ITupleReference tuple, ISerializerDeserializer[] fields)
+            throws HyracksDataException {
         StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
         int numPrintFields = Math.min(tuple.getFieldCount(), fields.length);
         for (int i = 0; i < numPrintFields; i++) {
-            ByteArrayInputStream inStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(
-                    tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
+            ByteArrayInputStream inStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
                     tuple.getFieldLength(i));
             DataInput dataIn = new DataInputStream(inStream);
             Object o = fields[i].deserialize(dataIn);
@@ -80,7 +100,30 @@
             if (i != fields.length - 1) {
                 strBuilder.append(" ");
             }
-        }        
+        }
         return strBuilder.toString();
     }
+
+    public static Object[] deserializeTuple(ITupleReference tuple, ISerializerDeserializer[] fields)
+            throws HyracksDataException {
+        int numFields = Math.min(tuple.getFieldCount(), fields.length);
+        Object[] objs = new Object[numFields];
+        for (int i = 0; i < numFields; i++) {
+            ByteArrayInputStream inStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
+                    tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+            DataInput dataIn = new DataInputStream(inStream);
+            objs[i] = fields[i].deserialize(dataIn);
+        }
+        return objs;
+    }
+
+    public static ITupleReference copyTuple(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException {
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(tuple.getFieldCount());
+        for (int i = 0; i < tuple.getFieldCount(); i++) {
+            tupleBuilder.addField(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+        }
+        ArrayTupleReference tupleCopy = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        tupleCopy.reset(tupleBuilder.getFieldEndOffsets(), tupleBuilder.getByteArray());
+        return tupleCopy;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/InsertPipelineExample.java b/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/InsertPipelineExample.java
index 5a6d8cd..301d1bd 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/InsertPipelineExample.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/InsertPipelineExample.java
@@ -44,15 +44,11 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.examples.btree.helper.IndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.examples.btree.helper.StorageManagerInterface;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 
 // This example will insert tuples into the primary and secondary index using an insert pipeline
@@ -144,11 +140,6 @@
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] primaryComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
         primaryComparatorFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
-        // create factories and providers for secondary B-Tree
-        TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory primaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(primaryTypeTraits);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory);
-
         // the B-Tree expects its keyfields to be at the front of its input
         // tuple
         int[] primaryFieldPermutation = { 2, 1, 3, 4 }; // map field 2 of input
@@ -161,7 +152,7 @@
         // create operator descriptor
         TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor primaryInsert = new TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor(
                 spec, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primarySplitProvider,
-                primaryInteriorFrameFactory, primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories,
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories,
                 primaryFieldPermutation, IndexOp.INSERT, dataflowHelperFactory);
         JobHelper.createPartitionConstraint(spec, primaryInsert, splitNCs);
 
@@ -177,12 +168,6 @@
         secondaryComparatorFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY);
         secondaryComparatorFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
-        // create factories and providers for secondary B-Tree
-        TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory secondaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(secondaryTypeTraits);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory secondaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(
-                secondaryTupleWriterFactory);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory secondaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(secondaryTupleWriterFactory);
-
         // the B-Tree expects its keyfields to be at the front of its input
         // tuple
         int[] secondaryFieldPermutation = { 1, 2 };
@@ -191,7 +176,7 @@
         // create operator descriptor
         TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor secondaryInsert = new TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor(
                 spec, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, secondarySplitProvider,
-                secondaryInteriorFrameFactory, secondaryLeafFrameFactory, secondaryTypeTraits,
+                secondaryTypeTraits,
                 secondaryComparatorFactories, secondaryFieldPermutation, IndexOp.INSERT, dataflowHelperFactory);
         JobHelper.createPartitionConstraint(spec, secondaryInsert, splitNCs);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/PrimaryIndexBulkLoadExample.java b/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/PrimaryIndexBulkLoadExample.java
index 0b1cd6c..9375285 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/PrimaryIndexBulkLoadExample.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/PrimaryIndexBulkLoadExample.java
@@ -43,14 +43,10 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.examples.btree.helper.IndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.examples.btree.helper.StorageManagerInterface;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 
 // This example will load a primary index from randomly generated data
@@ -144,10 +140,7 @@
         typeTraits[2] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
         typeTraits[3] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
 
-        // create factories and providers for B-Tree
-        TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
+        // create providers for B-Tree
         IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider = IndexRegistryProvider.INSTANCE;
         IStorageManagerInterface storageManager = StorageManagerInterface.INSTANCE;
 
@@ -159,7 +152,7 @@
         IFileSplitProvider btreeSplitProvider = JobHelper.createFileSplitProvider(splitNCs, options.btreeName);
         IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory = new BTreeDataflowHelperFactory();
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor btreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, btreeSplitProvider, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, btreeSplitProvider,
                 typeTraits, comparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f, dataflowHelperFactory);
         JobHelper.createPartitionConstraint(spec, btreeBulkLoad, splitNCs);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/PrimaryIndexSearchExample.java b/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/PrimaryIndexSearchExample.java
index aa73a62..76aa660 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/PrimaryIndexSearchExample.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/PrimaryIndexSearchExample.java
@@ -42,13 +42,9 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.examples.btree.helper.StorageManagerInterface;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 
 // This example will perform an ordered scan on the primary index
@@ -106,10 +102,7 @@
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
         comparatorFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
-        // create factories and providers for B-Tree
-        TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
+        // create roviders for B-Tree
         IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider = IndexRegistryProvider.INSTANCE;
         IStorageManagerInterface storageManager = StorageManagerInterface.INSTANCE;
 
@@ -149,8 +142,8 @@
         IFileSplitProvider btreeSplitProvider = JobHelper.createFileSplitProvider(splitNCs, options.btreeName);
         IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory = new BTreeDataflowHelperFactory();
         BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor btreeSearchOp = new BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec, recDesc, storageManager,
-                indexRegistryProvider, btreeSplitProvider, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory, typeTraits,
-                comparatorFactories, true, lowKeyFields, highKeyFields, true, true, dataflowHelperFactory);
+                indexRegistryProvider, btreeSplitProvider, typeTraits,
+                comparatorFactories, lowKeyFields, highKeyFields, true, true, dataflowHelperFactory);
         JobHelper.createPartitionConstraint(spec, btreeSearchOp, splitNCs);
 
         // have each node print the results of its respective B-Tree
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/SecondaryIndexBulkLoadExample.java b/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/SecondaryIndexBulkLoadExample.java
index ad9ad3a..729fae4 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/SecondaryIndexBulkLoadExample.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/SecondaryIndexBulkLoadExample.java
@@ -36,15 +36,11 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.examples.btree.helper.IndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.examples.btree.helper.StorageManagerInterface;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 
 // This example will load a secondary index with <key, primary-index key> pairs
@@ -122,17 +118,12 @@
         comparatorFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY);
         comparatorFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
-        // create factories and providers for primary B-Tree
-        TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory primaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(primaryTypeTraits);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory);
-
         // use a disk-order scan to read primary index
         IFileSplitProvider primarySplitProvider = JobHelper.createFileSplitProvider(splitNCs, options.primaryBTreeName);
         IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory = new BTreeDataflowHelperFactory();
         TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorDescriptor btreeScanOp = new TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primarySplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, dataflowHelperFactory);
+                recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primarySplitProvider, 
+                primaryTypeTraits, dataflowHelperFactory);
         JobHelper.createPartitionConstraint(spec, btreeScanOp, splitNCs);
 
         // sort the tuples as preparation for bulk load into secondary index
@@ -148,19 +139,13 @@
         secondaryTypeTraits[0] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
         secondaryTypeTraits[1] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
 
-        // create factories and providers for secondary B-Tree
-        TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory secondaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(secondaryTypeTraits);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory secondaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(
-                secondaryTupleWriterFactory);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory secondaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(secondaryTupleWriterFactory);
-
         // the B-Tree expects its keyfields to be at the front of its input
         // tuple
         int[] fieldPermutation = { 1, 0 };
         IFileSplitProvider btreeSplitProvider = JobHelper.createFileSplitProvider(splitNCs, options.secondaryBTreeName);
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor btreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, btreeSplitProvider, secondaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                secondaryLeafFrameFactory, secondaryTypeTraits, comparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, btreeSplitProvider,
+                secondaryTypeTraits, comparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
                 dataflowHelperFactory);
         JobHelper.createPartitionConstraint(spec, btreeBulkLoad, splitNCs);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/SecondaryIndexSearchExample.java b/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/SecondaryIndexSearchExample.java
index 2719397..67aa546 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/SecondaryIndexSearchExample.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/btree-example/btreeclient/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/examples/btree/client/SecondaryIndexSearchExample.java
@@ -42,13 +42,9 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.examples.btree.helper.StorageManagerInterface;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 
 // This example will perform range search on the secondary index
@@ -119,12 +115,6 @@
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] primaryComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[1];
         primaryComparatorFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
-        // create factories and providers for secondary B-Tree
-        TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory secondaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(secondaryTypeTraits);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory secondaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(
-                secondaryTupleWriterFactory);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory secondaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(secondaryTupleWriterFactory);
-
         // schema of tuples coming out of primary index
         RecordDescriptor primaryRecDesc = new RecordDescriptor(new ISerializerDeserializer[] {
                 IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
@@ -137,11 +127,6 @@
         primaryTypeTraits[2] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
         primaryTypeTraits[3] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
 
-        // create factories and providers for secondary B-Tree
-        TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory primaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(primaryTypeTraits);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory);
-
         // comparators for btree, note that we only need a comparator for the
         // non-unique key
         // i.e. we will have a range condition on the first field only (implying
@@ -183,8 +168,8 @@
                 options.secondaryBTreeName);
         IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory = new BTreeDataflowHelperFactory();
         BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor secondarySearchOp = new BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec, secondaryRecDesc,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, secondarySplitProvider, secondaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                secondaryLeafFrameFactory, secondaryTypeTraits, searchComparatorFactories, true, secondaryLowKeyFields,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, secondarySplitProvider, 
+                secondaryTypeTraits, searchComparatorFactories, secondaryLowKeyFields,
                 secondaryHighKeyFields, true, true, dataflowHelperFactory);
         JobHelper.createPartitionConstraint(spec, secondarySearchOp, splitNCs);
 
@@ -199,8 +184,8 @@
 
         IFileSplitProvider primarySplitProvider = JobHelper.createFileSplitProvider(splitNCs, options.primaryBTreeName);
         BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor primarySearchOp = new BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec, primaryRecDesc,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primarySplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, true, primaryLowKeyFields,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primarySplitProvider, 
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, primaryLowKeyFields,
                 primaryHighKeyFields, true, true, dataflowHelperFactory);
         JobHelper.createPartitionConstraint(spec, primarySearchOp, splitNCs);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreePrimaryIndexScanOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreePrimaryIndexScanOperatorTest.java
index 6ef1740..c194036 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreePrimaryIndexScanOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreePrimaryIndexScanOperatorTest.java
@@ -49,14 +49,10 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
@@ -80,10 +76,6 @@
     private ITypeTraits[] primaryTypeTraits = new ITypeTraits[primaryFieldCount];
     private int primaryKeyFieldCount = 1;
     private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] primaryComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[primaryKeyFieldCount];
-    private TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory primaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(primaryTypeTraits);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(
-            primaryTupleWriterFactory);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory);
 
     private static String primaryBtreeName = "primary" + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
     private static String primaryFileName = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + sep + primaryBtreeName;
@@ -138,8 +130,8 @@
 
         int[] fieldPermutation = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 };
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider,
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
                 dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeBulkLoad, NC1_ID);
 
@@ -175,8 +167,8 @@
         int[] highKeyFields = null; // + infinity
 
         BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeSearchOp = new BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec, primaryRecDesc,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, true, lowKeyFields,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider,
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, lowKeyFields,
                 highKeyFields, true, true, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeSearchOp, NC1_ID);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreePrimaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreePrimaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
index 51dbb69..2d0b708 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreePrimaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreePrimaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
@@ -49,14 +49,10 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
@@ -80,10 +76,6 @@
     private ITypeTraits[] primaryTypeTraits = new ITypeTraits[primaryFieldCount];
     private int primaryKeyFieldCount = 1;
     private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] primaryComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[primaryKeyFieldCount];
-    private TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory primaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(primaryTypeTraits);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(
-            primaryTupleWriterFactory);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory);
 
     private static String primaryBtreeName = "primary" + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
     private static String primaryFileName = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + sep + primaryBtreeName;
@@ -138,8 +130,8 @@
 
         int[] fieldPermutation = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 };
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, 
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
                 dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeBulkLoad, NC1_ID);
 
@@ -180,8 +172,8 @@
         int[] highKeyFields = { 1 };
 
         BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeSearchOp = new BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec, primaryRecDesc,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, true, lowKeyFields,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, 
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, lowKeyFields,
                 highKeyFields, true, true, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeSearchOp, NC1_ID);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreePrimaryIndexStatsOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreePrimaryIndexStatsOperatorTest.java
index a804bae..44e6f38 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreePrimaryIndexStatsOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreePrimaryIndexStatsOperatorTest.java
@@ -45,15 +45,11 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.PlainFileWriterOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexStatsOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
@@ -77,10 +73,6 @@
     private ITypeTraits[] primaryTypeTraits = new ITypeTraits[primaryFieldCount];
     private int primaryKeyFieldCount = 1;
     private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] primaryComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[primaryKeyFieldCount];
-    private TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory primaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(primaryTypeTraits);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(
-            primaryTupleWriterFactory);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory);
 
     private static String primaryBtreeName = "primary" + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
     private static String primaryFileName = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + sep + primaryBtreeName;
@@ -135,8 +127,8 @@
 
         int[] fieldPermutation = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 };
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider,
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
                 dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeBulkLoad, NC1_ID);
 
@@ -153,7 +145,7 @@
         JobSpecification spec = new JobSpecification();
 
         TreeIndexStatsOperatorDescriptor primaryStatsOp = new TreeIndexStatsOperatorDescriptor(spec, storageManager,
-                indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory, primaryLeafFrameFactory,
+                indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider,
                 primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryStatsOp, NC1_ID);
         IFileSplitProvider outSplits = new ConstantFileSplitProvider(new FileSplit[] { new FileSplit(NC1_ID,
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java
index a16bbe4..61b12f57 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreeSecondaryIndexInsertOperatorTest.java
@@ -50,16 +50,12 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
@@ -83,10 +79,6 @@
     private ITypeTraits[] primaryTypeTraits = new ITypeTraits[primaryFieldCount];
     private int primaryKeyFieldCount = 1;
     private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] primaryComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[primaryKeyFieldCount];
-    private TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory primaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(primaryTypeTraits);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(
-            primaryTupleWriterFactory);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory);
 
     private static String primaryBtreeName = "primary" + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
     private static String primaryFileName = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + sep + primaryBtreeName;
@@ -104,11 +96,6 @@
     private ITypeTraits[] secondaryTypeTraits = new ITypeTraits[secondaryFieldCount];
     private int secondaryKeyFieldCount = 2;
     private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] secondaryComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[secondaryKeyFieldCount];
-    private TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory secondaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(
-            secondaryTypeTraits);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory secondaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(
-            secondaryTupleWriterFactory);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory secondaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(secondaryTupleWriterFactory);
 
     private static String secondaryBtreeName = "secondary" + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
     private static String secondaryFileName = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + sep + secondaryBtreeName;
@@ -169,8 +156,8 @@
 
         int[] fieldPermutation = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 };
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, 
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
                 dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeBulkLoad, NC1_ID);
 
@@ -206,8 +193,8 @@
 
         // scan primary index
         BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeSearchOp = new BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec, primaryRecDesc,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, true, lowKeyFields,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider,
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, lowKeyFields,
                 highKeyFields, true, true, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeSearchOp, NC1_ID);
 
@@ -220,8 +207,8 @@
         // load secondary index
         int[] fieldPermutation = { 3, 0 };
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor secondaryBtreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, secondaryBtreeSplitProvider, secondaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                secondaryLeafFrameFactory, secondaryTypeTraits, secondaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, secondaryBtreeSplitProvider,
+                secondaryTypeTraits, secondaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
                 dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, secondaryBtreeBulkLoad, NC1_ID);
 
@@ -259,7 +246,7 @@
         int[] primaryFieldPermutation = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 };
         TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeInsertOp = new TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor(
                 spec, ordersDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider,
-                primaryInteriorFrameFactory, primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories,
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories,
                 primaryFieldPermutation, IndexOp.INSERT, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeInsertOp, NC1_ID);
 
@@ -267,8 +254,7 @@
         int[] fieldPermutationB = { 4, 0 };
         TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor secondaryInsertOp = new TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor(
                 spec, ordersDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, secondaryBtreeSplitProvider,
-                secondaryInteriorFrameFactory, secondaryLeafFrameFactory, secondaryTypeTraits,
-                secondaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutationB, IndexOp.INSERT, dataflowHelperFactory);
+                secondaryTypeTraits, secondaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutationB, IndexOp.INSERT, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, secondaryInsertOp, NC1_ID);
 
         NullSinkOperatorDescriptor nullSink = new NullSinkOperatorDescriptor(spec);
@@ -315,8 +301,7 @@
         // search secondary index
         BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor secondaryBtreeSearchOp = new BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec,
                 secondaryRecDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, secondaryBtreeSplitProvider,
-                secondaryInteriorFrameFactory, secondaryLeafFrameFactory, secondaryTypeTraits,
-                secondaryComparatorFactories, true, secondaryLowKeyFields, secondaryHighKeyFields, true, true,
+                secondaryTypeTraits, secondaryComparatorFactories, secondaryLowKeyFields, secondaryHighKeyFields, true, true,
                 dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, secondaryBtreeSearchOp, NC1_ID);
 
@@ -327,8 +312,8 @@
 
         // search primary index
         BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeSearchOp = new BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec, primaryRecDesc,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, true, primaryLowKeyFields,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, 
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, primaryLowKeyFields,
                 primaryHighKeyFields, true, true, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeSearchOp, NC1_ID);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
index ef1c6f6..07d3495 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/btree/BTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
@@ -49,14 +49,10 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
@@ -80,10 +76,6 @@
     private ITypeTraits[] primaryTypeTraits = new ITypeTraits[primaryFieldCount];
     private int primaryKeyFieldCount = 1;
     private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] primaryComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[primaryKeyFieldCount];
-    private TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory primaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(primaryTypeTraits);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(
-            primaryTupleWriterFactory);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory);
 
     private static String primaryBtreeName = "primary" + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
     private static String primaryFileName = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + sep + primaryBtreeName;
@@ -101,11 +93,6 @@
     private ITypeTraits[] secondaryTypeTraits = new ITypeTraits[secondaryFieldCount];
     private int secondaryKeyFieldCount = 2;
     private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] secondaryComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[secondaryKeyFieldCount];
-    private TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory secondaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(
-            secondaryTypeTraits);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory secondaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(
-            secondaryTupleWriterFactory);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory secondaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(secondaryTupleWriterFactory);
 
     private static String secondaryBtreeName = "secondary" + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
     private static String secondaryFileName = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + sep + secondaryBtreeName;
@@ -165,8 +152,8 @@
 
         int[] fieldPermutation = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 };
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider,
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
                 dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeBulkLoad, NC1_ID);
 
@@ -202,8 +189,8 @@
 
         // scan primary index
         BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeSearchOp = new BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec, primaryRecDesc,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, true, lowKeyFields,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider,
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, lowKeyFields,
                 highKeyFields, true, true, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeSearchOp, NC1_ID);
 
@@ -216,8 +203,8 @@
         // load secondary index
         int[] fieldPermutation = { 3, 0 };
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor secondaryBtreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, secondaryBtreeSplitProvider, secondaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                secondaryLeafFrameFactory, secondaryTypeTraits, secondaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, secondaryBtreeSplitProvider,
+                secondaryTypeTraits, secondaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
                 dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, secondaryBtreeBulkLoad, NC1_ID);
 
@@ -260,8 +247,7 @@
         // search secondary index
         BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor secondaryBtreeSearchOp = new BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec,
                 secondaryRecDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, secondaryBtreeSplitProvider,
-                secondaryInteriorFrameFactory, secondaryLeafFrameFactory, secondaryTypeTraits,
-                secondaryComparatorFactories, true, secondaryLowKeyFields, secondaryHighKeyFields, true, true,
+                secondaryTypeTraits, secondaryComparatorFactories, secondaryLowKeyFields, secondaryHighKeyFields, true, true,
                 dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, secondaryBtreeSearchOp, NC1_ID);
 
@@ -272,8 +258,8 @@
 
         // search primary index
         BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeSearchOp = new BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec, primaryRecDesc,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, true, primaryLowKeyFields,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBtreeSplitProvider,
+                primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, primaryLowKeyFields,
                 primaryHighKeyFields, true, true, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeSearchOp, NC1_ID);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/invertedindex/WordInvertedIndexTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/invertedindex/WordInvertedIndexTest.java
index 298c146..8e7d29b 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/invertedindex/WordInvertedIndexTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/invertedindex/WordInvertedIndexTest.java
@@ -52,14 +52,10 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.invertedindex.api.IInvertedIndexSearchModifierFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.invertedindex.dataflow.BinaryTokenizerOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.invertedindex.dataflow.InvertedIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor;
@@ -103,10 +99,6 @@
     private ITypeTraits[] primaryTypeTraits = new ITypeTraits[primaryFieldCount];
     private int primaryKeyFieldCount = 1;
     private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] primaryComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[primaryKeyFieldCount];
-    private TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory primaryTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(primaryTypeTraits);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(
-            primaryTupleWriterFactory);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory);
     private RecordDescriptor primaryRecDesc = new RecordDescriptor(new ISerializerDeserializer[] {
             IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE });
 
@@ -172,9 +164,8 @@
     private IOperatorDescriptor createPrimaryBulkLoadOp(JobSpecification spec) {
         int[] fieldPermutation = { 0, 1 };
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryFileSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
-                btreeDataflowHelperFactory);
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryFileSplitProvider, primaryTypeTraits,
+                primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f, btreeDataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeBulkLoad, NC1_ID);
         return primaryBtreeBulkLoad;
     }
@@ -199,9 +190,8 @@
         int[] lowKeyFields = null; // - infinity
         int[] highKeyFields = null; // + infinity
         BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor primaryBtreeSearchOp = new BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec, primaryRecDesc,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryFileSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, true, lowKeyFields,
-                highKeyFields, true, true, btreeDataflowHelperFactory);
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryFileSplitProvider, primaryTypeTraits,
+                primaryComparatorFactories, lowKeyFields, highKeyFields, true, true, btreeDataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBtreeSearchOp, NC1_ID);
         return primaryBtreeSearchOp;
     }
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/rtree/RTreePrimaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/rtree/RTreePrimaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
index 0c0df42..d549d87 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/rtree/RTreePrimaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/rtree/RTreePrimaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
@@ -50,16 +50,12 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.PlainFileWriterOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.misc.ConstantTupleSourceOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.dataflow.RTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.dataflow.RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestIndexRegistryProvider;
@@ -74,7 +70,7 @@
 
     private IStorageManagerInterface storageManager = new TestStorageManagerInterface();
     private IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider = new TestIndexRegistryProvider();
-    private IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory = new RTreeDataflowHelperFactory();
+    private IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory;
 
     private final static SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("ddMMyy-hhmmssSS");
     private final static String sep = System.getProperty("file.separator");
@@ -85,17 +81,11 @@
     private ITypeTraits[] primaryTypeTraits = new ITypeTraits[primaryFieldCount];
     private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] primaryComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[primaryKeyFieldCount];
 
-    private RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory primaryTupleWriterFactory = new RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(
-            primaryTypeTraits);
-
     private RecordDescriptor primaryRecDesc = new RecordDescriptor(new ISerializerDeserializer[] {
             DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
             DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
             UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE });
 
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryInteriorFrameFactory;
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryLeafFrameFactory;
-
     private static String primaryRTreeName = "primary" + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
     private static String primaryFileName = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + sep + primaryRTreeName;
 
@@ -118,10 +108,8 @@
         IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] primaryValueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils
                 .createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(primaryComparatorFactories.length, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
 
-        primaryInteriorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory,
-                primaryValueProviderFactories);
-        primaryLeafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory, primaryValueProviderFactories);
-
+        dataflowHelperFactory = new RTreeDataflowHelperFactory(primaryValueProviderFactories);
+        
         loadPrimaryIndexTest();
     }
 
@@ -144,8 +132,7 @@
 
         int[] fieldPermutation = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 };
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor primaryRTreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryRTreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryRTreeSplitProvider, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
                 dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryRTreeBulkLoad, NC1_ID);
 
@@ -185,9 +172,8 @@
         int[] keyFields = { 0, 1, 2, 3 };
 
         RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor primaryRTreeSearchOp = new RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec, primaryRecDesc,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryRTreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, keyFields,
-                dataflowHelperFactory);
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryRTreeSplitProvider, primaryTypeTraits,
+                primaryComparatorFactories, keyFields, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryRTreeSearchOp, NC1_ID);
 
         IFileSplitProvider outSplits = new ConstantFileSplitProvider(new FileSplit[] { new FileSplit(NC1_ID,
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/rtree/RTreePrimaryIndexStatsOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/rtree/RTreePrimaryIndexStatsOperatorTest.java
index a4912e8..5fa237d 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/rtree/RTreePrimaryIndexStatsOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/rtree/RTreePrimaryIndexStatsOperatorTest.java
@@ -46,16 +46,12 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.PlainFileWriterOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexStatsOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.dataflow.RTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestIndexRegistryProvider;
@@ -70,7 +66,7 @@
 
     private IStorageManagerInterface storageManager = new TestStorageManagerInterface();
     private IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider = new TestIndexRegistryProvider();
-    private IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory = new RTreeDataflowHelperFactory();
+    private IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory;
 
     private final static SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("ddMMyy-hhmmssSS");
     private final static String sep = System.getProperty("file.separator");
@@ -81,17 +77,6 @@
     private ITypeTraits[] primaryTypeTraits = new ITypeTraits[primaryFieldCount];
     private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] primaryComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[primaryKeyFieldCount];
 
-    private RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory primaryTupleWriterFactory = new RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(
-            primaryTypeTraits);
-
-    private RecordDescriptor primaryRecDesc = new RecordDescriptor(new ISerializerDeserializer[] {
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-            UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE });
-
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryInteriorFrameFactory;
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryLeafFrameFactory;
-
     private static String primaryRTreeName = "primary" + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
     private static String primaryFileName = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + sep + primaryRTreeName;
 
@@ -114,10 +99,8 @@
         IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] primaryValueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils
                 .createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(primaryComparatorFactories.length, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
 
-        primaryInteriorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory,
-                primaryValueProviderFactories);
-        primaryLeafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(primaryTupleWriterFactory, primaryValueProviderFactories);
-
+        dataflowHelperFactory = new RTreeDataflowHelperFactory(primaryValueProviderFactories);
+        
         loadPrimaryIndexTest();
     }
 
@@ -140,9 +123,8 @@
 
         int[] fieldPermutation = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 };
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor primaryRTreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryRTreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryLeafFrameFactory, primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
-                dataflowHelperFactory);
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryRTreeSplitProvider, primaryTypeTraits,
+                primaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryRTreeBulkLoad, NC1_ID);
 
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), objScanner, 0, primaryRTreeBulkLoad, 0);
@@ -156,7 +138,7 @@
         JobSpecification spec = new JobSpecification();
 
         TreeIndexStatsOperatorDescriptor primaryStatsOp = new TreeIndexStatsOperatorDescriptor(spec, storageManager,
-                indexRegistryProvider, primaryRTreeSplitProvider, primaryInteriorFrameFactory, primaryLeafFrameFactory,
+                indexRegistryProvider, primaryRTreeSplitProvider,
                 primaryTypeTraits, primaryComparatorFactories, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryStatsOp, NC1_ID);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
index 025f675..9357d74 100644
--- a/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-examples/hyracks-integration-tests/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/tests/rtree/RTreeSecondaryIndexSearchOperatorTest.java
@@ -52,19 +52,14 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.sort.ExternalSortOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.dataflow.BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexRegistryProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.dataflow.RTreeDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.dataflow.RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.DoublePrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
@@ -81,7 +76,7 @@
 
     private IStorageManagerInterface storageManager = new TestStorageManagerInterface();
     private IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider = new TestIndexRegistryProvider();
-    private IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory = new RTreeDataflowHelperFactory();
+    private IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory;
     private IIndexDataflowHelperFactory btreeDataflowHelperFactory = new BTreeDataflowHelperFactory();
 
     private final static SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("ddMMyy-hhmmssSS");
@@ -92,12 +87,6 @@
     private ITypeTraits[] primaryBTreeTypeTraits = new ITypeTraits[primaryBTreeFieldCount];
     private int primaryBTreeKeyFieldCount = 1;
     private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] primaryBTreeComparatorFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[primaryBTreeKeyFieldCount];
-    private TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory primaryBTreeTupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(
-            primaryBTreeTypeTraits);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryBTreeInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(
-            primaryBTreeTupleWriterFactory);
-    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory primaryBTreeLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(
-            primaryBTreeTupleWriterFactory);
 
     private static String primaryBTreeName = "primaryBTree" + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
     private static String primaryBTreeFileName = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + sep + primaryBTreeName;
@@ -169,11 +158,8 @@
         IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] secondaryValueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils
                 .createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(secondaryComparatorFactories.length, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
 
-        secondaryInteriorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(secondaryTupleWriterFactory,
-                secondaryValueProviderFactories);
-        secondaryLeafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(secondaryTupleWriterFactory,
-                secondaryValueProviderFactories);
-
+        dataflowHelperFactory = new RTreeDataflowHelperFactory(secondaryValueProviderFactories);
+        
         loadPrimaryBTreeIndexTest();
         loadSecondaryIndexTest();
     }
@@ -210,9 +196,8 @@
 
         int[] fieldPermutation = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 };
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor primaryBTreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBTreeSplitProvider, primaryBTreeInteriorFrameFactory,
-                primaryBTreeLeafFrameFactory, primaryBTreeTypeTraits, primaryBTreeComparatorFactories,
-                fieldPermutation, 0.7f, btreeDataflowHelperFactory);
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBTreeSplitProvider, primaryBTreeTypeTraits,
+                primaryBTreeComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f, btreeDataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBTreeBulkLoad, NC1_ID);
 
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), ordScanner, 0, sorter, 0);
@@ -248,17 +233,15 @@
         // scan primary index
         BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor primaryBTreeSearchOp = new BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec,
                 primaryBTreeRecDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, primaryBTreeSplitProvider,
-                primaryBTreeInteriorFrameFactory, primaryBTreeLeafFrameFactory, primaryBTreeTypeTraits,
-                primaryBTreeComparatorFactories, true, lowKeyFields, highKeyFields, true, true,
+                primaryBTreeTypeTraits, primaryBTreeComparatorFactories, lowKeyFields, highKeyFields, true, true,
                 btreeDataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, primaryBTreeSearchOp, NC1_ID);
 
         // load secondary index
         int[] fieldPermutation = { 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 };
         TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor secondaryRTreeBulkLoad = new TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(spec,
-                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, secondaryRTreeSplitProvider, secondaryInteriorFrameFactory,
-                secondaryLeafFrameFactory, secondaryTypeTraits, secondaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f,
-                dataflowHelperFactory);
+                storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, secondaryRTreeSplitProvider, secondaryTypeTraits,
+                secondaryComparatorFactories, fieldPermutation, 0.7f, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, secondaryRTreeBulkLoad, NC1_ID);
 
         spec.connect(new OneToOneConnectorDescriptor(spec), keyProviderOp, 0, primaryBTreeSearchOp, 0);
@@ -299,8 +282,7 @@
 
         RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor secondaryRTreeSearchOp = new RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(spec,
                 secondaryRecDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, secondaryRTreeSplitProvider,
-                secondaryInteriorFrameFactory, secondaryLeafFrameFactory, secondaryTypeTraits,
-                secondaryComparatorFactories, keyFields, dataflowHelperFactory);
+                secondaryTypeTraits, secondaryComparatorFactories, keyFields, dataflowHelperFactory);
         PartitionConstraintHelper.addAbsoluteLocationConstraint(spec, secondaryRTreeSearchOp, NC1_ID);
 
         IFileSplitProvider outSplits = new ConstantFileSplitProvider(new FileSplit[] { new FileSplit(NC1_ID,
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/pom.xml b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/pom.xml
index 8ad45ac..d7b6652 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/pom.xml
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/pom.xml
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
   		<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
   		<version>4.8.1</version>
   		<type>jar</type>
-  		<scope>test</scope>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
   	</dependency>  	  		
   </dependencies>
 </project>
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/api/IBTreeFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/api/IBTreeFrame.java
index a24c4d7..affc8ce 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/api/IBTreeFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/api/IBTreeFrame.java
@@ -1,3 +1,18 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/api/IBTreeLeafFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/api/IBTreeLeafFrame.java
index a079527..3c5bce8 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/api/IBTreeLeafFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/api/IBTreeLeafFrame.java
@@ -27,10 +27,6 @@
 
     public int getNextLeaf();
 
-    public void setPrevLeaf(int prevPage);
-
-    public int getPrevLeaf();    
-
     public int findTupleIndex(ITupleReference searchKey, ITreeIndexTupleReference pageTuple, MultiComparator cmp,
             FindTupleMode ftm, FindTupleNoExactMatchPolicy ftp) throws HyracksDataException;
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/compressors/FieldPrefixCompressor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/compressors/FieldPrefixCompressor.java
index 4486205..f78b6e4 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/compressors/FieldPrefixCompressor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/compressors/FieldPrefixCompressor.java
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
                                 // buf.getInt(prevRec.getFieldOff()) + " " +
                                 // buf.getInt(prevRec.getFieldOff()+4));
                                 prefixFreeSpace += tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(prevTuple, 0, fieldCountToCompress,
-                                        byteBuffer, prefixFreeSpace);
+                                        byteBuffer.array(), prefixFreeSpace);
                                 // System.out.println("WRITING PREFIX RECORD " +
                                 // prefixSlotNum + " AT " + tmp + " " +
                                 // freeSpace);
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@
                                     newTupleSlots[tupleCount - 1 - currTupleIndex] = slotManager.encodeSlotFields(
                                             prefixTupleIndex, tupleFreeSpace);
                                     tupleFreeSpace += tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(tupleToWrite, fieldCountToCompress,
-                                            fieldCount - fieldCountToCompress, byteBuffer, tupleFreeSpace);
+                                            fieldCount - fieldCountToCompress, byteBuffer.array(), tupleFreeSpace);
                                 }
 
                                 prefixTupleIndex++;
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeDataflowHelper.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeDataflowHelper.java
index 3e235b3..68a1a24 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeDataflowHelper.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeDataflowHelper.java
@@ -17,32 +17,27 @@
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexDataflowHelper;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.util.IndexUtils;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 
 public class BTreeDataflowHelper extends TreeIndexDataflowHelper {
     public BTreeDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int partition,
             boolean createIfNotExists) {
         super(opDesc, ctx, partition, createIfNotExists);
     }
-    
+
     @Override
     public ITreeIndex createIndexInstance() throws HyracksDataException {
-        MultiComparator cmp = IndexUtils.createMultiComparator(treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexComparatorFactories());
-        IBufferCache bufferCache = opDesc.getStorageManager().getBufferCache(ctx);
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaDataFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, indexFileId, 0,
-                metaDataFrameFactory);
-        return new BTree(bufferCache, treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexTypeTraits().length, cmp, freePageManager,
-                treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexInteriorFactory(), treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexLeafFactory());
+        try {
+            return BTreeUtils.createBTree(opDesc.getStorageManager().getBufferCache(ctx),
+                    treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexTypeTraits(), treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexComparatorFactories(),
+                    BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM);
+        } catch (BTreeException e) {
+            throw new HyracksDataException(e);
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor.java
index 6314260..6e05922 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.job.JobSpecification;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
@@ -34,22 +33,20 @@
 
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
-    protected boolean isForward;
-    protected int[] lowKeyFields; // fields in input tuple to be used as low keys
-    protected int[] highKeyFields; // fields in input tuple to be used as high
-    // keys
+    // fields in input tuple to be used as low keys
+    protected int[] lowKeyFields;
+    // fields in input tuple to be used as high keys
+    protected int[] highKeyFields;
     protected boolean lowKeyInclusive;
     protected boolean highKeyInclusive;
 
     public BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(JobSpecification spec, RecordDescriptor recDesc,
             IStorageManagerInterface storageManager, IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider,
-            IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider, ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory,
-            ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
-            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories, boolean isForward, int[] lowKeyFields, int[] highKeyFields,
+            IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories, int[] lowKeyFields, int[] highKeyFields,
             boolean lowKeyInclusive, boolean highKeyInclusive, IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory) {
-        super(spec, 1, 1, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, fileSplitProvider, interiorFrameFactory,
-                leafFrameFactory, typeTraits, comparatorFactories, dataflowHelperFactory);
-        this.isForward = isForward;
+        super(spec, 1, 1, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, fileSplitProvider, typeTraits,
+                comparatorFactories, dataflowHelperFactory);
         this.lowKeyFields = lowKeyFields;
         this.highKeyFields = highKeyFields;
         this.lowKeyInclusive = lowKeyInclusive;
@@ -57,9 +54,9 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public IOperatorNodePushable createPushRuntime(final IHyracksTaskContext ctx, IRecordDescriptorProvider recordDescProvider,
-            int partition, int nPartitions) {
-        return new BTreeSearchOperatorNodePushable(this, ctx, partition, recordDescProvider, isForward, lowKeyFields,
+    public IOperatorNodePushable createPushRuntime(final IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
+            IRecordDescriptorProvider recordDescProvider, int partition, int nPartitions) {
+        return new BTreeSearchOperatorNodePushable(this, ctx, partition, recordDescProvider, lowKeyFields,
                 highKeyFields, lowKeyInclusive, highKeyInclusive);
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeSearchOperatorNodePushable.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeSearchOperatorNodePushable.java
index 8a8c5ce..fe75715 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeSearchOperatorNodePushable.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeSearchOperatorNodePushable.java
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@
 	protected DataOutput dos;
 
 	protected BTree btree;
-	protected boolean isForward;
 	protected PermutingFrameTupleReference lowKey;
 	protected PermutingFrameTupleReference highKey;
 	protected boolean lowKeyInclusive;
@@ -65,11 +64,10 @@
 	protected RecordDescriptor recDesc;
 
     public BTreeSearchOperatorNodePushable(AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
-            int partition, IRecordDescriptorProvider recordDescProvider, boolean isForward, int[] lowKeyFields,
+            int partition, IRecordDescriptorProvider recordDescProvider, int[] lowKeyFields,
             int[] highKeyFields, boolean lowKeyInclusive, boolean highKeyInclusive) {
         treeIndexHelper = (TreeIndexDataflowHelper) opDesc.getIndexDataflowHelperFactory().createIndexDataflowHelper(
                 opDesc, ctx, partition, false);
-        this.isForward = isForward;
         this.lowKeyInclusive = lowKeyInclusive;
         this.highKeyInclusive = highKeyInclusive;
         this.recDesc = recordDescProvider.getInputRecordDescriptor(opDesc.getOperatorId(), 0);
@@ -85,22 +83,19 @@
 
     @Override
     public void open() throws HyracksDataException {
-        AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc = (AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor) treeIndexHelper
-                .getOperatorDescriptor();
         accessor = new FrameTupleAccessor(treeIndexHelper.getHyracksTaskContext().getFrameSize(), recDesc);
-
-        cursorFrame = opDesc.getTreeIndexLeafFactory().createFrame();
-        setCursor();        
         writer.open();
-
         try {
             treeIndexHelper.init();
             btree = (BTree) treeIndexHelper.getIndex();
+            cursorFrame = btree.getLeafFrameFactory().createFrame();
+            setCursor();
 
             // Construct range predicate.
-            lowKeySearchCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(btree.getMultiComparator(), lowKey);
-            highKeySearchCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(btree.getMultiComparator(), highKey);
-            rangePred = new RangePredicate(isForward, null, null, lowKeyInclusive, highKeyInclusive, lowKeySearchCmp,
+            lowKeySearchCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(btree.getComparatorFactories(), lowKey);
+            highKeySearchCmp = BTreeUtils
+                    .getSearchMultiComparator(btree.getComparatorFactories(), highKey);
+            rangePred = new RangePredicate(lowKey, highKey, lowKeyInclusive, highKeyInclusive, lowKeySearchCmp,
                     highKeySearchCmp);
 
             writeBuffer = treeIndexHelper.getHyracksTaskContext().allocateFrame();
@@ -152,8 +147,6 @@
                 if (highKey != null) {
                     highKey.reset(accessor, i);
                 }
-                rangePred.setLowKey(lowKey, lowKeyInclusive);
-                rangePred.setHighKey(highKey, highKeyInclusive);
                 cursor.reset();
                 indexAccessor.search(cursor, rangePred);
                 writeSearchResults();
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeUpdateSearchOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeUpdateSearchOperatorDescriptor.java
index 8cde863..6085c9c 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeUpdateSearchOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeUpdateSearchOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.job.JobSpecification;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITupleUpdaterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
@@ -18,26 +17,24 @@
 public class BTreeUpdateSearchOperatorDescriptor extends BTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor {
 
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
-    
+
     private final ITupleUpdaterFactory tupleUpdaterFactory;
-    
+
     public BTreeUpdateSearchOperatorDescriptor(JobSpecification spec, RecordDescriptor recDesc,
             IStorageManagerInterface storageManager, IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider,
-            IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider, ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory,
-            ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
-            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories, boolean isForward, int[] lowKeyFields, int[] highKeyFields,
+            IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories, int[] lowKeyFields, int[] highKeyFields,
             boolean lowKeyInclusive, boolean highKeyInclusive, IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory,
             ITupleUpdaterFactory tupleUpdaterFactory) {
-        super(spec, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, fileSplitProvider, interiorFrameFactory,
-                leafFrameFactory, typeTraits, comparatorFactories, isForward, lowKeyFields, highKeyFields, lowKeyInclusive,
-                highKeyInclusive, dataflowHelperFactory);
+        super(spec, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, fileSplitProvider, typeTraits, comparatorFactories,
+                lowKeyFields, highKeyFields, lowKeyInclusive, highKeyInclusive, dataflowHelperFactory);
         this.tupleUpdaterFactory = tupleUpdaterFactory;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public IOperatorNodePushable createPushRuntime(final IHyracksTaskContext ctx, IRecordDescriptorProvider recordDescProvider,
-            int partition, int nPartitions) {
-        return new BTreeUpdateSearchOperatorNodePushable(this, ctx, partition, recordDescProvider, isForward, lowKeyFields,
+    public IOperatorNodePushable createPushRuntime(final IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
+            IRecordDescriptorProvider recordDescProvider, int partition, int nPartitions) {
+        return new BTreeUpdateSearchOperatorNodePushable(this, ctx, partition, recordDescProvider, lowKeyFields,
                 highKeyFields, lowKeyInclusive, highKeyInclusive, tupleUpdaterFactory.createTupleUpdater());
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeUpdateSearchOperatorNodePushable.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeUpdateSearchOperatorNodePushable.java
index 06a42bd..8734c01 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeUpdateSearchOperatorNodePushable.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/dataflow/BTreeUpdateSearchOperatorNodePushable.java
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@
 	public BTreeUpdateSearchOperatorNodePushable(
 			AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc,
 			IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int partition,
-			IRecordDescriptorProvider recordDescProvider, boolean isForward,
+			IRecordDescriptorProvider recordDescProvider,
 			int[] lowKeyFields, int[] highKeyFields, boolean lowKeyInclusive,
 			boolean highKeyInclusive, ITupleUpdater tupleUpdater) {
-		super(opDesc, ctx, partition, recordDescProvider, isForward, lowKeyFields,
+		super(opDesc, ctx, partition, recordDescProvider, lowKeyFields,
 				highKeyFields, lowKeyInclusive, highKeyInclusive);
 		this.tupleUpdater = tupleUpdater;
 	}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeFieldPrefixNSMLeafFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeFieldPrefixNSMLeafFrame.java
index 0aba70b..a82203f 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeFieldPrefixNSMLeafFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeFieldPrefixNSMLeafFrame.java
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@
     protected static final int uncompressedTupleCountOff = smFlagOff + 1; // 22
     protected static final int prefixTupleCountOff = uncompressedTupleCountOff + 4; // 26
 
-    protected static final int prevLeafOff = prefixTupleCountOff + 4; // 30
-    protected static final int nextLeafOff = prevLeafOff + 4; // 34
+    protected static final int nextLeafOff = prefixTupleCountOff + 4; // 30
 
     protected ICachedPage page = null;
     protected ByteBuffer buf = null;
@@ -252,7 +251,7 @@
 
         int freeSpace = buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff);
         int bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(tuple, numPrefixFields,
-                tuple.getFieldCount() - numPrefixFields, buf, freeSpace);
+                tuple.getFieldCount() - numPrefixFields, buf.array(), freeSpace);
 
         buf.putInt(tupleCountOff, buf.getInt(tupleCountOff) + 1);
         buf.putInt(freeSpaceOff, buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff) + bytesWritten);
@@ -315,11 +314,11 @@
         
         if (inPlace) {
             // Overwrite the old tuple suffix in place.
-            bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(newTuple, numPrefixFields, fieldCount - numPrefixFields, buf, suffixTupleStartOff);
+            bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(newTuple, numPrefixFields, fieldCount - numPrefixFields, buf.array(), suffixTupleStartOff);
         } else {
             // Insert the new tuple suffix at the end of the free space, and change the slot value (effectively "deleting" the old tuple).
             int newSuffixTupleStartOff = buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff);
-            bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(newTuple, numPrefixFields, fieldCount - numPrefixFields, buf, newSuffixTupleStartOff);
+            bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(newTuple, numPrefixFields, fieldCount - numPrefixFields, buf.array(), newSuffixTupleStartOff);
             // Update slot value using the same prefix slot num.
             slotManager.setSlot(tupleSlotOff, slotManager.encodeSlotFields(prefixSlotNum, newSuffixTupleStartOff));
             // Update contiguous free space pointer.
@@ -343,7 +342,6 @@
         buf.putInt(prefixTupleCountOff, 0);
         buf.put(levelOff, level);
         buf.put(smFlagOff, (byte) 0);
-        buf.putInt(prevLeafOff, -1);
         buf.putInt(nextLeafOff, -1);
     }
 
@@ -402,7 +400,6 @@
         strBuilder.append("smFlagOff:                 " + smFlagOff + "\n");
         strBuilder.append("uncompressedTupleCountOff: " + uncompressedTupleCountOff + "\n");
         strBuilder.append("prefixTupleCountOff:       " + prefixTupleCountOff + "\n");
-        strBuilder.append("prevLeafOff:               " + prevLeafOff + "\n");
         strBuilder.append("nextLeafOff:               " + nextLeafOff + "\n");
         return strBuilder.toString();
     }
@@ -493,7 +490,7 @@
         }
 
         int bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(tuple, fieldsToTruncate, tuple.getFieldCount()
-                - fieldsToTruncate, buf, freeSpace);
+                - fieldsToTruncate, buf.array(), freeSpace);
 
         // insert slot
         int prefixSlotNum = FieldPrefixSlotManager.TUPLE_UNCOMPRESSED;
@@ -634,7 +631,7 @@
 
         int splitKeySize = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frameTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
         splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
-        tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(frameTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount(), splitKey.getBuffer(), 0);
+        tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(frameTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount(), splitKey.getBuffer().array(), 0);
         splitKey.getTuple().resetByTupleOffset(splitKey.getBuffer(), 0);
     }
 
@@ -658,20 +655,10 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void setPrevLeaf(int page) {
-        buf.putInt(prevLeafOff, page);
-    }
-
-    @Override
     public int getNextLeaf() {
         return buf.getInt(nextLeafOff);
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public int getPrevLeaf() {
-        return buf.getInt(prevLeafOff);
-    }
-
     public int getUncompressedTupleCount() {
         return buf.getInt(uncompressedTupleCountOff);
     }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java
index 6173440..d2cb2c6 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
     public void insert(ITupleReference tuple, int tupleIndex) {
         int slotOff = slotManager.insertSlot(tupleIndex, buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff));
         int freeSpace = buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff);
-        int bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(tuple, 0, tuple.getFieldCount(), buf, freeSpace);
+        int bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(tuple, 0, tuple.getFieldCount(), buf.array(), freeSpace);
         System.arraycopy(tuple.getFieldData(tuple.getFieldCount() - 1), getLeftChildPageOff(tuple), buf.array(),
                 freeSpace + bytesWritten, childPtrSize);
         int tupleSize = bytesWritten + childPtrSize;
@@ -280,29 +280,15 @@
         ITupleReference tuple = null;
         FindTupleMode fsm = null;
         // The target comparator may be on a prefix of the BTree key fields.
-        MultiComparator targetCmp = null;
-        if (pred.isForward()) {            
-            tuple = pred.getLowKey();
-            if (tuple == null) {
-                return getLeftmostChildPageId();
-            }
-            if (pred.isLowKeyInclusive()) {
-                fsm = FindTupleMode.INCLUSIVE;
-            } else {
-                fsm = FindTupleMode.EXCLUSIVE;
-            }
-            targetCmp = pred.getLowKeyComparator();
+        MultiComparator targetCmp = pred.getLowKeyComparator();;
+        tuple = pred.getLowKey();
+        if (tuple == null) {
+            return getLeftmostChildPageId();
+        }
+        if (pred.isLowKeyInclusive()) {
+            fsm = FindTupleMode.INCLUSIVE;
         } else {
-            tuple = pred.getHighKey();
-            if (tuple == null) {
-                return getRightmostChildPageId();
-            }
-            if (pred.isHighKeyInclusive()) {
-                fsm = FindTupleMode.EXCLUSIVE;
-            } else {
-                fsm = FindTupleMode.INCLUSIVE;
-            }
-            targetCmp = pred.getHighKeyComparator();
+            fsm = FindTupleMode.EXCLUSIVE;
         }
         // Search for a matching key.
         int tupleIndex = slotManager.findTupleIndex(tuple, frameTuple, targetCmp, fsm,
@@ -320,37 +306,20 @@
         int origTupleOff = slotManager.getTupleOff(slotOff);
         cmpFrameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, origTupleOff);
         int cmpTupleOff = origTupleOff;
-        if (pred.isForward()) {
-            // The answer set begins with the lowest key matching the prefix.
-            // We must follow the child pointer of the lowest (leftmost) key
-            // matching the given prefix.
-            int maxSlotOff = buf.capacity();
-            slotOff += slotManager.getSlotSize();
-            while (slotOff < maxSlotOff) {
-                cmpTupleOff = slotManager.getTupleOff(slotOff);
-                frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, cmpTupleOff);
-                if (targetCmp.compare(cmpFrameTuple, frameTuple) != 0) {
-                    break;
-                }
-                slotOff += slotManager.getSlotSize();
-            }
-            slotOff -= slotManager.getSlotSize();
-        } else {
-            // The answer set begins with the highest key matching the prefix.
-            // We must follow the child pointer of the highest (rightmost) key
-            // matching the given prefix.
-            int minSlotOff = slotManager.getSlotEndOff() - slotManager.getSlotSize();
-            slotOff -= slotManager.getSlotSize();
-            while (slotOff > minSlotOff) {
-                cmpTupleOff = slotManager.getTupleOff(slotOff);
-                frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, cmpTupleOff);
-                if (targetCmp.compare(cmpFrameTuple, frameTuple) != 0) {
-                    break;
-                }
-                slotOff -= slotManager.getSlotSize();
+        // The answer set begins with the lowest key matching the prefix.
+        // We must follow the child pointer of the lowest (leftmost) key
+        // matching the given prefix.
+        int maxSlotOff = buf.capacity();
+        slotOff += slotManager.getSlotSize();
+        while (slotOff < maxSlotOff) {
+            cmpTupleOff = slotManager.getTupleOff(slotOff);
+            frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, cmpTupleOff);
+            if (targetCmp.compare(cmpFrameTuple, frameTuple) != 0) {
+                break;
             }
             slotOff += slotManager.getSlotSize();
         }
+        slotOff -= slotManager.getSlotSize();
         frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, slotManager.getTupleOff(slotOff));
         int childPageOff = getLeftChildPageOff(frameTuple);
         return buf.getInt(childPageOff);
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMLeafFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMLeafFrame.java
index 4856595..ac535aa 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMLeafFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/frames/BTreeNSMLeafFrame.java
@@ -32,8 +32,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 
 public class BTreeNSMLeafFrame extends TreeIndexNSMFrame implements IBTreeLeafFrame {
-    protected static final int prevLeafOff = smFlagOff + 1;
-    protected static final int nextLeafOff = prevLeafOff + 4;
+    protected static final int nextLeafOff = smFlagOff + 1;
     private MultiComparator cmp;
     
     public BTreeNSMLeafFrame(ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter) {
@@ -43,7 +42,6 @@
     @Override
     public void initBuffer(byte level) {
         super.initBuffer(level);
-        buf.putInt(prevLeafOff, -1);
         buf.putInt(nextLeafOff, -1);
     }
 
@@ -53,21 +51,11 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void setPrevLeaf(int page) {
-        buf.putInt(prevLeafOff, page);
-    }
-
-    @Override
     public int getNextLeaf() {
         return buf.getInt(nextLeafOff);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public int getPrevLeaf() {
-        return buf.getInt(prevLeafOff);
-    }
-
-    @Override
     public int findInsertTupleIndex(ITupleReference tuple) throws TreeIndexException {
         int tupleIndex = slotManager.findTupleIndex(tuple, frameTuple, cmp, FindTupleMode.EXCLUSIVE_ERROR_IF_EXISTS,
                 FindTupleNoExactMatchPolicy.HIGHER_KEY);
@@ -83,7 +71,7 @@
         int tupleIndex = slotManager.findTupleIndex(tuple, frameTuple, cmp, FindTupleMode.EXACT,
                 FindTupleNoExactMatchPolicy.HIGHER_KEY);
         // Error indicator is set if there is no exact match.
-        if (tupleIndex == slotManager.getErrorIndicator()) {
+        if (tupleIndex == slotManager.getErrorIndicator() || tupleIndex == slotManager.getGreatestKeyIndicator()) {
             throw new BTreeNonExistentKeyException("Trying to update a tuple with a nonexistent key in leaf node.");
         }        
         return tupleIndex;
@@ -94,7 +82,7 @@
         int tupleIndex = slotManager.findTupleIndex(tuple, frameTuple, cmp, FindTupleMode.EXACT,
                 FindTupleNoExactMatchPolicy.HIGHER_KEY);
         // Error indicator is set if there is no exact match.
-        if (tupleIndex == slotManager.getErrorIndicator()) {
+        if (tupleIndex == slotManager.getErrorIndicator() || tupleIndex == slotManager.getGreatestKeyIndicator()) {
             throw new BTreeNonExistentKeyException("Trying to delete a tuple with a nonexistent key in leaf node.");
         }        
         return tupleIndex;
@@ -103,7 +91,7 @@
     @Override
     public void insert(ITupleReference tuple, int tupleIndex) {
         int freeSpace = buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff);
-        slotManager.insertSlot(tupleIndex, freeSpace);        
+        slotManager.insertSlot(tupleIndex, freeSpace);
         int bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTuple(tuple, buf.array(), freeSpace);
         buf.putInt(tupleCountOff, buf.getInt(tupleCountOff) + 1);
         buf.putInt(freeSpaceOff, buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff) + bytesWritten);
@@ -117,7 +105,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public void split(ITreeIndexFrame rightFrame, ITupleReference tuple, ISplitKey splitKey) throws TreeIndexException {
-        ByteBuffer right = rightFrame.getBuffer();
+    	ByteBuffer right = rightFrame.getBuffer();
         int tupleCount = getTupleCount();        
         
         // Find split point, and determine into which frame the new tuple should be inserted into.
@@ -162,7 +150,7 @@
         frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, tupleOff);
         int splitKeySize = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frameTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
         splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
-        tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(frameTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount(), splitKey.getBuffer(), 0);
+        tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(frameTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount(), splitKey.getBuffer().array(), 0);
         splitKey.getTuple().resetByTupleOffset(splitKey.getBuffer(), 0);
     }
 
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTree.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTree.java
index 4113e9f..8726030 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTree.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTree.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
 
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeInteriorFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeLeafFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeNonExistentKeyException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeNotUpdateableException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
@@ -39,7 +41,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexType;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.PageAllocationException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.FrameOpSpaceStatus;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.TreeDiskOrderScanCursor;
@@ -63,21 +64,19 @@
     private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory;
     private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory;
     private final int fieldCount;
-    private final MultiComparator cmp;
+    private final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories;
     private final ReadWriteLock treeLatch;
-    private final RangePredicate diskOrderScanPredicate;
     private int fileId;
 
-    public BTree(IBufferCache bufferCache, int fieldCount, MultiComparator cmp, IFreePageManager freePageManager,
+    public BTree(IBufferCache bufferCache, int fieldCount, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories, IFreePageManager freePageManager,
             ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory) {
         this.bufferCache = bufferCache;
         this.fieldCount = fieldCount;
-        this.cmp = cmp;
+        this.cmpFactories = cmpFactories;
         this.interiorFrameFactory = interiorFrameFactory;
         this.leafFrameFactory = leafFrameFactory;        
         this.freePageManager = freePageManager;
         this.treeLatch = new ReentrantReadWriteLock(true);
-        this.diskOrderScanPredicate = new RangePredicate(true, null, null, true, true, cmp, cmp);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -87,6 +86,7 @@
             ITreeIndexFrame leafFrame = leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
             ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame = freePageManager.getMetaDataFrameFactory().createFrame();
             this.fileId = fileId;
+            freePageManager.open(fileId);
             freePageManager.init(metaFrame, rootPage);
             initRoot(leafFrame, true);
         } finally {
@@ -95,32 +95,23 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void open(int fileId) {
+    public void open(int fileId) {    	
     	this.fileId = fileId;
+    	freePageManager.open(fileId);
     }
 
     @Override
     public void close() {
         fileId = -1;
+        freePageManager.close();
     }
 
-    private void addFreePages(BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
-        for (int i = 0; i < ctx.freePages.size(); i++) {
-            // Root page is special, never add it to free pages.
-            if (ctx.freePages.get(i) != rootPage) {
-                freePageManager.addFreePage(ctx.metaFrame, ctx.freePages.get(i));
-            }
-        }
-        ctx.freePages.clear();
-    }
-    
     private void diskOrderScan(ITreeIndexCursor icursor, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
         TreeDiskOrderScanCursor cursor = (TreeDiskOrderScanCursor) icursor;
         ctx.reset();
-
+        RangePredicate diskOrderScanPred = new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, ctx.cmp, ctx.cmp);
         int currentPageId = rootPage;
         int maxPageId = freePageManager.getMaxPage(ctx.metaFrame);
-
         ICachedPage page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, currentPageId), false);
         page.acquireReadLatch();
         try {
@@ -129,7 +120,7 @@
             cursor.setCurrentPageId(currentPageId);
             cursor.setMaxPageId(maxPageId);
             ctx.cursorInitialState.setPage(page);
-            cursor.open(ctx.cursorInitialState, diskOrderScanPredicate);
+            cursor.open(ctx.cursorInitialState, diskOrderScanPred);
         } catch (Exception e) {
             page.releaseReadLatch();
             bufferCache.unpin(page);
@@ -138,22 +129,22 @@
     }
 
     private void search(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, ISearchPredicate searchPred, BTreeOpContext ctx)
-            throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException, PageAllocationException {
+            throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException {
         ctx.reset();
         ctx.pred = (RangePredicate) searchPred;
         ctx.cursor = cursor;
         // simple index scan
         if (ctx.pred.getLowKeyComparator() == null) {
-            ctx.pred.setLowKeyComparator(cmp);
+            ctx.pred.setLowKeyComparator(ctx.cmp);
         }
         if (ctx.pred.getHighKeyComparator() == null) {
-            ctx.pred.setHighKeyComparator(cmp);
+            ctx.pred.setHighKeyComparator(ctx.cmp);
         }
         // we use this loop to deal with possibly multiple operation restarts
         // due to ongoing structure modifications during the descent
         boolean repeatOp = true;
         while (repeatOp && ctx.opRestarts < MAX_RESTARTS) {
-            performOp(rootPage, null, ctx);
+            performOp(rootPage, null, true, ctx);
             // if we reach this stage then we need to restart from the (possibly
             // new) root
             if (!ctx.pageLsns.isEmpty() && ctx.pageLsns.getLast() == RESTART_OP) {
@@ -199,45 +190,32 @@
         }
     }
     
-    private void createNewRoot(BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+    private void createNewRoot(BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
         // Make sure the root is always in the same page.
         ICachedPage leftNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, ctx.splitKey.getLeftPage()),
                 false);
         leftNode.acquireWriteLatch();
         try {
-            ICachedPage rightNode = bufferCache.pin(
-                    BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, ctx.splitKey.getRightPage()), false);
-            rightNode.acquireWriteLatch();
+            int newLeftId = freePageManager.getFreePage(ctx.metaFrame);
+            ICachedPage newLeftNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, newLeftId), true);
+            newLeftNode.acquireWriteLatch();
             try {
-                int newLeftId = freePageManager.getFreePage(ctx.metaFrame);
-                ICachedPage newLeftNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, newLeftId), true);
-                newLeftNode.acquireWriteLatch();
-                try {
-                    // Copy left child to new left child.
-                    System.arraycopy(leftNode.getBuffer().array(), 0, newLeftNode.getBuffer().array(), 0, newLeftNode
-                            .getBuffer().capacity());
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(newLeftNode);
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.setSmFlag(false);
-                    // Change sibling pointer if children are leaves.
-                    ctx.leafFrame.setPage(rightNode);
-                    if (ctx.leafFrame.isLeaf()) {
-                        ctx.leafFrame.setPrevLeaf(newLeftId);
-                    }
-                    // Initialize new root (leftNode becomes new root).
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(leftNode);
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.initBuffer((byte) (ctx.leafFrame.getLevel() + 1));
-                    // Will be cleared later in unsetSmPages.
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.setSmFlag(true);
-                    ctx.splitKey.setLeftPage(newLeftId);
-                    int targetTupleIndex = ctx.interiorFrame.findInsertTupleIndex(ctx.splitKey.getTuple());
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.insert(ctx.splitKey.getTuple(), targetTupleIndex);
-                } finally {
-                    newLeftNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-                    bufferCache.unpin(newLeftNode);
-                }
+                // Copy left child to new left child.
+                System.arraycopy(leftNode.getBuffer().array(), 0, newLeftNode.getBuffer().array(), 0, newLeftNode
+                        .getBuffer().capacity());
+                ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(newLeftNode);
+                ctx.interiorFrame.setSmFlag(false);
+                // Initialize new root (leftNode becomes new root).
+                ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(leftNode);
+                ctx.interiorFrame.initBuffer((byte) (ctx.leafFrame.getLevel() + 1));
+                // Will be cleared later in unsetSmPages.
+                ctx.interiorFrame.setSmFlag(true);
+                ctx.splitKey.setLeftPage(newLeftId);
+                int targetTupleIndex = ctx.interiorFrame.findInsertTupleIndex(ctx.splitKey.getTuple());
+                ctx.interiorFrame.insert(ctx.splitKey.getTuple(), targetTupleIndex);
             } finally {
-                rightNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-                bufferCache.unpin(rightNode);
+                newLeftNode.releaseWriteLatch();
+                bufferCache.unpin(newLeftNode);
             }
         } finally {
             leftNode.releaseWriteLatch();
@@ -245,19 +223,19 @@
         }
     }
     
-    private void insertUpdateOrDelete(ITupleReference tuple, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+    private void insertUpdateOrDelete(ITupleReference tuple, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
         ctx.reset();
-        ctx.pred.setLowKeyComparator(cmp);
-        ctx.pred.setHighKeyComparator(cmp);
+        ctx.pred.setLowKeyComparator(ctx.cmp);
+        ctx.pred.setHighKeyComparator(ctx.cmp);
         ctx.pred.setLowKey(tuple, true);
         ctx.pred.setHighKey(tuple, true);
         ctx.splitKey.reset();
-        ctx.splitKey.getTuple().setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+        ctx.splitKey.getTuple().setFieldCount(ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
         // We use this loop to deal with possibly multiple operation restarts
         // due to ongoing structure modifications during the descent.
         boolean repeatOp = true;
         while (repeatOp && ctx.opRestarts < MAX_RESTARTS) {
-            performOp(rootPage, null, ctx);
+            performOp(rootPage, null, true, ctx);
             // Do we need to restart from the (possibly new) root?
             if (!ctx.pageLsns.isEmpty() && ctx.pageLsns.getLast() == RESTART_OP) {
                 ctx.pageLsns.removeLast(); // pop the restart op indicator
@@ -265,37 +243,29 @@
             }
             // Split key propagated?
             if (ctx.splitKey.getBuffer() != null) {
-                if (ctx.op == IndexOp.DELETE) {
-                    // Reset level of root to zero.
-                    initRoot(ctx.leafFrame, false);
-                } else {
-                    // Insert or update op. Create a new root.
-                    createNewRoot(ctx);
-                }
+                // Insert or update op. Create a new root.
+                createNewRoot(ctx);
             }
             unsetSmPages(ctx);
-            if (ctx.op == IndexOp.DELETE) {
-                addFreePages(ctx);
-            }
             repeatOp = false;
         }
     }
     
-    private void insert(ITupleReference tuple, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+    private void insert(ITupleReference tuple, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
         insertUpdateOrDelete(tuple, ctx);
     }
 
-    private void update(ITupleReference tuple, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+    private void update(ITupleReference tuple, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
         // This call only allows updating of non-key fields.
         // Updating a tuple's key necessitates deleting the old entry, and inserting the new entry.
         // The user of the BTree is responsible for dealing with non-key updates (i.e., doing a delete + insert). 
-        if (fieldCount == cmp.getKeyFieldCount()) {
+        if (fieldCount == ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount()) {
             throw new BTreeNotUpdateableException("Cannot perform updates when the entire tuple forms the key.");
         }
         insertUpdateOrDelete(tuple, ctx);
     }
     
-    private void delete(ITupleReference tuple, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+    private void delete(ITupleReference tuple, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
         insertUpdateOrDelete(tuple, ctx);
     }
     
@@ -342,67 +312,47 @@
     }
     
     private boolean performLeafSplit(int pageId, ITupleReference tuple, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws Exception {    	
-    	// Lock is released in unsetSmPages(), after sm has fully completed.
+        // We must never hold a latch on a page while waiting to obtain the tree
+        // latch, because it this could lead to a latch-deadlock.
+        // If we can't get the tree latch, we return, release our page latches,
+        // and restart the operation from one level above.
+        // Lock is released in unsetSmPages(), after sm has fully completed.
         if (!treeLatch.writeLock().tryLock()) {
-        	return true;
+            return true;
         }
-    	int rightSiblingPageId = ctx.leafFrame.getNextLeaf();
-        ICachedPage rightSibling = null;
-        if (rightSiblingPageId > 0) {
-            rightSibling = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rightSiblingPageId),
-                    false);
-        }
+        int rightPageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(ctx.metaFrame);
+        ICachedPage rightNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rightPageId),
+                true);
+        rightNode.acquireWriteLatch();
         try {
-            int rightPageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(ctx.metaFrame);
-            ICachedPage rightNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rightPageId),
-                    true);
-            rightNode.acquireWriteLatch();
-            try {
-                IBTreeLeafFrame rightFrame = ctx.createLeafFrame();
-                rightFrame.setPage(rightNode);
-                rightFrame.initBuffer((byte) 0);
-                rightFrame.setMultiComparator(cmp);
-                ctx.leafFrame.split(rightFrame, tuple, ctx.splitKey);
+            IBTreeLeafFrame rightFrame = ctx.createLeafFrame();
+            rightFrame.setPage(rightNode);
+            rightFrame.initBuffer((byte) 0);
+            rightFrame.setMultiComparator(ctx.cmp);
+            ctx.leafFrame.split(rightFrame, tuple, ctx.splitKey);
 
-                ctx.smPages.add(pageId);
-                ctx.smPages.add(rightPageId);
-                ctx.leafFrame.setSmFlag(true);
-                rightFrame.setSmFlag(true);
+            ctx.smPages.add(pageId);
+            ctx.smPages.add(rightPageId);
+            ctx.leafFrame.setSmFlag(true);
+            rightFrame.setSmFlag(true);
 
-                rightFrame.setNextLeaf(ctx.leafFrame.getNextLeaf());
-                rightFrame.setPrevLeaf(pageId);
-                ctx.leafFrame.setNextLeaf(rightPageId);
+            rightFrame.setNextLeaf(ctx.leafFrame.getNextLeaf());
+            ctx.leafFrame.setNextLeaf(rightPageId);
 
-                // TODO: we just use increasing numbers as pageLsn,
-                // we
-                // should tie this together with the LogManager and
-                // TransactionManager
-                rightFrame.setPageLsn(rightFrame.getPageLsn() + 1);
-                ctx.leafFrame.setPageLsn(ctx.leafFrame.getPageLsn() + 1);
+            // TODO: we just use increasing numbers as pageLsn,
+            // we
+            // should tie this together with the LogManager and
+            // TransactionManager
+            rightFrame.setPageLsn(rightFrame.getPageLsn() + 1);
+            ctx.leafFrame.setPageLsn(ctx.leafFrame.getPageLsn() + 1);
 
-                ctx.splitKey.setPages(pageId, rightPageId);
-                
-                if (rightSibling != null) {
-                	rightSibling.acquireWriteLatch();
-                    try {
-                        // Reuse rightFrame for modification.
-                        rightFrame.setPage(rightSibling);
-                        rightFrame.setPrevLeaf(rightPageId);
-                    } finally {
-                        rightSibling.releaseWriteLatch();
-                    }
-                }
-            } finally {
-                rightNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-                bufferCache.unpin(rightNode);
-            }
+            ctx.splitKey.setPages(pageId, rightPageId);
         } catch (Exception e) {
             treeLatch.writeLock().unlock();
             throw e;
         } finally {
-            if (rightSibling != null) {
-                bufferCache.unpin(rightSibling);
-            }
+            rightNode.releaseWriteLatch();
+            bufferCache.unpin(rightNode);
         }
         return false;
     }
@@ -467,7 +417,7 @@
                     IBTreeFrame rightFrame = ctx.createInteriorFrame();
                     rightFrame.setPage(rightNode);
                     rightFrame.initBuffer((byte) ctx.interiorFrame.getLevel());
-                    rightFrame.setMultiComparator(cmp);
+                    rightFrame.setMultiComparator(ctx.cmp);
                     // instead of creating a new split key, use the existing
                     // splitKey
                     ctx.interiorFrame.split(rightFrame, ctx.splitKey.getTuple(), ctx.splitKey);
@@ -508,147 +458,27 @@
     }
 
     private boolean deleteLeaf(ICachedPage node, int pageId, ITupleReference tuple, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws Exception {
+        // Simply delete the tuple, and don't do any rebalancing.
+        // This means that there could be underflow, even an empty page that is
+        // pointed to by an interior node.
         ctx.leafFrame.setPage(node);
+        if (ctx.leafFrame.getTupleCount() == 0) {
+            throw new BTreeNonExistentKeyException("Trying to delete a tuple with a nonexistent key in leaf node.");
+        }
         int tupleIndex = ctx.leafFrame.findDeleteTupleIndex(tuple);
-        
-        // Will this leaf become empty?
-        if (ctx.leafFrame.getTupleCount() > 1) {
-            // Leaf will not become empty.
-            ctx.leafFrame.delete(tuple, tupleIndex);
-            node.releaseWriteLatch();
-            bufferCache.unpin(node);
-            return false;
-        }
-        
-        // Leaf will become empty. 
-        IBTreeLeafFrame siblingFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
-        siblingFrame.setMultiComparator(cmp);
-        ICachedPage leftNode = null;
-        ICachedPage rightNode = null;
-        int nextLeaf = ctx.leafFrame.getNextLeaf();
-        int prevLeaf = ctx.leafFrame.getPrevLeaf();
-        // Try to get the tree latch, if it's already taken, then restart this operation
-        // to avoid latch deadlock.
-        if (!treeLatch.writeLock().tryLock()) {
-        	return true;
-        }
-        try {
-        	if (prevLeaf > 0) {
-        		leftNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, prevLeaf), false);
-        	}
-        	try {
-        		if (nextLeaf > 0) {
-        			rightNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, nextLeaf), false);
-        		}
-        		try {
-        			try {
-        				ctx.leafFrame.delete(tuple, tupleIndex);
-        				// To propagate the deletion we only need to make the
-        				// splitKey != null.
-        				// Reuse data to identify which key to delete in the parent.
-        				ctx.splitKey.initData(1);
-        			} catch (Exception e) {
-        				// Don't propagate deletion.
-        				ctx.splitKey.reset();
-        				throw e;
-        			}
-
-        			// TODO: Tie together with logging.
-        			ctx.leafFrame.setPageLsn(ctx.leafFrame.getPageLsn() + 1);
-        			ctx.leafFrame.setLevel(freePageManager.getFreePageLevelIndicator());
-
-        			ctx.smPages.add(pageId);
-        			ctx.leafFrame.setSmFlag(true);
-
-        			node.releaseWriteLatch();
-        			bufferCache.unpin(node);
-
-        			if (leftNode != null) {
-        				leftNode.acquireWriteLatch();
-        				try {
-        					siblingFrame.setPage(leftNode);
-        					siblingFrame.setNextLeaf(nextLeaf);
-        					// TODO: Tie together with logging.
-        					siblingFrame.setPageLsn(siblingFrame.getPageLsn() + 1);
-        				} finally {
-        					leftNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-        				}
-        			}
-
-        			if (rightNode != null) {
-        				rightNode.acquireWriteLatch();
-        				try {
-        					siblingFrame.setPage(rightNode);
-        					siblingFrame.setPrevLeaf(prevLeaf);
-        					// TODO: Tie together with logging.
-        					siblingFrame.setPageLsn(siblingFrame.getPageLsn() + 1);
-        				} finally {
-        					rightNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-        				}
-        			}
-        			// Register pageId as a free.
-        			ctx.freePages.add(pageId);
-        		} finally {
-        			if (rightNode != null) {
-                		bufferCache.unpin(rightNode);
-                	}
-        		}
-        	} finally {
-        		if (leftNode != null) {
-        			bufferCache.unpin(leftNode);
-        		}
-        	}
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-        	treeLatch.writeLock().unlock();
-        	throw e;
-        }
+        ctx.leafFrame.delete(tuple, tupleIndex);
+        node.releaseWriteLatch();
+        bufferCache.unpin(node);
         return false;
     }
 
-    private void deleteInterior(ICachedPage node, int pageId, ITupleReference tuple, BTreeOpContext ctx)
-            throws Exception {
-        ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(node);
-
-        int tupleIndex = ctx.interiorFrame.findDeleteTupleIndex(tuple);
-        
-        // this means there is only a child pointer but no key, this case
-        // propagates the split
-        if (ctx.interiorFrame.getTupleCount() == 0) {
-            ctx.interiorFrame.setPageLsn(ctx.interiorFrame.getPageLsn() + 1); // TODO:
-            // tie
-            // together
-            // with
-            // logging
-            ctx.leafFrame.setLevel(freePageManager.getFreePageLevelIndicator());
-            ctx.smPages.add(pageId);
-            ctx.interiorFrame.setSmFlag(true);
-            ctx.interiorFrame.setRightmostChildPageId(-1); // this node is
-            // completely empty
-            // register this pageId as a free page
-            ctx.freePages.add(pageId);
-
-        } else {
-            ctx.interiorFrame.delete(tuple, tupleIndex);
-            // TODO: Tie together with logging.
-            ctx.interiorFrame.setPageLsn(ctx.interiorFrame.getPageLsn() + 1);
-            // Don't propagate deletion.
-            ctx.splitKey.reset();
-        }
-    }
-
-    private final void acquireLatch(ICachedPage node, BTreeOpContext ctx, boolean isLeaf) {
+    private final boolean acquireLatch(ICachedPage node, BTreeOpContext ctx, boolean isLeaf) {
         if (!isLeaf || (ctx.op == IndexOp.SEARCH && !ctx.cursor.exclusiveLatchNodes())) {
             node.acquireReadLatch();
+            return true;
         } else {
             node.acquireWriteLatch();
-        }
-    }
-
-    private final void releaseLatch(ICachedPage node, BTreeOpContext ctx, boolean isLeaf) {
-        if (!isLeaf || (ctx.op == IndexOp.SEARCH && !ctx.cursor.exclusiveLatchNodes())) {
-            node.releaseReadLatch();
-        } else {
-            node.releaseWriteLatch();
+            return false;
         }
     }
 
@@ -666,14 +496,14 @@
         return isConsistent;
     }
 
-    private void performOp(int pageId, ICachedPage parent, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+    private void performOp(int pageId, ICachedPage parent, boolean parentIsReadLatched, BTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
         ICachedPage node = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, pageId), false);
         ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(node);
         
         // this check performs an unprotected read in the page
         // the following could happen: TODO fill out
         boolean unsafeIsLeaf = ctx.interiorFrame.isLeaf();
-        acquireLatch(node, ctx, unsafeIsLeaf);
+        boolean isReadLatched = acquireLatch(node, ctx, unsafeIsLeaf);
         boolean smFlag = ctx.interiorFrame.getSmFlag();
         // re-check leafness after latching
         boolean isLeaf = ctx.interiorFrame.isLeaf();
@@ -682,10 +512,13 @@
         // structure modification
         ctx.pageLsns.add(ctx.interiorFrame.getPageLsn());
         try {
-            // latch coupling, note: parent should never be write latched,
-            // otherwise something is wrong.
+            // Latch coupling: unlatch parent.
             if (parent != null) {
-                parent.releaseReadLatch();
+                if (parentIsReadLatched) {
+                	parent.releaseReadLatch();
+                } else {
+                	parent.releaseWriteLatch();
+                }
                 bufferCache.unpin(parent);
             }
             if (!isLeaf || smFlag) {
@@ -696,15 +529,18 @@
                     boolean repeatOp = true;
                     while (repeatOp && ctx.opRestarts < MAX_RESTARTS) {
                         int childPageId = ctx.interiorFrame.getChildPageId(ctx.pred);
-                        performOp(childPageId, node, ctx);
+                        performOp(childPageId, node, isReadLatched, ctx);
 
                         if (!ctx.pageLsns.isEmpty() && ctx.pageLsns.getLast() == RESTART_OP) {
                             // Pop the restart op indicator.
-                            ctx.pageLsns.removeLast();
+                            ctx.pageLsns.removeLast();                            
                             if (isConsistent(pageId, ctx)) {
-                                // Don't unpin and unlatch node again in recursive call.
-                                node = null; 
-                                // Descend the tree again.
+                                // Pin and latch page again, since it was unpinned and unlatched in call to performOp (passed as parent).
+                                node = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, pageId), false);
+                                node.acquireReadLatch();
+                                ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(node);
+                                isReadLatched = true;
+                                // Descend the tree again.                                
                                 continue;
                             } else {
                                 // Pop pageLsn of this page (version seen by this op during descent).
@@ -717,28 +553,31 @@
                         
                         switch (ctx.op) {
                             case INSERT:
-                            case UPDATE:
-                            case DELETE: {
+                            case UPDATE: {
                                 // Is there a propagated split key?
                                 if (ctx.splitKey.getBuffer() != null) {
-                                    node = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, pageId), false);
-                                    node.acquireWriteLatch();
+                                    ICachedPage interiorNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, pageId), false);
+                                    interiorNode.acquireWriteLatch();
                                     try {
-                                        if (ctx.op == IndexOp.DELETE) {
-                                            deleteInterior(node, pageId, ctx.pred.getLowKey(), ctx);                                          
-                                        } else {
-                                            // Insert or update op. Both can cause split keys to propagate upwards.                                            
-                                            insertInterior(node, pageId, ctx.splitKey.getTuple(), ctx);
-                                        }
+                                        // Insert or update op. Both can cause split keys to propagate upwards.                                            
+                                        insertInterior(interiorNode, pageId, ctx.splitKey.getTuple(), ctx);
                                     } finally {
-                                        node.releaseWriteLatch();
-                                        bufferCache.unpin(node);
+                                    	interiorNode.releaseWriteLatch();
+                                        bufferCache.unpin(interiorNode);
                                     }
                                 } else {
                                     unsetSmPages(ctx);
                                 }
                                 break;
                             }
+                            
+                            case DELETE: {
+                                if (ctx.splitKey.getBuffer() != null) {
+                                    throw new BTreeException("Split key was propagated during delete. Delete allows empty leaf pages.");
+                                }
+                                break;
+                            }
+                                
                             default: {
                                 // Do nothing for Search and DiskOrderScan.
                                 break;
@@ -749,7 +588,11 @@
                     } // end while
                 } else { // smFlag
                     ctx.opRestarts++;
-                    releaseLatch(node, ctx, unsafeIsLeaf);
+                    if (isReadLatched) {
+                    	node.releaseReadLatch();
+                    } else {
+                    	node.releaseWriteLatch();
+                    }
                     bufferCache.unpin(node);
 
                     // TODO: this should be an instant duration lock, how to do
@@ -796,28 +639,35 @@
             }
         } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
         	if (!ctx.exceptionHandled) {
-                releaseLatch(node, ctx, unsafeIsLeaf);
-                bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                ctx.exceptionHandled = true;
-            }
-            throw e;
-        } catch (PageAllocationException e) {
-        	if (!ctx.exceptionHandled) {
-                releaseLatch(node, ctx, unsafeIsLeaf);
-                bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                ctx.exceptionHandled = true;
+        		if (node != null) {
+        			if (isReadLatched) {
+        				node.releaseReadLatch();
+        			} else {
+        				node.releaseWriteLatch();
+        			}
+        			bufferCache.unpin(node);
+        			ctx.exceptionHandled = true;
+        		}
             }
             throw e;
         } catch (Exception e) {
         	e.printStackTrace();
-            releaseLatch(node, ctx, unsafeIsLeaf);
-            bufferCache.unpin(node);
+        	if (node != null) {
+        		if (isReadLatched) {
+    				node.releaseReadLatch();
+    			} else {
+    				node.releaseWriteLatch();
+    			}
+        		bufferCache.unpin(node);
+        	}
             BTreeException wrappedException = new BTreeException(e);
+            ctx.exceptionHandled = true;
             throw wrappedException;
         }
     }
 
-    public final class BulkLoadContext implements IIndexBulkLoadContext {
+    public class BulkLoadContext implements IIndexBulkLoadContext {
+        public final MultiComparator cmp;
         public final int slotSize;
         public final int leafMaxBytes;
         public final int interiorMaxBytes;
@@ -827,12 +677,12 @@
         private final IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame;
         private final IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame;
         private final ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame;
-
-        private final ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter;
-
+        private final ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter;        
+        
         public BulkLoadContext(float fillFactor, IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame, IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame,
-                ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame, MultiComparator cmp) throws HyracksDataException, PageAllocationException {
-
+                ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) throws HyracksDataException {
+            this.cmp = MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
+            
         	leafFrame.setMultiComparator(cmp);
         	interiorFrame.setMultiComparator(cmp);
         	
@@ -862,7 +712,7 @@
             nodeFrontiers.add(leafFrontier);
         }
 
-        private void addLevel() throws HyracksDataException, PageAllocationException {
+        private void addLevel() throws HyracksDataException {
             NodeFrontier frontier = new NodeFrontier(tupleWriter.createTupleReference());
             frontier.pageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(metaFrame);
             frontier.page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, frontier.pageId), true);
@@ -874,7 +724,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private void propagateBulk(BulkLoadContext ctx, int level) throws HyracksDataException, PageAllocationException {
+    private void propagateBulk(BulkLoadContext ctx, int level) throws HyracksDataException {
 
         if (ctx.splitKey.getBuffer() == null)
             return;
@@ -886,7 +736,7 @@
         ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(frontier.page);
 
         ITupleReference tuple = ctx.splitKey.getTuple();
-        int spaceNeeded = ctx.tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount()) + ctx.slotSize + 4;
+        int spaceNeeded = ctx.tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple, 0, ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount()) + ctx.slotSize + 4;
         int spaceUsed = ctx.interiorFrame.getBuffer().capacity() - ctx.interiorFrame.getTotalFreeSpace();
         if (spaceUsed + spaceNeeded > ctx.interiorMaxBytes) {
 
@@ -894,10 +744,10 @@
             tuple = copyKey.getTuple();
 
             frontier.lastTuple.resetByTupleIndex(ctx.interiorFrame, ctx.interiorFrame.getTupleCount() - 1);
-            int splitKeySize = ctx.tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frontier.lastTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+            int splitKeySize = ctx.tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frontier.lastTuple, 0, ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
             ctx.splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
             ctx.tupleWriter
-                    .writeTupleFields(frontier.lastTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount(), ctx.splitKey.getBuffer(), 0);
+                    .writeTupleFields(frontier.lastTuple, 0, ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount(), ctx.splitKey.getBuffer().array(), 0);
             ctx.splitKey.getTuple().resetByTupleOffset(ctx.splitKey.getBuffer(), 0);
             ctx.splitKey.setLeftPage(frontier.pageId);
 
@@ -920,20 +770,20 @@
 
     // assumes btree has been created and opened
     @Override
-    public IIndexBulkLoadContext beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException, PageAllocationException {
+    public IIndexBulkLoadContext beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException {
         IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame)leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
     	if (!isEmptyTree(leafFrame)) {
     		throw new BTreeException("Trying to Bulk-load a non-empty BTree.");
     	}
     	
         BulkLoadContext ctx = new BulkLoadContext(fillFactor, leafFrame,
-                (IBTreeInteriorFrame)interiorFrameFactory.createFrame(), freePageManager.getMetaDataFrameFactory().createFrame(), cmp);
-        ctx.splitKey.getTuple().setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+                (IBTreeInteriorFrame)interiorFrameFactory.createFrame(), freePageManager.getMetaDataFrameFactory().createFrame(), cmpFactories);
+        ctx.splitKey.getTuple().setFieldCount(ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
         return ctx;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void bulkLoadAddTuple(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException, PageAllocationException {
+    public void bulkLoadAddTuple(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
         BulkLoadContext ctx = (BulkLoadContext) ictx;
         NodeFrontier leafFrontier = ctx.nodeFrontiers.get(0);
         IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = ctx.leafFrame;
@@ -949,13 +799,12 @@
 
         if (spaceUsed + spaceNeeded > ctx.leafMaxBytes) {
             leafFrontier.lastTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leafFrame, leafFrame.getTupleCount() - 1);
-            int splitKeySize = ctx.tupleWriter.bytesRequired(leafFrontier.lastTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+            int splitKeySize = ctx.tupleWriter.bytesRequired(leafFrontier.lastTuple, 0, ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
             ctx.splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
-            ctx.tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(leafFrontier.lastTuple, 0, cmp.getKeyFieldCount(),
-                    ctx.splitKey.getBuffer(), 0);
+            ctx.tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(leafFrontier.lastTuple, 0, ctx.cmp.getKeyFieldCount(),
+                    ctx.splitKey.getBuffer().array(), 0);
             ctx.splitKey.getTuple().resetByTupleOffset(ctx.splitKey.getBuffer(), 0);
             ctx.splitKey.setLeftPage(leafFrontier.pageId);
-            int prevPageId = leafFrontier.pageId;
             leafFrontier.pageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(ctx.metaFrame);
 
             leafFrame.setNextLeaf(leafFrontier.pageId);
@@ -970,7 +819,6 @@
             leafFrontier.page.acquireWriteLatch();
             leafFrame.setPage(leafFrontier.page);
             leafFrame.initBuffer((byte) 0);
-            leafFrame.setPrevLeaf(prevPageId);
         }
 
         leafFrame.setPage(leafFrontier.page);
@@ -1010,7 +858,7 @@
 
     private BTreeOpContext createOpContext() {
         return new BTreeOpContext(leafFrameFactory, interiorFrameFactory, freePageManager.getMetaDataFrameFactory()
-                .createFrame(), cmp);
+                .createFrame(), cmpFactories);
     }
     
     public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getInteriorFrameFactory() {
@@ -1021,8 +869,8 @@
         return leafFrameFactory;
     }
 
-    public MultiComparator getMultiComparator() {
-        return cmp;
+    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
+        return cmpFactories;
     }
 
     public IFreePageManager getFreePageManager() {
@@ -1043,6 +891,16 @@
         return IndexType.BTREE;
     }
     
+    @Override
+    public int getFileId() {
+    	return fileId;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public IBufferCache getBufferCache() {
+        return bufferCache;
+    }
+    
     public byte getTreeHeight(IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame) throws HyracksDataException {
         ICachedPage rootNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rootPage), false);
         rootNode.acquireReadLatch();
@@ -1074,15 +932,16 @@
     @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") 
     public String printTree(IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame, IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame, ISerializerDeserializer[] keySerdes)
             throws Exception {
+        MultiComparator cmp = MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
         byte treeHeight = getTreeHeight(leafFrame);
         StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
-        printTree(rootPage, null, false, leafFrame, interiorFrame, treeHeight, keySerdes, strBuilder);
+        printTree(rootPage, null, false, leafFrame, interiorFrame, treeHeight, keySerdes, strBuilder, cmp);
         return strBuilder.toString();
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") 
     public void printTree(int pageId, ICachedPage parent, boolean unpin, IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame,
-            IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame, byte treeHeight, ISerializerDeserializer[] keySerdes, StringBuilder strBuilder) throws Exception {
+            IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame, byte treeHeight, ISerializerDeserializer[] keySerdes, StringBuilder strBuilder, MultiComparator cmp) throws Exception {
         ICachedPage node = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, pageId), false);
         node.acquireReadLatch();
         try {
@@ -1110,7 +969,7 @@
             if (!interiorFrame.isLeaf()) {
                 ArrayList<Integer> children = ((BTreeNSMInteriorFrame) (interiorFrame)).getChildren(cmp);
                 for (int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
-                    printTree(children.get(i), node, i == children.size() - 1, leafFrame, interiorFrame, treeHeight, keySerdes, strBuilder);
+                    printTree(children.get(i), node, i == children.size() - 1, leafFrame, interiorFrame, treeHeight, keySerdes, strBuilder, cmp);
                 }
             } else {
                 node.releaseReadLatch();
@@ -1128,7 +987,9 @@
         return new BTreeAccessor(this);
     }
     
-    private class BTreeAccessor implements ITreeIndexAccessor {
+	// TODO: Class should be private. But currently we need to expose the
+	// setOpContext() API to the LSM Tree for it to work correctly.
+    public class BTreeAccessor implements ITreeIndexAccessor {
         private BTree btree;
         private BTreeOpContext ctx;
         
@@ -1138,34 +999,53 @@
         }
         
         @Override
-        public void insert(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+        public void insert(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
             ctx.reset(IndexOp.INSERT);
             btree.insert(tuple, ctx);
         }
 
         @Override
-        public void update(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+        public void update(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
             ctx.reset(IndexOp.UPDATE);
             btree.update(tuple, ctx);
         }
 
         @Override
-        public void delete(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+        public void delete(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
             ctx.reset(IndexOp.DELETE);
             btree.delete(tuple, ctx);
         }
 
         @Override
+		public ITreeIndexCursor createSearchCursor() {
+			IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) btree.getLeafFrameFactory().createFrame();
+	        return new BTreeRangeSearchCursor(leafFrame, false);
+		}
+        
+        @Override
         public void search(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, ISearchPredicate searchPred) throws HyracksDataException,
-                TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+                TreeIndexException {
             ctx.reset(IndexOp.SEARCH);
             btree.search(cursor, searchPred, ctx);
         }
 
         @Override
+		public ITreeIndexCursor createDiskOrderScanCursor() {
+			IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) btree.getLeafFrameFactory().createFrame();
+	        return new TreeDiskOrderScanCursor(leafFrame);
+		}
+        
+        @Override
         public void diskOrderScan(ITreeIndexCursor cursor) throws HyracksDataException {
             ctx.reset(IndexOp.DISKORDERSCAN);
             btree.diskOrderScan(cursor, ctx);
         }
+		
+		// TODO: Ideally, this method should not exist. But we need it for
+		// the changing the leafFrame and leafFrameFactory of the op context for
+		// the LSM-BTree to work correctly.
+		public BTreeOpContext getOpContext() {
+			return ctx;
+		}
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeOpContext.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeOpContext.java
index 07c645c..8a0b381 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeOpContext.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeOpContext.java
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls;
 
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeInteriorFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeLeafFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexOpContext;
@@ -27,9 +28,10 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 
 public class BTreeOpContext implements IIndexOpContext {
-    private final int INIT_ARRAYLIST_SIZE = 6; 
-    protected ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory;
-    protected ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory;
+    private final int INIT_ARRAYLIST_SIZE = 6;
+    public MultiComparator cmp;
+    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory;
+    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory;
     public IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame;
     public IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame;
     public ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame;
@@ -45,7 +47,8 @@
     public boolean exceptionHandled;
     
     public BTreeOpContext(ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory,
-            ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame, MultiComparator cmp) {
+            ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) {
+        this.cmp = MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
         this.leafFrameFactory = leafFrameFactory;
         this.leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
         if (leafFrame != null) {
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@
                 freePages = new IntArrayList(INIT_ARRAYLIST_SIZE, INIT_ARRAYLIST_SIZE);
             }
             if (pred == null) {
-                pred = new RangePredicate(true, null, null, true, true, null, null);
+                pred = new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, null, null);
             }
             if (splitKey == null) {
                 splitKey = new BTreeSplitKey(leafFrame.getTupleWriter().createTupleReference());
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeRangeSearchCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeRangeSearchCursor.java
index 8122314..8bf4db3 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeRangeSearchCursor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/BTreeRangeSearchCursor.java
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void close() throws Exception {
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
         if (page != null) {
             if (exclusiveLatchNodes) {
                 page.releaseWriteLatch();
@@ -86,66 +86,48 @@
     }
 
     private void fetchNextLeafPage(int nextLeafPage) throws HyracksDataException {
-        ICachedPage nextLeaf = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, nextLeafPage), false);
-        if (exclusiveLatchNodes) {
-            nextLeaf.acquireWriteLatch();
-            page.releaseWriteLatch();
-        } else {
-            nextLeaf.acquireReadLatch();
-            page.releaseReadLatch();
-        }
-        bufferCache.unpin(page);
-        page = nextLeaf;
-        frame.setPage(page);
+        do {
+            ICachedPage nextLeaf = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, nextLeafPage), false);
+            if (exclusiveLatchNodes) {
+                nextLeaf.acquireWriteLatch();
+                page.releaseWriteLatch();
+            } else {
+                nextLeaf.acquireReadLatch();
+                page.releaseReadLatch();
+            }
+            bufferCache.unpin(page);
+            page = nextLeaf;
+            frame.setPage(page);
+            nextLeafPage = frame.getNextLeaf();
+        } while (frame.getTupleCount() == 0 && nextLeafPage > 0);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean hasNext() throws Exception {
-        if (pred.isForward()) {
-            if (tupleIndex >= frame.getTupleCount()) {
-                int nextLeafPage = frame.getNextLeaf();
-                if (nextLeafPage >= 0) {
-                    fetchNextLeafPage(nextLeafPage);
-                    tupleIndex = 0;
-
-                    stopTupleIndex = getHighKeyIndex();
-                    if (stopTupleIndex < 0)
-                        return false;
-                } else {
+    public boolean hasNext() throws HyracksDataException {
+        if (tupleIndex >= frame.getTupleCount()) {
+            int nextLeafPage = frame.getNextLeaf();
+            if (nextLeafPage >= 0) {
+                fetchNextLeafPage(nextLeafPage);
+                tupleIndex = 0;
+                stopTupleIndex = getHighKeyIndex();
+                if (stopTupleIndex < 0) {
                     return false;
                 }
-            }
-
-            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, tupleIndex);
-            if (highKey == null || tupleIndex <= stopTupleIndex) {
-                return true;
-            } else
+            } else {
                 return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, tupleIndex);
+        if (highKey == null || tupleIndex <= stopTupleIndex) {
+            return true;
         } else {
-            if (tupleIndex < 0) {
-                int nextLeafPage = frame.getPrevLeaf();
-                if (nextLeafPage >= 0) {
-                    fetchNextLeafPage(nextLeafPage);
-                    tupleIndex = frame.getTupleCount() - 1;
-
-                    stopTupleIndex = getLowKeyIndex();
-                    if (stopTupleIndex >= frame.getTupleCount())
-                        return false;
-                } else {
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-
-            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, tupleIndex);
-            if (lowKey == null || tupleIndex >= stopTupleIndex) {
-                return true;
-            } else
-                return false;
+            return false;
         }
     }
-
+    
     @Override
-    public void next() throws Exception {
+    public void next() throws HyracksDataException {
         tupleIndex += tupleIndexInc;
     }
 
@@ -216,16 +198,10 @@
         } else {
             highKeyFtp = FindTupleNoExactMatchPolicy.LOWER_KEY;
         }
-
-        if (pred.isForward()) {
-            tupleIndex = getLowKeyIndex();
-            stopTupleIndex = getHighKeyIndex();
-            tupleIndexInc = 1;
-        } else {
-            tupleIndex = getHighKeyIndex();
-            stopTupleIndex = getLowKeyIndex();
-            tupleIndexInc = -1;
-        }
+        
+        tupleIndex = getLowKeyIndex();
+        stopTupleIndex = getHighKeyIndex();
+        tupleIndexInc = 1;
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/RangePredicate.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/RangePredicate.java
index 699f6a6..607d47b 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/RangePredicate.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/impls/RangePredicate.java
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
-    protected boolean isForward = true;
     protected ITupleReference lowKey = null;
     protected ITupleReference highKey = null;
     protected boolean lowKeyInclusive = true;
@@ -34,9 +33,8 @@
     public RangePredicate() {
     }
 
-    public RangePredicate(boolean isForward, ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, boolean lowKeyInclusive,
+    public RangePredicate(ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, boolean lowKeyInclusive,
             boolean highKeyInclusive, MultiComparator lowKeyCmp, MultiComparator highKeyCmp) {
-        this.isForward = isForward;
         this.lowKey = lowKey;
         this.highKey = highKey;
         this.lowKeyInclusive = lowKeyInclusive;
@@ -61,10 +59,6 @@
         this.highKeyCmp = highKeyCmp;
     }
 
-    public boolean isForward() {
-        return isForward;
-    }
-
     public ITupleReference getLowKey() {
         return lowKey;
     }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexBulkLoadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4325d6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class OrderedIndexBulkLoadTest extends OrderedIndexTestDriver {
+
+    private final OrderedIndexTestUtils orderedIndexTestUtils;
+    private final int bulkLoadRounds;
+
+    public OrderedIndexBulkLoadTest(BTreeLeafFrameType[] leafFrameTypesToTest, int bulkLoadRounds) {
+        super(leafFrameTypesToTest);
+        this.bulkLoadRounds = bulkLoadRounds;
+        this.orderedIndexTestUtils = new OrderedIndexTestUtils();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType,
+            ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, ITupleReference prefixLowKey, ITupleReference prefixHighKey)
+            throws Exception {
+        OrderedIndexTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, numKeys, leafType);
+        for (int i = 0; i < bulkLoadRounds; i++) {
+            // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first
+            // one
+            // to determine which field types to generate.
+            if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+                orderedIndexTestUtils.bulkLoadIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+            } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
+                orderedIndexTestUtils.bulkLoadStringTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+            }
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkPointSearches(ctx);
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkScan(ctx);
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(ctx);
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, lowKey, highKey, true, true);
+            if (prefixLowKey != null && prefixHighKey != null) {
+                orderedIndexTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey, true, true);
+            }
+        }
+        ctx.getIndex().close();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getTestOpName() {
+        return "BulkLoad";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexDeleteTest.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexDeleteTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d9a235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexDeleteTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class OrderedIndexDeleteTest extends OrderedIndexTestDriver {
+
+    private final OrderedIndexTestUtils orderedIndexTestUtils;
+
+    public OrderedIndexDeleteTest(BTreeLeafFrameType[] leafFrameTypesToTest) {
+        super(leafFrameTypesToTest);
+        this.orderedIndexTestUtils = new OrderedIndexTestUtils();
+    }
+
+    private static final int numInsertRounds = 3;
+    private static final int numDeleteRounds = 3;
+
+    @Override
+    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType,
+            ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, ITupleReference prefixLowKey, ITupleReference prefixHighKey)
+            throws Exception {
+        OrderedIndexTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, numKeys, leafType);
+        for (int i = 0; i < numInsertRounds; i++) {
+            // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first
+            // one to determine which field types to generate.
+            if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+                orderedIndexTestUtils.insertIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+            } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
+                orderedIndexTestUtils.insertStringTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+            }
+            int numTuplesPerDeleteRound = (int) Math
+                    .ceil((float) ctx.getCheckTuples().size() / (float) numDeleteRounds);
+            for (int j = 0; j < numDeleteRounds; j++) {
+                orderedIndexTestUtils.deleteTuples(ctx, numTuplesPerDeleteRound, getRandom());
+                orderedIndexTestUtils.checkPointSearches(ctx);
+                orderedIndexTestUtils.checkScan(ctx);
+                orderedIndexTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(ctx);
+                orderedIndexTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, lowKey, highKey, true, true);
+                if (prefixLowKey != null && prefixHighKey != null) {
+                    orderedIndexTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey, true, true);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        ctx.getIndex().close();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getTestOpName() {
+        return "Delete";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexExamplesTest.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexExamplesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d1b136
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexExamplesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.accessors.PointableBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.IntegerPointable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.UTF8StringPointable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.TreeDiskOrderScanCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class OrderedIndexExamplesTest {
+    protected static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(OrderedIndexExamplesTest.class.getName());
+    protected final Random rnd = new Random(50);
+
+    protected abstract ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories)
+            throws TreeIndexException;
+
+    protected abstract int getIndexFileId();
+	
+    /**
+     * Fixed-Length Key,Value Example.
+     * 
+     * Create a tree index with one fixed-length key field and one fixed-length value
+     * field. Fill index with random values using insertions (not bulk load).
+     * Perform scans and range search.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void fixedLengthKeyValueExample() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Fixed-Length Key,Value Example.");
+        }
+
+        // Declare fields.
+        int fieldCount = 2;
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
+        typeTraits[0] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[1] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        // Declare field serdes.
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // Declare keys.
+        int keyFieldCount = 1;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[keyFieldCount];
+        cmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+        treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
+        treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Inserting into tree...");
+        }
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = treeIndex.createAccessor();
+        int numInserts = 10000;
+        for (int i = 0; i < numInserts; i++) {
+            int f0 = rnd.nextInt() % numInserts;
+            int f1 = 5;
+            TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(tb, tuple, f0, f1);
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Inserting " + i + " : " + f0 + " " + f1);
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
+            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+            }
+        }
+        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info(numInserts + " inserts in " + (end - start) + "ms");
+        }
+
+        orderedScan(indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
+        diskOrderScan(indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
+
+        // Build low key.
+        ArrayTupleBuilder lowKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(keyFieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference lowKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(lowKeyTb, lowKey, -1000);
+
+        // Build high key.
+        ArrayTupleBuilder highKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(keyFieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference highKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(highKeyTb, highKey, 1000);
+
+        rangeSearch(cmpFactories, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes, lowKey, highKey);
+
+        treeIndex.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Composite Key Example (Non-Unique Index).
+     * 
+     * Create a tree index with two fixed-length key fields and one fixed-length
+     * value field. Fill index with random values using insertions (not bulk
+     * load) Perform scans and range search.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void twoFixedLengthKeysOneFixedLengthValueExample() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Composite Key Test");
+        }
+
+        // Declare fields.
+        int fieldCount = 3;
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
+        typeTraits[0] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[1] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[2] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        // Declare field serdes.
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // declare keys
+        int keyFieldCount = 2;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[keyFieldCount];
+        cmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        cmpFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+        treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
+        treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Inserting into tree...");
+        }
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = treeIndex.createAccessor();
+        int numInserts = 10000;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
+            int f0 = rnd.nextInt() % 2000;
+            int f1 = rnd.nextInt() % 1000;
+            int f2 = 5;
+            TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(tb, tuple, f0, f1, f2);
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Inserting " + i + " : " + f0 + " " + f1 + " " + f2);
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
+            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+            }
+        }
+        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info(numInserts + " inserts in " + (end - start) + "ms");
+        }
+
+        orderedScan(indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
+        diskOrderScan(indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
+
+        // Build low key.
+        ArrayTupleBuilder lowKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(1);
+        ArrayTupleReference lowKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(lowKeyTb, lowKey, -3);
+
+        // Build high key.
+        ArrayTupleBuilder highKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(1);
+        ArrayTupleReference highKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(highKeyTb, highKey, 3);
+
+        // Prefix-Range search in [-3, 3]
+        rangeSearch(cmpFactories, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes, lowKey, highKey);
+
+        treeIndex.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Variable-Length Example. Create a BTree with one variable-length key
+     * field and one variable-length value field. Fill BTree with random values
+     * using insertions (not bulk load) Perform ordered scans and range search.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void varLenKeyValueExample() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Variable-Length Key,Value Example");
+        }
+
+        // Declare fields.
+        int fieldCount = 2;
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
+        typeTraits[0] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[1] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        // Declare field serdes.
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // Declare keys.
+        int keyFieldCount = 1;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[keyFieldCount];
+        cmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+        treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
+        treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Inserting into tree...");
+        }
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = treeIndex.createAccessor();
+        // Max string length to be generated.
+        int maxLength = 10;
+        int numInserts = 10000;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
+            String f0 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
+            String f1 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
+            TupleUtils.createTuple(tb, tuple, fieldSerdes, f0, f1);
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Inserting " + f0 + " " + f1);
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
+            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+            }
+        }
+        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info(numInserts + " inserts in " + (end - start) + "ms");
+        }
+
+        orderedScan(indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
+        diskOrderScan(indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
+
+        // Build low key.
+        ArrayTupleBuilder lowKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(1);
+        ArrayTupleReference lowKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        TupleUtils.createTuple(lowKeyTb, lowKey, fieldSerdes, "cbf");
+
+        // Build high key.
+        ArrayTupleBuilder highKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(1);
+        ArrayTupleReference highKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        TupleUtils.createTuple(highKeyTb, highKey, fieldSerdes, "cc7");
+
+        rangeSearch(cmpFactories, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes, lowKey, highKey);
+
+        treeIndex.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deletion Example.
+     * 
+     * Create a BTree with one variable-length key field and one variable-length
+     * value field. Fill B-tree with random values using insertions, then delete
+     * entries one-by-one. Repeat procedure a few times on same BTree.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void deleteExample() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Deletion Example");
+        }
+
+        // Declare fields.
+        int fieldCount = 2;
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
+        typeTraits[0] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[1] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        // Declare field serdes.
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // Declare keys.
+        int keyFieldCount = 1;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[keyFieldCount];
+        cmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+        treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
+        treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
+
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = treeIndex.createAccessor();
+        // Max string length to be generated.
+        int runs = 3;
+        for (int run = 0; run < runs; run++) {
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                LOGGER.info("Deletion example run: " + (run + 1) + "/" + runs);
+                LOGGER.info("Inserting into tree...");
+            }
+            int maxLength = 10;
+            int ins = 10000;
+            String[] f0s = new String[ins];
+            String[] f1s = new String[ins];
+            int insDone = 0;
+            int[] insDoneCmp = new int[ins];
+            for (int i = 0; i < ins; i++) {
+                String f0 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
+                String f1 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
+                TupleUtils.createTuple(tb, tuple, fieldSerdes, f0, f1);
+                f0s[i] = f0;
+                f1s[i] = f1;
+                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                    if (i % 1000 == 0) {
+                        LOGGER.info("Inserting " + i);
+                    }
+                }
+                try {
+                    indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
+                    insDone++;
+                } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+                }
+                insDoneCmp[i] = insDone;
+            }
+
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                LOGGER.info("Deleting from tree...");
+            }
+            int delDone = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < ins; i++) {
+                TupleUtils.createTuple(tb, tuple, fieldSerdes, f0s[i], f1s[i]);
+                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                    if (i % 1000 == 0) {
+                        LOGGER.info("Deleting " + i);
+                    }
+                }
+                try {
+                    indexAccessor.delete(tuple);
+                    delDone++;
+                } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+                }
+                if (insDoneCmp[i] != delDone) {
+                    if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                        LOGGER.info("INCONSISTENT STATE, ERROR IN DELETION EXAMPLE.");
+                        LOGGER.info("INSDONECMP: " + insDoneCmp[i] + " " + delDone);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (insDone != delDone) {
+                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                    LOGGER.info("ERROR! INSDONE: " + insDone + " DELDONE: " + delDone);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        treeIndex.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update example.
+     * 
+     * Create a BTree with one variable-length key field and one variable-length
+     * value field. Fill B-tree with random values using insertions, then update
+     * entries one-by-one. Repeat procedure a few times on same BTree.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void updateExample() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Update example");
+        }
+
+        // Declare fields.
+        int fieldCount = 2;
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
+        typeTraits[0] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[1] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        // Declare field serdes.
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // Declare keys.
+        int keyFieldCount = 1;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[keyFieldCount];
+        cmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+        treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
+        treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
+
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Inserting into tree...");
+        }
+        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = treeIndex.createAccessor();
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        int maxLength = 10;
+        int ins = 10000;
+        String[] keys = new String[10000];
+        for (int i = 0; i < ins; i++) {
+            String f0 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
+            String f1 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
+            TupleUtils.createTuple(tb, tuple, fieldSerdes, f0, f1);
+            keys[i] = f0;
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Inserting " + i);
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
+            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+            }
+        }
+        // Print before doing any updates.
+        orderedScan(indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
+
+        int runs = 3;
+        for (int run = 0; run < runs; run++) {
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                LOGGER.info("Update test run: " + (run + 1) + "/" + runs);
+                LOGGER.info("Updating BTree");
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < ins; i++) {
+                // Generate a new random value for f1.
+                String f1 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
+                TupleUtils.createTuple(tb, tuple, fieldSerdes, keys[i], f1);
+                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                    if (i % 1000 == 0) {
+                        LOGGER.info("Updating " + i);
+                    }
+                }
+                try {
+                    indexAccessor.update(tuple);
+                } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+                } catch (UnsupportedOperationException e) {
+                }
+            }
+            // Do another scan after a round of updates.
+            orderedScan(indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
+        }
+        treeIndex.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bulk load example.
+     * 
+     * Load a tree with 100,000 tuples. BTree has a composite key to "simulate"
+     * non-unique index creation.
+     * 
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void bulkLoadExample() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Bulk load example");
+        }
+        // Declare fields.
+        int fieldCount = 3;
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
+        typeTraits[0] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[1] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[2] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        // Declare field serdes.
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // declare keys
+        int keyFieldCount = 2;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[keyFieldCount];
+        cmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        cmpFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+        treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
+        treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
+
+        // Load sorted records.
+        int ins = 100000;
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Bulk loading " + ins + " tuples");
+        }
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        IIndexBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = treeIndex.beginBulkLoad(0.7f);
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ins; i++) {
+            TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(tb, tuple, i, i, 5);
+            treeIndex.bulkLoadAddTuple(tuple, bulkLoadCtx);
+        }
+        treeIndex.endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx);
+        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info(ins + " tuples loaded in " + (end - start) + "ms");
+        }
+
+        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = treeIndex.createAccessor();
+
+        // Build low key.
+        ArrayTupleBuilder lowKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(1);
+        ArrayTupleReference lowKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(lowKeyTb, lowKey, 44444);
+
+        // Build high key.
+        ArrayTupleBuilder highKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(1);
+        ArrayTupleReference highKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(highKeyTb, highKey, 44500);
+
+        // Prefix-Range search in [44444, 44500]
+        rangeSearch(cmpFactories, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes, lowKey, highKey);
+
+        treeIndex.close();
+    }
+
+    private void orderedScan(ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes)
+            throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Ordered Scan:");
+        }
+        ITreeIndexCursor scanCursor = indexAccessor.createSearchCursor();        
+        RangePredicate nullPred = new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, null, null);
+        indexAccessor.search(scanCursor, nullPred);
+        try {
+            while (scanCursor.hasNext()) {
+                scanCursor.next();
+                ITupleReference frameTuple = scanCursor.getTuple();
+                String rec = TupleUtils.printTuple(frameTuple, fieldSerdes);
+                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                    LOGGER.info(rec);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            scanCursor.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+	private void diskOrderScan(ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor,
+			ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes) throws Exception {
+		try {
+			if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+				LOGGER.info("Disk-Order Scan:");
+			}
+			TreeDiskOrderScanCursor diskOrderCursor = (TreeDiskOrderScanCursor) indexAccessor
+					.createDiskOrderScanCursor();
+			indexAccessor.diskOrderScan(diskOrderCursor);
+			try {
+				while (diskOrderCursor.hasNext()) {
+					diskOrderCursor.next();
+					ITupleReference frameTuple = diskOrderCursor.getTuple();
+					String rec = TupleUtils.printTuple(frameTuple, fieldSerdes);
+					if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+						LOGGER.info(rec);
+					}
+				}
+			} finally {
+				diskOrderCursor.close();
+			}
+		} catch (UnsupportedOperationException e) {
+			// Ignore exception because some indexes, e.g. the LSMBTree, don't
+			// support disk-order scan.
+			if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+				LOGGER.info("Ignoring disk-order scan since it's not supported.");
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+    private void rangeSearch(IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories, ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey) throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            String lowKeyString = TupleUtils.printTuple(lowKey, fieldSerdes);
+            String highKeyString = TupleUtils.printTuple(highKey, fieldSerdes);
+            LOGGER.info("Range-Search in: [ " + lowKeyString + ", " + highKeyString + "]");
+        }
+        ITreeIndexCursor rangeCursor = indexAccessor.createSearchCursor();
+        MultiComparator lowKeySearchCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(cmpFactories, lowKey);
+        MultiComparator highKeySearchCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(cmpFactories, highKey);
+        RangePredicate rangePred = new RangePredicate(lowKey, highKey, true, true, lowKeySearchCmp,
+                highKeySearchCmp);
+        indexAccessor.search(rangeCursor, rangePred);
+        try {
+            while (rangeCursor.hasNext()) {
+                rangeCursor.next();
+                ITupleReference frameTuple = rangeCursor.getTuple();
+                String rec = TupleUtils.printTuple(frameTuple, fieldSerdes);
+                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                    LOGGER.info(rec);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            rangeCursor.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String randomString(int length, Random random) {
+        String s = Long.toHexString(Double.doubleToLongBits(random.nextDouble()));
+        StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length() && i < length; i++) {
+            strBuilder.append(s.charAt(Math.abs(random.nextInt()) % s.length()));
+        }
+        return strBuilder.toString();
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexInsertTest.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexInsertTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8561bcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexInsertTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+
+/**
+ * Tests the BTree insert operation with strings and integer fields using
+ * various numbers of key and payload fields.
+ * 
+ * Each tests first fills a BTree with randomly generated tuples. We compare the
+ * following operations against expected results: 1. Point searches for all
+ * tuples. 2. Ordered scan. 3. Disk-order scan. 4. Range search (and prefix
+ * search for composite keys).
+ * 
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class OrderedIndexInsertTest extends OrderedIndexTestDriver {
+
+    private final OrderedIndexTestUtils orderedIndexTestUtils;
+
+    public OrderedIndexInsertTest(BTreeLeafFrameType[] leafFrameTypesToTest) {
+        super(leafFrameTypesToTest);
+        this.orderedIndexTestUtils = new OrderedIndexTestUtils();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType,
+            ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, ITupleReference prefixLowKey, ITupleReference prefixHighKey)
+            throws Exception {
+        OrderedIndexTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, numKeys, leafType);
+        // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first one
+        // to determine which field types to generate.
+        if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.insertIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+        } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.insertStringTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+        }
+
+        orderedIndexTestUtils.checkPointSearches(ctx);
+        orderedIndexTestUtils.checkScan(ctx);
+        orderedIndexTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(ctx);
+
+        orderedIndexTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, lowKey, highKey, true, true);
+        if (prefixLowKey != null && prefixHighKey != null) {
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey, true, true);
+        }
+        ctx.getIndex().close();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getTestOpName() {
+        return "Insert";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2d85df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.SerdeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestWorkloadConf;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TreeIndexMultiThreadTestDriver;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest {    
+    
+    protected final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest.class.getName());
+    
+    // Machine-specific number of threads to use for testing.
+    protected final int REGULAR_NUM_THREADS = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
+    // Excessive number of threads for testing.
+    protected final int EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() * 4;
+    protected final int NUM_OPERATIONS = 10000;
+    
+    protected ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> workloadConfs = getTestWorkloadConf();    
+    
+    protected abstract void setUp() throws HyracksException;
+    
+    protected abstract void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException;        
+
+    protected abstract ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) throws TreeIndexException;
+    
+    protected abstract int getFileId();
+    
+    protected abstract ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory getWorkerFactory();
+    
+    protected abstract ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> getTestWorkloadConf();
+    
+    protected abstract String getIndexTypeName();
+    
+    protected static float[] getUniformOpProbs(TestOperation[] ops) {
+        float[] opProbs = new float[ops.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < ops.length; i++) {
+            opProbs[i] = 1.0f / (float) ops.length;
+        }
+        return opProbs;
+    }
+    
+    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, int numThreads, TestWorkloadConf conf, String dataMsg) throws InterruptedException, TreeIndexException, HyracksException {
+        setUp();
+        
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+        	String indexTypeName = getIndexTypeName();
+            LOGGER.info(indexTypeName + " MultiThread Test:\nData: " + dataMsg + "; Threads: " + numThreads + "; Workload: " + conf.toString() + ".");
+        }
+        
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes);
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes, numKeys);     
+        
+        ITreeIndex index = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+        ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory workerFactory = getWorkerFactory();
+        
+        // 4 batches per thread.
+        int batchSize = (NUM_OPERATIONS / numThreads) / 4;
+        
+        TreeIndexMultiThreadTestDriver driver = new TreeIndexMultiThreadTestDriver(index, workerFactory, fieldSerdes, conf.ops, conf.opProbs);
+        driver.init(getFileId());
+        long[] times = driver.run(numThreads, 1, NUM_OPERATIONS, batchSize);
+        driver.deinit();
+        
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("BTree MultiThread Test Time: " + times[0] + "ms");
+        }
+        
+        tearDown();
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void oneIntKeyAndValue() throws InterruptedException, TreeIndexException, HyracksException {        
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = new ISerializerDeserializer[] { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+        int numKeys = 1;
+        String dataMsg = "One Int Key And Value";
+        
+        for (TestWorkloadConf conf : workloadConfs) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, numKeys, REGULAR_NUM_THREADS, conf, dataMsg);
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, numKeys, EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS, conf, dataMsg);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void oneStringKeyAndValue() throws InterruptedException, TreeIndexException, HyracksException {        
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = new ISerializerDeserializer[] { UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+        int numKeys = 1;
+        String dataMsg = "One String Key And Value";
+        
+        for (TestWorkloadConf conf : workloadConfs) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, numKeys, REGULAR_NUM_THREADS, conf, dataMsg);
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, numKeys, EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS, conf, dataMsg);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexTestContext.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexTestContext.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caf51bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexTestContext.java
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests;
+
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.CheckTuple;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TreeIndexTestContext;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class OrderedIndexTestContext extends TreeIndexTestContext<CheckTuple> {
+
+    protected final TreeSet<CheckTuple> checkTuples = new TreeSet<CheckTuple>();
+
+    public OrderedIndexTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, ITreeIndex treeIndex) {
+        super(fieldSerdes, treeIndex);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public TreeSet<CheckTuple> getCheckTuples() {
+        return checkTuples;
+    }
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexTestDriver.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexTestDriver.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a99809
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexTestDriver.java
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class OrderedIndexTestDriver {
+    protected final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(OrderedIndexTestDriver.class.getName());
+
+    protected static final int numTuplesToInsert = 10000;
+
+    protected abstract OrderedIndexTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys,
+            BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception;
+
+    protected abstract Random getRandom();
+
+    protected abstract void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType,
+            ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, ITupleReference prefixLowKey, ITupleReference prefixHighKey)
+            throws Exception;
+
+    protected abstract String getTestOpName();
+
+    protected final BTreeLeafFrameType[] leafFrameTypesToTest;
+
+    public OrderedIndexTestDriver(BTreeLeafFrameType[] leafFrameTypesToTest) {
+        this.leafFrameTypesToTest = leafFrameTypesToTest;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void oneIntKeyAndValue() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("BTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With One Int Key And Value.");
+        }
+
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+        // Range search in [-1000, 1000]
+        ITupleReference lowKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(-1000);
+        ITupleReference highKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(1000);
+
+        for (BTreeLeafFrameType leafFrameType : leafFrameTypesToTest) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, 1, leafFrameType, lowKey, highKey, null, null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void twoIntKeys() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("BTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two Int Keys.");
+        }
+
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // Range search in [50 0, 50 500]
+        ITupleReference lowKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(50, 0);
+        ITupleReference highKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(50, 500);
+
+        // Prefix range search in [50, 50]
+        ITupleReference prefixLowKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(50);
+        ITupleReference prefixHighKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(50);
+
+        for (BTreeLeafFrameType leafFrameType : leafFrameTypesToTest) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, 2, leafFrameType, lowKey, highKey, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void twoIntKeysAndValues() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("BTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two Int Keys And Values.");
+        }
+
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // Range search in [50 100, 100 100]
+        ITupleReference lowKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(-100, -100);
+        ITupleReference highKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(100, 100);
+
+        // Prefix range search in [50, 50]
+        ITupleReference prefixLowKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(50);
+        ITupleReference prefixHighKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(50);
+
+        for (BTreeLeafFrameType leafFrameType : leafFrameTypesToTest) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, 2, leafFrameType, lowKey, highKey, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void oneStringKeyAndValue() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("BTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With One String Key And Value.");
+        }
+
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // Range search in ["cbf", cc7"]
+        ITupleReference lowKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cbf");
+        ITupleReference highKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cc7");
+
+        for (BTreeLeafFrameType leafFrameType : leafFrameTypesToTest) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, 1, leafFrameType, lowKey, highKey, null, null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void twoStringKeys() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("BTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two String Keys.");
+        }
+
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // Range search in ["cbf", "ddd", cc7", "eee"]
+        ITupleReference lowKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cbf", "ddd");
+        ITupleReference highKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cc7", "eee");
+
+        // Prefix range search in ["cbf", cc7"]
+        ITupleReference prefixLowKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cbf");
+        ITupleReference prefixHighKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cc7");
+
+        for (BTreeLeafFrameType leafFrameType : leafFrameTypesToTest) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, 2, leafFrameType, lowKey, highKey, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void twoStringKeysAndValues() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("BTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two String Keys And Values.");
+        }
+
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // Range search in ["cbf", "ddd", cc7", "eee"]
+        ITupleReference lowKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cbf", "ddd");
+        ITupleReference highKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cc7", "eee");
+
+        // Prefix range search in ["cbf", cc7"]
+        ITupleReference prefixLowKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cbf");
+        ITupleReference prefixHighKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cc7");
+
+        for (BTreeLeafFrameType leafFrameType : leafFrameTypesToTest) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, 2, leafFrameType, lowKey, highKey, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexTestUtils.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexTestUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4048f19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexTestUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.DataInput;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.NavigableSet;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeDuplicateKeyException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.CheckTuple;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.ITreeIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TreeIndexTestUtils;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class OrderedIndexTestUtils extends TreeIndexTestUtils {
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(OrderedIndexTestUtils.class.getName());
+
+    private static void compareActualAndExpected(ITupleReference actual, CheckTuple expected,
+            ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes) throws HyracksDataException {
+        for (int i = 0; i < fieldSerdes.length; i++) {
+            ByteArrayInputStream inStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(actual.getFieldData(i), actual.getFieldStart(i),
+                    actual.getFieldLength(i));
+            DataInput dataIn = new DataInputStream(inStream);
+            Object actualObj = fieldSerdes[i].deserialize(dataIn);
+            if (!actualObj.equals(expected.get(i))) {
+                fail("Actual and expected fields do not match on field " + i + ".\nExpected: " + expected.get(i)
+                        + "\nActual  : " + actualObj);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    // Create a new TreeSet containing the elements satisfying the prefix
+    // search.
+    // Implementing prefix search by changing compareTo() in CheckTuple does not
+    // work.
+    public static TreeSet<CheckTuple> getPrefixExpectedSubset(TreeSet<CheckTuple> checkTuples, CheckTuple lowKey,
+            CheckTuple highKey) {
+        TreeSet<CheckTuple> expectedSubset = new TreeSet<CheckTuple>();
+        Iterator<CheckTuple> iter = checkTuples.iterator();
+        while (iter.hasNext()) {
+            CheckTuple t = iter.next();
+            boolean geLowKey = true;
+            boolean leHighKey = true;
+            for (int i = 0; i < lowKey.getNumKeys(); i++) {
+                if (t.get(i).compareTo(lowKey.get(i)) < 0) {
+                    geLowKey = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < highKey.getNumKeys(); i++) {
+                if (t.get(i).compareTo(highKey.get(i)) > 0) {
+                    leHighKey = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (geLowKey && leHighKey) {
+                expectedSubset.add(t);
+            }
+        }
+        return expectedSubset;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void checkRangeSearch(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx, ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey,
+            boolean lowKeyInclusive, boolean highKeyInclusive) throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Testing Range Search.");
+        }
+        MultiComparator lowKeyCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(ctx.getComparatorFactories(), lowKey);
+        MultiComparator highKeyCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(ctx.getComparatorFactories(), highKey);
+        ITreeIndexCursor searchCursor = ctx.getIndexAccessor().createSearchCursor();
+        RangePredicate rangePred = new RangePredicate(lowKey, highKey, lowKeyInclusive, highKeyInclusive, lowKeyCmp,
+                highKeyCmp);
+        ctx.getIndexAccessor().search(searchCursor, rangePred);
+        // Get the subset of elements from the expected set within given key
+        // range.
+        CheckTuple lowKeyCheck = createCheckTupleFromTuple(lowKey, ctx.getFieldSerdes(), lowKeyCmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+        CheckTuple highKeyCheck = createCheckTupleFromTuple(highKey, ctx.getFieldSerdes(),
+                highKeyCmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+        NavigableSet<CheckTuple> expectedSubset = null;
+        if (lowKeyCmp.getKeyFieldCount() < ctx.getKeyFieldCount()
+                || highKeyCmp.getKeyFieldCount() < ctx.getKeyFieldCount()) {
+            // Searching on a key prefix (low key or high key or both).
+            expectedSubset = getPrefixExpectedSubset((TreeSet<CheckTuple>) ctx.getCheckTuples(), lowKeyCheck,
+                    highKeyCheck);
+        } else {
+            // Searching on all key fields.
+            expectedSubset = ((TreeSet<CheckTuple>) ctx.getCheckTuples()).subSet(lowKeyCheck, lowKeyInclusive,
+                    highKeyCheck, highKeyInclusive);
+        }
+        Iterator<CheckTuple> checkIter = expectedSubset.iterator();
+        int actualCount = 0;
+        try {
+            while (searchCursor.hasNext()) {
+                if (!checkIter.hasNext()) {
+                    fail("Range search returned more answers than expected.\nExpected: " + expectedSubset.size());
+                }
+                searchCursor.next();
+                CheckTuple expectedTuple = checkIter.next();
+                ITupleReference tuple = searchCursor.getTuple();
+                compareActualAndExpected(tuple, expectedTuple, ctx.getFieldSerdes());
+                actualCount++;
+            }
+            if (actualCount < expectedSubset.size()) {
+                fail("Range search returned fewer answers than expected.\nExpected: " + expectedSubset.size()
+                        + "\nActual  : " + actualCount);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            searchCursor.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void checkPointSearches(ITreeIndexTestContext ictx) throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Testing Point Searches On All Expected Keys.");
+        }
+        OrderedIndexTestContext ctx = (OrderedIndexTestContext) ictx;
+        ITreeIndexCursor searchCursor = ctx.getIndexAccessor().createSearchCursor();
+
+        ArrayTupleBuilder lowKeyBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(ctx.getKeyFieldCount());
+        ArrayTupleReference lowKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        ArrayTupleBuilder highKeyBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(ctx.getKeyFieldCount());
+        ArrayTupleReference highKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        RangePredicate rangePred = new RangePredicate(lowKey, highKey, true, true, null, null);
+
+        // Iterate through expected tuples, and perform a point search in the
+        // BTree to verify the tuple can be reached.
+        for (CheckTuple checkTuple : ctx.getCheckTuples()) {
+            createTupleFromCheckTuple(checkTuple, lowKeyBuilder, lowKey, ctx.getFieldSerdes());
+            createTupleFromCheckTuple(checkTuple, highKeyBuilder, highKey, ctx.getFieldSerdes());
+            MultiComparator lowKeyCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(ctx.getComparatorFactories(), lowKey);
+            MultiComparator highKeyCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(ctx.getComparatorFactories(), highKey);
+
+            rangePred.setLowKey(lowKey, true);
+            rangePred.setHighKey(highKey, true);
+            rangePred.setLowKeyComparator(lowKeyCmp);
+            rangePred.setHighKeyComparator(highKeyCmp);
+
+            ctx.getIndexAccessor().search(searchCursor, rangePred);
+
+            try {
+                // We expect exactly one answer.
+                if (searchCursor.hasNext()) {
+                    searchCursor.next();
+                    ITupleReference tuple = searchCursor.getTuple();
+                    compareActualAndExpected(tuple, checkTuple, ctx.getFieldSerdes());
+                }
+                if (searchCursor.hasNext()) {
+                    fail("Point search returned more than one answer.");
+                }
+            } finally {
+                searchCursor.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void insertStringTuples(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
+        int fieldCount = ctx.getFieldCount();
+        int numKeyFields = ctx.getKeyFieldCount();
+        String[] fieldValues = new String[fieldCount];
+        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                if ((i + 1) % (numTuples / Math.min(10, numTuples)) == 0) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Inserting Tuple " + (i + 1) + "/" + numTuples);
+                }
+            }
+            // Set keys.
+            for (int j = 0; j < numKeyFields; j++) {
+                int length = (Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % 10) + 1;
+                fieldValues[j] = getRandomString(length, rnd);
+            }
+            // Set values.
+            for (int j = numKeyFields; j < fieldCount; j++) {
+                fieldValues[j] = getRandomString(5, rnd);
+            }
+            TupleUtils.createTuple(ctx.getTupleBuilder(), ctx.getTuple(), ctx.getFieldSerdes(), (Object[]) fieldValues);
+            try {
+                ctx.getIndexAccessor().insert(ctx.getTuple());
+                // Set expected values. Do this only after insertion succeeds
+                // because we ignore duplicate keys.
+                ctx.insertCheckTuple(createStringCheckTuple(fieldValues, ctx.getKeyFieldCount()), ctx.getCheckTuples());
+            } catch (BTreeDuplicateKeyException e) {
+                // Ignore duplicate key insertions.
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void bulkLoadStringTuples(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
+        int fieldCount = ctx.getFieldCount();
+        int numKeyFields = ctx.getKeyFieldCount();
+        String[] fieldValues = new String[fieldCount];
+        TreeSet<CheckTuple> tmpCheckTuples = new TreeSet<CheckTuple>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
+            // Set keys.
+            for (int j = 0; j < numKeyFields; j++) {
+                int length = (Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % 10) + 1;
+                fieldValues[j] = getRandomString(length, rnd);
+            }
+            // Set values.
+            for (int j = numKeyFields; j < fieldCount; j++) {
+                fieldValues[j] = getRandomString(5, rnd);
+            }
+            // Set expected values. We also use these as the pre-sorted stream
+            // for bulk loading.
+            ctx.insertCheckTuple(createStringCheckTuple(fieldValues, ctx.getKeyFieldCount()), tmpCheckTuples);
+        }
+        bulkLoadCheckTuples(ctx, tmpCheckTuples);
+
+        // Add tmpCheckTuples to ctx check tuples for comparing searches.
+        for (CheckTuple checkTuple : tmpCheckTuples) {
+            ctx.insertCheckTuple(checkTuple, ctx.getCheckTuples());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void updateTuples(ITreeIndexTestContext ictx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
+        OrderedIndexTestContext ctx = (OrderedIndexTestContext) ictx;
+        int fieldCount = ctx.getFieldCount();
+        int keyFieldCount = ctx.getKeyFieldCount();
+        // This is a noop because we can only update non-key fields.
+        if (fieldCount == keyFieldCount) {
+            return;
+        }
+        ArrayTupleBuilder updateTupleBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference updateTuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        int numCheckTuples = ctx.getCheckTuples().size();
+        // Copy CheckTuple references into array, so we can randomly pick from
+        // there.
+        CheckTuple[] checkTuples = new CheckTuple[numCheckTuples];
+        int idx = 0;
+        for (CheckTuple checkTuple : ctx.getCheckTuples()) {
+            checkTuples[idx++] = checkTuple;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples && numCheckTuples > 0; i++) {
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                if ((i + 1) % (numTuples / Math.min(10, numTuples)) == 0) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Updating Tuple " + (i + 1) + "/" + numTuples);
+                }
+            }
+            int checkTupleIdx = Math.abs(rnd.nextInt() % numCheckTuples);
+            CheckTuple checkTuple = checkTuples[checkTupleIdx];
+            // Update check tuple's non-key fields.
+            for (int j = keyFieldCount; j < fieldCount; j++) {
+                Comparable newValue = getRandomUpdateValue(ctx.getFieldSerdes()[j], rnd);
+                checkTuple.set(j, newValue);
+            }
+
+            createTupleFromCheckTuple(checkTuple, updateTupleBuilder, updateTuple, ctx.getFieldSerdes());
+            ctx.getIndexAccessor().update(updateTuple);
+
+            // Swap with last "valid" CheckTuple.
+            CheckTuple tmp = checkTuples[numCheckTuples - 1];
+            checkTuples[numCheckTuples - 1] = checkTuple;
+            checkTuples[checkTupleIdx] = tmp;
+            numCheckTuples--;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public CheckTuple createStringCheckTuple(String[] fieldValues, int numKeyFields) {
+        CheckTuple<String> checkTuple = new CheckTuple<String>(fieldValues.length, numKeyFields);
+        for (String s : fieldValues) {
+            checkTuple.add((String) s);
+        }
+        return checkTuple;
+    }
+
+    private static Comparable getRandomUpdateValue(ISerializerDeserializer serde, Random rnd) {
+        if (serde instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+            return Integer.valueOf(rnd.nextInt());
+        } else if (serde instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
+            return getRandomString(10, rnd);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static String getRandomString(int length, Random rnd) {
+        String s = Long.toHexString(Double.doubleToLongBits(rnd.nextDouble()));
+        StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length() && i < length; i++) {
+            strBuilder.append(s.charAt(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % s.length()));
+        }
+        return strBuilder.toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected CheckTuple createCheckTuple(int numFields, int numKeyFields) {
+        return new CheckTuple(numFields, numKeyFields);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ISearchPredicate createNullSearchPredicate() {
+        return new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, null, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void checkExpectedResults(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, Collection checkTuples,
+            ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int keyFieldCount, Iterator<CheckTuple> checkIter) throws Exception {
+        int actualCount = 0;
+        try {
+            while (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                if (!checkIter.hasNext()) {
+                    fail("Ordered scan returned more answers than expected.\nExpected: " + checkTuples.size());
+                }
+                cursor.next();
+                CheckTuple expectedTuple = checkIter.next();
+                ITupleReference tuple = cursor.getTuple();
+                compareActualAndExpected(tuple, expectedTuple, fieldSerdes);
+                actualCount++;
+            }
+            if (actualCount < checkTuples.size()) {
+                fail("Ordered scan returned fewer answers than expected.\nExpected: " + checkTuples.size()
+                        + "\nActual  : " + actualCount);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            cursor.close();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected CheckTuple createIntCheckTuple(int[] fieldValues, int numKeyFields) {
+        CheckTuple<Integer> checkTuple = new CheckTuple<Integer>(fieldValues.length, numKeyFields);
+        for (int v : fieldValues) {
+            checkTuple.add(v);
+        }
+        return checkTuple;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void setIntKeyFields(int[] fieldValues, int numKeyFields, int maxValue, Random rnd) {
+        for (int j = 0; j < numKeyFields; j++) {
+            fieldValues[j] = rnd.nextInt() % maxValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Collection createCheckTuplesCollection() {
+        return new TreeSet<CheckTuple>();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ArrayTupleBuilder createDeleteTupleBuilder(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx) {
+        return new ArrayTupleBuilder(ctx.getKeyFieldCount());
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected boolean checkDiskOrderScanResult(ITupleReference tuple, CheckTuple checkTuple, ITreeIndexTestContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {    	
+    	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+		TreeSet<CheckTuple> checkTuples = (TreeSet<CheckTuple>) ctx.getCheckTuples();
+    	CheckTuple matchingCheckTuple = checkTuples.floor(checkTuple);
+    	if (matchingCheckTuple == null) {
+    		return false;
+    	}
+    	compareActualAndExpected(tuple, matchingCheckTuple, ctx.getFieldSerdes());
+    	return true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexUpdateTest.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexUpdateTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56df7d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/tests/OrderedIndexUpdateTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class OrderedIndexUpdateTest extends OrderedIndexTestDriver {
+
+    private final OrderedIndexTestUtils orderedIndexTestUtils;
+
+    public OrderedIndexUpdateTest(BTreeLeafFrameType[] leafFrameTypesToTest) {
+        super(leafFrameTypesToTest);
+        this.orderedIndexTestUtils = new OrderedIndexTestUtils();
+    }
+
+    private static final int numUpdateRounds = 3;
+
+    @Override
+    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType,
+            ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, ITupleReference prefixLowKey, ITupleReference prefixHighKey)
+            throws Exception {
+        // This is a noop because we can only update non-key fields.
+        if (fieldSerdes.length == numKeys) {
+            return;
+        }
+        OrderedIndexTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, numKeys, leafType);
+        // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first one
+        // to determine which field types to generate.
+        if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.insertIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+        } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.insertStringTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+        }
+        int numTuplesPerDeleteRound = (int) Math.ceil((float) ctx.getCheckTuples().size() / (float) numUpdateRounds);
+        for (int j = 0; j < numUpdateRounds; j++) {
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.updateTuples(ctx, numTuplesPerDeleteRound, getRandom());
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkPointSearches(ctx);
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkScan(ctx);
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(ctx);
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, lowKey, highKey, true, true);
+            if (prefixLowKey != null && prefixHighKey != null) {
+                orderedIndexTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey, true, true);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getTestOpName() {
+        return "Update";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeUtils.java b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeUtils.java
index f6310af..48b5b38 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeUtils.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeUtils.java
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeException;
@@ -20,29 +21,26 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 
 public class BTreeUtils {
-    public static BTree createBTree(IBufferCache bufferCache, int btreeFileId, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparator[] cmps, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws BTreeException {
-    	MultiComparator cmp = new MultiComparator(cmps);
+    public static BTree createBTree(IBufferCache bufferCache, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws BTreeException {
         TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = getLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory, leafType);
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
         ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, btreeFileId, 0, metaFrameFactory);
-        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, typeTraits.length, cmp, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
+        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, 0, metaFrameFactory);
+        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, typeTraits.length, cmpFactories, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
         return btree;
     }
     
-    public static MultiComparator getSearchMultiComparator(MultiComparator btreeCmp, ITupleReference searchKey) {
-        if (searchKey == null) {
-        	return btreeCmp;
+    // Creates a new MultiComparator by constructing new IBinaryComparators.
+    public static MultiComparator getSearchMultiComparator(IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories, ITupleReference searchKey) {
+        if (searchKey == null || cmpFactories.length == searchKey.getFieldCount()) {
+            return MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
         }
-    	if (btreeCmp.getKeyFieldCount() == searchKey.getFieldCount()) {
-            return btreeCmp;
-        }
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[searchKey.getFieldCount()];
+        IBinaryComparator[] newCmps = new IBinaryComparator[searchKey.getFieldCount()];
         for (int i = 0; i < searchKey.getFieldCount(); i++) {
-            cmps[i] = btreeCmp.getComparators()[i];
+            newCmps[i] = cmpFactories[i].createBinaryComparator();
         }
-        return new MultiComparator(cmps);
+        return new MultiComparator(newCmps);
     }
     
     public static ITreeIndexFrameFactory getLeafFrameFactory(ITreeIndexTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws BTreeException {
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/pom.xml b/hyracks-storage-am-common/pom.xml
index 9f0e53a..12b4de9 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/pom.xml
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/pom.xml
@@ -52,5 +52,12 @@
   		<type>jar</type>
   		<scope>compile</scope>
   	</dependency>  
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>junit</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
+  		<version>4.8.1</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency>
   </dependencies>
 </project>
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/IFreePageManager.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/IFreePageManager.java
index a7901c8..98b9a7e 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/IFreePageManager.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/IFreePageManager.java
@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 
 public interface IFreePageManager {
+	public void open(int fileId);
+	
+	public void close();
+	
 	public int getFreePage(ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame)
-			throws HyracksDataException, PageAllocationException;
+			throws HyracksDataException;
 
 	public void addFreePage(ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame, int freePage)
 			throws HyracksDataException;
@@ -26,4 +30,6 @@
 	public boolean isMetaPage(ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame);
 
 	public boolean isFreePage(ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame);
+	
+	public int getFirstMetadataPage();		
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndex.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndex.java
index 46d22d1..384e66f 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndex.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndex.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 
 /**
  * Interface describing the operations of tree-based index structures. Indexes
@@ -47,12 +48,10 @@
 	 *             If the BufferCache throws while un/pinning or un/latching.
 	 * @throws TreeIndexException
 	 *             If the tree is not empty.
-	 * @throws PageAllocationException
 	 * @returns A new context for bulk loading, required for appending tuples.
 	 */
 	public IIndexBulkLoadContext beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor)
-			throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException,
-			PageAllocationException;
+			throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException;
 
 	/**
 	 * Append a tuple to the index in the context of a bulk load.
@@ -63,11 +62,9 @@
 	 *            Existing bulk load context.
 	 * @throws HyracksDataException
 	 *             If the BufferCache throws while un/pinning or un/latching.
-	 * @throws PageAllocationException
 	 */
 	public void bulkLoadAddTuple(ITupleReference tuple,
-			IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException,
-			PageAllocationException;
+			IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException;
 
 	/**
 	 * Finalize the bulk loading operation in the given context.
@@ -76,10 +73,9 @@
 	 *            Existing bulk load context to be finalized.
 	 * @throws HyracksDataException
 	 *             If the BufferCache throws while un/pinning or un/latching.
-	 * @throws PageAllocationException
 	 */
 	public void endBulkLoad(IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx)
-			throws HyracksDataException, PageAllocationException;
+			throws HyracksDataException;
 
 	/**
 	 * @return The index's leaf frame factory.
@@ -110,4 +106,14 @@
 	 * @return An enum of the concrete type of this index.
 	 */
 	public IndexType getIndexType();
+	
+	/**
+     * @return The file id of this index.
+     */
+    public int getFileId();
+    
+    /**
+     * @return BufferCache underlying this tree index.
+     */
+    public IBufferCache getBufferCache();
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexAccessor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexAccessor.java
index 1e679b2..e0271f3 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexAccessor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexAccessor.java
@@ -36,10 +36,9 @@
 	 * @throws TreeIndexException
 	 *             If an index-specific constraint is violated, e.g., the key
 	 *             already exists.
-	 * @throws PageAllocationException
 	 */
 	public void insert(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException,
-			TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException;
+			TreeIndexException;
 
 	/**
 	 * Updates the tuple in the index matching the given tuple with the new
@@ -52,10 +51,9 @@
 	 *             If the BufferCache throws while un/pinning or un/latching.
 	 * @throws TreeIndexException
 	 *             If there is no matching tuple in the index.
-	 * @throws PageAllocationException
 	 */
 	public void update(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException,
-			TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException;
+			TreeIndexException;
 
 	/**
 	 * Deletes the tuple in the index matching the given tuple.
@@ -66,12 +64,17 @@
 	 *             If the BufferCache throws while un/pinning or un/latching.
 	 * @throws TreeIndexException
 	 *             If there is no matching tuple in the index.
-	 * @throws PageAllocationException
 	 */
 	public void delete(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException,
-			TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException;
+			TreeIndexException;
 
 	/**
+	 * Creates a cursor appropriate for passing into search().
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public ITreeIndexCursor createSearchCursor();
+	
+	/**
 	 * Open the given cursor for an index search using the given predicate as
 	 * search condition.
 	 * 
@@ -82,12 +85,17 @@
 	 * @throws HyracksDataException
 	 *             If the BufferCache throws while un/pinning or un/latching.
 	 * @throws TreeIndexException
-	 * @throws PageAllocationException
 	 */
 	public void search(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, ISearchPredicate searchPred)
-			throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException;
+			throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException;
 
 	/**
+	 * Creates a cursor appropriate for passing into diskOrderScan().
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public ITreeIndexCursor createDiskOrderScanCursor();
+	
+	/**
 	 * Open the given cursor for a disk-order scan, positioning the cursor to
 	 * the first leaf tuple.
 	 * 
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexCursor.java
index d3ce3867..24e552d 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexCursor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexCursor.java
@@ -23,16 +23,16 @@
 public interface ITreeIndexCursor {
 	public void reset();
 
-	public boolean hasNext() throws Exception;
+	public boolean hasNext() throws HyracksDataException;
 
-	public void next() throws Exception;
+	public void next() throws HyracksDataException;
 
 	public void open(ICursorInitialState initialState,
 			ISearchPredicate searchPred) throws HyracksDataException;
 
 	public ICachedPage getPage();
 
-	public void close() throws Exception;
+	public void close() throws HyracksDataException;
 
 	public void setBufferCache(IBufferCache bufferCache);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame.java
index 17519ae..9e95970 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame.java
@@ -41,4 +41,10 @@
 	public boolean hasSpace();
 
 	public void addFreePage(int freePage);
+	
+	// Special flag for LSM-Components to mark whether they are valid or not. 
+	public boolean isValid();
+	
+	// Set special validity flag.
+	public void setValid(boolean isValid);
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexTupleWriter.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexTupleWriter.java
index f0bb7aa..30e8f39 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexTupleWriter.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/ITreeIndexTupleWriter.java
@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@
 
     public int bytesRequired(ITupleReference tuple);
 
-    // TODO: change to byte[] as well.
-    public int writeTupleFields(ITupleReference tuple, int startField, int numFields, ByteBuffer targetBuf,
+    public int writeTupleFields(ITupleReference tuple, int startField, int numFields, byte[] targetBuf,
             int targetOff);
 
     public int bytesRequired(ITupleReference tuple, int startField, int numFields);
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor.java
index ff4d078..2e2b67e 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.job.JobSpecification;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.base.AbstractSingleActivityOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 
 public abstract class AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor extends
@@ -34,9 +33,6 @@
 
 	protected final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories;
 
-	protected final ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory;
-	protected final ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory;
-
 	protected final IStorageManagerInterface storageManager;
 	protected final IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider;
 
@@ -48,16 +44,13 @@
 			IStorageManagerInterface storageManager,
 			IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider,
 			IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider,
-			ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory,
-			ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
+			ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
 			IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories,
 			IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory) {
 		super(spec, inputArity, outputArity);
 		this.fileSplitProvider = fileSplitProvider;
 		this.storageManager = storageManager;
 		this.indexRegistryProvider = indexRegistryProvider;
-		this.interiorFrameFactory = interiorFrameFactory;
-		this.leafFrameFactory = leafFrameFactory;
 		this.typeTraits = typeTraits;
 		this.comparatorFactories = comparatorFactories;
 		this.dataflowHelperFactory = dataflowHelperFactory;
@@ -82,16 +75,6 @@
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getTreeIndexInteriorFactory() {
-		return interiorFrameFactory;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getTreeIndexLeafFactory() {
-		return leafFrameFactory;
-	}
-
-	@Override
 	public IStorageManagerInterface getStorageManager() {
 		return storageManager;
 	}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/IIndex.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/IIndex.java
index 38b275b..3543564 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/IIndex.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/IIndex.java
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@
      * @param indexFileId
      *            The file id backing this index.
      */
-    public void open(int indexFileId);
+    public void open(int indexFileId) throws HyracksDataException;
     
     /**
      * Closes the index.
      */
-    public void close();
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException;
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/ITreeIndexOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/ITreeIndexOperatorDescriptor.java
index e415cbb..a646e02 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/ITreeIndexOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/ITreeIndexOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -17,15 +17,9 @@
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 
 public interface ITreeIndexOperatorDescriptor extends IIndexOperatorDescriptor {
 	public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getTreeIndexComparatorFactories();
 	
-	public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getTreeIndexInteriorFactory();
-
-	public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getTreeIndexLeafFactory();
-
 	public ITypeTraits[] getTreeIndexTypeTraits();
-	
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/IndexDataflowHelper.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/IndexDataflowHelper.java
index f0adb0e..99ebab7 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/IndexDataflowHelper.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/IndexDataflowHelper.java
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
             } catch (HyracksDataException e) {
                 // Revert state of buffer cache since file failed to open.
                 if (!fileIsMapped) {
-                    bufferCache.deleteFile(fileId);
+                    bufferCache.deleteFile(fileId, false);
                 }
                 throw e;
             }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor.java
index af30105..90295be 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.job.JobSpecification;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 
 public class TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor extends AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor {
@@ -34,11 +33,10 @@
 
     public TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorDescriptor(JobSpecification spec, IStorageManagerInterface storageManager,
             IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider, IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider,
-            ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory,
             ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories, int[] fieldPermutation,
             float fillFactor, IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory) {
-        super(spec, 1, 0, null, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, fileSplitProvider, interiorFrameFactory,
-                leafFrameFactory, typeTraits, comparatorFactories, dataflowHelperFactory);
+        super(spec, 1, 0, null, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, fileSplitProvider, 
+                typeTraits, comparatorFactories, dataflowHelperFactory);
         this.fieldPermutation = fieldPermutation;
         this.fillFactor = fillFactor;
     }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorNodePushable.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorNodePushable.java
index bc2d67e..fe3b10f 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorNodePushable.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorNodePushable.java
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.base.AbstractUnaryInputSinkOperatorNodePushable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.PageAllocationException;
 
 public class TreeIndexBulkLoadOperatorNodePushable extends AbstractUnaryInputSinkOperatorNodePushable {
     private float fillFactor;
@@ -70,11 +69,7 @@
         int tupleCount = accessor.getTupleCount();
         for (int i = 0; i < tupleCount; i++) {
             tuple.reset(accessor, i);
-            try {
-                treeIndex.bulkLoadAddTuple(tuple, bulkLoadCtx);
-            } catch (PageAllocationException e) {
-                throw new HyracksDataException(e);
-            }
+            treeIndex.bulkLoadAddTuple(tuple, bulkLoadCtx);
         }
     }
 
@@ -82,7 +77,7 @@
     public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
         try {
             treeIndex.endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx);
-        } catch (PageAllocationException e) {
+        } catch (Exception e) {
             throw new HyracksDataException(e);
         } finally {
             treeIndexHelper.deinit();
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorDescriptor.java
index 8d56d37..ab16acb 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -22,31 +22,23 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.job.JobSpecification;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 
-public class TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorDescriptor extends
-		AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor {
+public class TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorDescriptor extends AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor {
 
-	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
-	public TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorDescriptor(JobSpecification spec,
-			RecordDescriptor recDesc, IStorageManagerInterface storageManager,
-			IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider,
-			IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider,
-			ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory,
-			ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
-			IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory) {
-		super(spec, 0, 1, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider,
-				fileSplitProvider, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory,
-				typeTraits, null, dataflowHelperFactory);
-	}
+    public TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorDescriptor(JobSpecification spec, RecordDescriptor recDesc,
+            IStorageManagerInterface storageManager, IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider,
+            IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
+            IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory) {
+        super(spec, 0, 1, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, fileSplitProvider, typeTraits, null,
+                dataflowHelperFactory);
+    }
 
-	@Override
-	public IOperatorNodePushable createPushRuntime(IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
-			IRecordDescriptorProvider recordDescProvider,
-			int partition, int nPartitions) {
-		return new TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorNodePushable(this, ctx,
-				partition);
-	}
+    @Override
+    public IOperatorNodePushable createPushRuntime(IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
+            IRecordDescriptorProvider recordDescProvider, int partition, int nPartitions) {
+        return new TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorNodePushable(this, ctx, partition);
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorNodePushable.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorNodePushable.java
index d9b4d87..d7a680c 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorNodePushable.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorNodePushable.java
@@ -31,23 +31,21 @@
 
 public class TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorNodePushable extends AbstractUnaryOutputSourceOperatorNodePushable {
     private final TreeIndexDataflowHelper treeIndexHelper;
-    private final ITreeIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc;
     private ITreeIndex treeIndex;
 
     public TreeIndexDiskOrderScanOperatorNodePushable(AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc,
             IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int partition) {
         treeIndexHelper = (TreeIndexDataflowHelper) opDesc.getIndexDataflowHelperFactory().createIndexDataflowHelper(
                 opDesc, ctx, partition, false);
-        this.opDesc = opDesc;
     }
 
     @Override
     public void initialize() throws HyracksDataException {
-        ITreeIndexFrame cursorFrame = opDesc.getTreeIndexLeafFactory().createFrame();
-        ITreeIndexCursor cursor = treeIndexHelper.createDiskOrderScanCursor(cursorFrame);
         try {
             treeIndexHelper.init();
             treeIndex = (ITreeIndex) treeIndexHelper.getIndex();
+            ITreeIndexFrame cursorFrame = treeIndex.getLeafFrameFactory().createFrame();
+            ITreeIndexCursor cursor = treeIndexHelper.createDiskOrderScanCursor(cursorFrame);
             ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = treeIndex.createAccessor();
             writer.open();
             try {
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexDropOperatorNodePushable.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexDropOperatorNodePushable.java
index ec44982..5c96af8 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexDropOperatorNodePushable.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexDropOperatorNodePushable.java
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
             }
 
             // remove name to id mapping
-            bufferCache.deleteFile(indexFileId);
+            bufferCache.deleteFile(indexFileId, false);
         }
         // TODO: for the time being we don't throw,
         // with proper exception handling (no hanging job problem) we should
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor.java
index e08f5d6..ac90c1a 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -23,41 +23,32 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.job.JobSpecification;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 
-public class TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor extends
-		AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor {
+public class TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor extends AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor {
 
-	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
-	private final int[] fieldPermutation;
+    private final int[] fieldPermutation;
 
-	private IndexOp op;
+    private IndexOp op;
 
-	public TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor(JobSpecification spec,
-			RecordDescriptor recDesc, IStorageManagerInterface storageManager,
-			IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider,
-			IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider,
-			ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory,
-			ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
-			IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories,
-			int[] fieldPermutation, IndexOp op,
-			IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory) {
-		super(spec, 1, 1, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider,
-				fileSplitProvider, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory,
-				typeTraits, comparatorFactories,
-				dataflowHelperFactory);
-		this.fieldPermutation = fieldPermutation;
-		this.op = op;
-	}
+    public TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorDescriptor(JobSpecification spec, RecordDescriptor recDesc,
+            IStorageManagerInterface storageManager, IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider,
+            IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories, int[] fieldPermutation, IndexOp op,
+            IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory) {
+        super(spec, 1, 1, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, fileSplitProvider, typeTraits,
+                comparatorFactories, dataflowHelperFactory);
+        this.fieldPermutation = fieldPermutation;
+        this.op = op;
+    }
 
-	@Override
-	public IOperatorNodePushable createPushRuntime(IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
-			IRecordDescriptorProvider recordDescProvider,
-			int partition, int nPartitions) {
-		return new TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorNodePushable(this, ctx,
-				partition, fieldPermutation, recordDescProvider, op);
-	}
+    @Override
+    public IOperatorNodePushable createPushRuntime(IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
+            IRecordDescriptorProvider recordDescProvider, int partition, int nPartitions) {
+        return new TreeIndexInsertUpdateDeleteOperatorNodePushable(this, ctx, partition, fieldPermutation,
+                recordDescProvider, op);
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexStatsOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexStatsOperatorDescriptor.java
index 4d718a8..c227e17 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexStatsOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/dataflow/TreeIndexStatsOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.job.JobSpecification;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.IStorageManagerInterface;
 
 public class TreeIndexStatsOperatorDescriptor extends AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor {
@@ -35,11 +34,10 @@
 
     public TreeIndexStatsOperatorDescriptor(JobSpecification spec, IStorageManagerInterface storageManager,
             IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider, IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider,
-            ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory,
             ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories,
             IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory) {
-        super(spec, 0, 1, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, fileSplitProvider, interiorFrameFactory,
-                leafFrameFactory, typeTraits, comparatorFactories, dataflowHelperFactory);
+        super(spec, 0, 1, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, fileSplitProvider, typeTraits,
+                comparatorFactories, dataflowHelperFactory);
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenThread.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenThread.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8d3d56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenThread.java
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+
+/**
+ * Quick & dirty data generator for multi-thread testing. 
+ *
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class DataGenThread extends Thread {
+    public final BlockingQueue<TupleBatch> tupleBatchQueue;
+    private final int maxNumBatches;
+    private final int maxOutstandingBatches;        
+    private int numBatches = 0;
+    private final Random rnd;
+    
+    // maxOutstandingBatches pre-created tuple-batches for populating the queue.
+    private TupleBatch[] tupleBatches;
+    private int ringPos;
+    
+    public DataGenThread(int numConsumers, int maxNumBatches, int batchSize, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int payloadSize, int rndSeed, int maxOutstandingBatches, boolean sorted) {
+        this.maxNumBatches = maxNumBatches;
+        this.maxOutstandingBatches = maxOutstandingBatches;
+        rnd = new Random(rndSeed);
+        tupleBatches = new TupleBatch[maxOutstandingBatches];
+        IFieldValueGenerator[] fieldGens = DataGenUtils.getFieldGensFromSerdes(fieldSerdes, rnd, sorted);
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxOutstandingBatches; i++) {
+            tupleBatches[i] = new TupleBatch(batchSize, fieldGens, fieldSerdes, payloadSize);
+        }
+        tupleBatchQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<TupleBatch>(maxOutstandingBatches);
+        ringPos = 0;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        while(numBatches < maxNumBatches) {
+            boolean added = false;
+            try {
+                if (tupleBatches[ringPos].inUse.compareAndSet(false, true)) {                    
+                    tupleBatches[ringPos].generate();
+                    tupleBatchQueue.put(tupleBatches[ringPos]);
+                    added = true;
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+            if (added) {
+                numBatches++;
+                ringPos++;
+                if (ringPos >= maxOutstandingBatches) {
+                    ringPos = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public TupleBatch getBatch() throws InterruptedException {
+        return tupleBatchQueue.take();
+    }
+    
+    public void releaseBatch(TupleBatch batch) {
+        batch.inUse.set(false);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenUtils.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdbaa3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DataGenUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.FloatSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") 
+public class DataGenUtils {
+    public static IFieldValueGenerator getFieldGenFromSerde(ISerializerDeserializer serde, Random rnd, boolean sorted) {
+        if (serde instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+            if (sorted) {
+                return new SortedIntegerFieldValueGenerator();
+            } else {
+                return new IntegerFieldValueGenerator(rnd);
+            }
+        } else if (serde instanceof FloatSerializerDeserializer) {
+            if (sorted) {
+                return new SortedFloatFieldValueGenerator();
+            } else {
+                return new FloatFieldValueGenerator(rnd);
+            }
+        } else if (serde instanceof DoubleSerializerDeserializer) {
+            if (sorted) {
+                return new SortedDoubleFieldValueGenerator();
+            } else {
+                return new DoubleFieldValueGenerator(rnd);
+            }
+        } else if (serde instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
+            return new StringFieldValueGenerator(20, rnd);
+        }
+        System.out.println("NULL");
+        return null;
+    }
+    
+    public static IFieldValueGenerator[] getFieldGensFromSerdes(ISerializerDeserializer[] serdes, Random rnd, boolean sorted) {
+        IFieldValueGenerator[] fieldValueGens = new IFieldValueGenerator[serdes.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < serdes.length; i++) {
+            fieldValueGens[i] = getFieldGenFromSerde(serdes[i], rnd, sorted);
+        }
+        return fieldValueGens;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DoubleFieldValueGenerator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DoubleFieldValueGenerator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcac93a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/DoubleFieldValueGenerator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+public class DoubleFieldValueGenerator implements IFieldValueGenerator<Double> {
+    protected final Random rnd;
+
+    public DoubleFieldValueGenerator(Random rnd) {
+        this.rnd = rnd;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Double next() {
+        return rnd.nextDouble();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/FloatFieldValueGenerator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/FloatFieldValueGenerator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f21c77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/FloatFieldValueGenerator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+public class FloatFieldValueGenerator implements IFieldValueGenerator<Float> {
+    protected final Random rnd;
+
+    public FloatFieldValueGenerator(Random rnd) {
+        this.rnd = rnd;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Float next() {
+        return rnd.nextFloat();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/IFieldValueGenerator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/IFieldValueGenerator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee0d30b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/IFieldValueGenerator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen;
+
+public interface IFieldValueGenerator<T> {
+    public T next();
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/IntegerFieldValueGenerator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/IntegerFieldValueGenerator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..134b1f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/IntegerFieldValueGenerator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+public class IntegerFieldValueGenerator implements IFieldValueGenerator<Integer> {
+    protected final Random rnd;
+
+    public IntegerFieldValueGenerator(Random rnd) {
+        this.rnd = rnd;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Integer next() {
+        return rnd.nextInt();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/SortedDoubleFieldValueGenerator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/SortedDoubleFieldValueGenerator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4193811
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/SortedDoubleFieldValueGenerator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen;
+
+public class SortedDoubleFieldValueGenerator implements IFieldValueGenerator<Double> {
+    private double val = 0.0d;
+
+    public SortedDoubleFieldValueGenerator() {
+    }
+    
+    public SortedDoubleFieldValueGenerator(double startVal) {
+        val = startVal;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public Double next() {
+        return val++;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/SortedFloatFieldValueGenerator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/SortedFloatFieldValueGenerator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f6b315
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/SortedFloatFieldValueGenerator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen;
+
+public class SortedFloatFieldValueGenerator implements IFieldValueGenerator<Float> {
+    private float val = 0.0f;
+
+    public SortedFloatFieldValueGenerator() {
+    }
+    
+    public SortedFloatFieldValueGenerator(float startVal) {
+        val = startVal;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public Float next() {
+        return val++;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/SortedIntegerFieldValueGenerator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/SortedIntegerFieldValueGenerator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f7fdcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/SortedIntegerFieldValueGenerator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen;
+
+public class SortedIntegerFieldValueGenerator implements IFieldValueGenerator<Integer> {
+    private int val = 0;
+
+    public SortedIntegerFieldValueGenerator() {
+    }
+    
+    public SortedIntegerFieldValueGenerator(int startVal) {
+        val = startVal;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public Integer next() {
+        return val++;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/StringFieldValueGenerator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/StringFieldValueGenerator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0218542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/StringFieldValueGenerator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+public class StringFieldValueGenerator implements IFieldValueGenerator<String> {
+    private int maxLen;
+    private final Random rnd;
+    
+    public StringFieldValueGenerator(int maxLen, Random rnd) {
+        this.maxLen = maxLen;
+        this.rnd = rnd;
+    }
+
+    public void setMaxLength(int maxLen) {
+        this.maxLen = maxLen;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String next() {
+        String s = Long.toHexString(Double.doubleToLongBits(rnd.nextDouble()));
+        StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length() && i < maxLen; i++) {
+            strBuilder.append(s.charAt(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % s.length()));
+        }
+        return strBuilder.toString();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/TupleBatch.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/TupleBatch.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfa523f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/TupleBatch.java
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class TupleBatch {
+    private final int size;
+    private final TupleGenerator[] tupleGens;
+    public final AtomicBoolean inUse = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    
+    public TupleBatch(int size, IFieldValueGenerator[] fieldGens, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int payloadSize) {        
+        this.size = size;
+        tupleGens = new TupleGenerator[size];
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            tupleGens[i] = new TupleGenerator(fieldGens, fieldSerdes, payloadSize);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void generate() throws IOException {
+        for(TupleGenerator tupleGen : tupleGens) {
+            tupleGen.next();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public int size() {
+        return size;
+    }
+    
+    public ITupleReference get(int ix) {
+        return tupleGens[ix].get();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/TupleGenerator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/TupleGenerator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2801205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/datagen/TupleGenerator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen;
+
+import java.io.DataOutput;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+
+@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked" })
+public class TupleGenerator {    
+    protected final ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes;
+    protected final IFieldValueGenerator[] fieldGens;
+    protected final ArrayTupleBuilder tb;
+    protected final ArrayTupleReference tuple;
+    protected final byte[] payload;
+    protected final DataOutput tbDos;
+    
+    public TupleGenerator(IFieldValueGenerator[] fieldGens, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int payloadSize) {
+        this.fieldSerdes = fieldSerdes;
+        this.fieldGens = fieldGens;
+        tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        if (payloadSize > 0) {
+            tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldSerdes.length + 1);
+            payload = new byte[payloadSize];
+        } else {
+            tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldSerdes.length);
+            payload = null;
+        }        
+        tbDos = tb.getDataOutput();
+    }
+
+    public ITupleReference next() throws IOException {
+        tb.reset();
+        for (int i = 0; i < fieldSerdes.length; i++) {
+            fieldSerdes[i].serialize(fieldGens[i].next(), tbDos);
+            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
+        }
+        if (payload != null) {
+            tbDos.write(payload);
+            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
+        }
+        tuple.reset(tb.getFieldEndOffsets(), tb.getByteArray());
+        return tuple;
+    }
+    
+    public ITupleReference get() {
+        return tuple;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/frames/LIFOMetaDataFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/frames/LIFOMetaDataFrame.java
index c87b84a..31c674d 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/frames/LIFOMetaDataFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/frames/LIFOMetaDataFrame.java
@@ -27,11 +27,15 @@
 
 public class LIFOMetaDataFrame implements ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame {
 
+    // Arbitrarily chosen magic integer.
+    protected static final int MAGIC_VALID_INT = 0x5bd1e995;
+    
 	protected static final int tupleCountOff = 0; //0
 	protected static final int freeSpaceOff = tupleCountOff + 4; //4
 	protected static final int maxPageOff = freeSpaceOff + 4; //8
 	protected static final int levelOff = maxPageOff + 12; //20
 	protected static final int nextPageOff = levelOff + 1; // 21
+	protected static final int validOff = nextPageOff + 4; // 25
 
 	protected ICachedPage page = null;
 	protected ByteBuffer buf = null;
@@ -65,7 +69,7 @@
 		return buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff) + 4 < buf.capacity();
 	}
 
-	// on bounds checking is done, there must be free space
+	// no bounds checking is done, there must be free space
 	public void addFreePage(int freePage) {
 		int freeSpace = buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff);
 		buf.putInt(freeSpace, freePage);
@@ -97,10 +101,11 @@
 	@Override
 	public void initBuffer(byte level) {
 		buf.putInt(tupleCountOff, 0);
-		buf.putInt(freeSpaceOff, nextPageOff + 4);
+		buf.putInt(freeSpaceOff, validOff + 4);
 		//buf.putInt(maxPageOff, -1);
 		buf.put(levelOff, level);
 		buf.putInt(nextPageOff, -1);
+		setValid(false);
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -112,4 +117,18 @@
 	public void setNextPage(int nextPage) {
 		buf.putInt(nextPageOff, nextPage);
 	}
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isValid() {
+        return buf.getInt(validOff) == MAGIC_VALID_INT;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setValid(boolean isValid) {
+        if (isValid) {
+            buf.putInt(validOff, MAGIC_VALID_INT);
+        } else {
+            buf.putInt(validOff, 0);
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/freepage/LinkedListFreePageManager.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/freepage/LinkedListFreePageManager.java
index f7e2e3b..036aa09 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/freepage/LinkedListFreePageManager.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/freepage/LinkedListFreePageManager.java
@@ -13,14 +13,13 @@
 	private static final byte META_PAGE_LEVEL_INDICATOR = -1;
 	private static final byte FREE_PAGE_LEVEL_INDICATOR = -2;
 	private final IBufferCache bufferCache;
-	private final int fileId;
-	private final int headPage;
+	private final int headPage;	
+	private int fileId = -1;
 	private final ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaDataFrameFactory;
 
-	public LinkedListFreePageManager(IBufferCache bufferCache, int fileId,
+	public LinkedListFreePageManager(IBufferCache bufferCache,
 			int headPage, ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaDataFrameFactory) {
 		this.bufferCache = bufferCache;
-		this.fileId = fileId;
 		this.headPage = headPage;
 		this.metaDataFrameFactory = metaDataFrameFactory;
 	}
@@ -199,4 +198,19 @@
 	public boolean isMetaPage(ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame) {
 		return metaFrame.getLevel() == META_PAGE_LEVEL_INDICATOR;
 	}
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFirstMetadataPage() {
+        return headPage;
+    }
+
+	@Override
+	public void open(int fileId) {
+		this.fileId = fileId;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() {
+		fileId = -1;
+	}
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/freepage/LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/freepage/LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..157b563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/freepage/LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+
+public class LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory {
+
+	private final ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaDataFrameFactory;
+	private final IBufferCache bufferCache;
+	
+	public LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory(IBufferCache bufferCache, ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaDataFrameFactory) {
+		this.metaDataFrameFactory = metaDataFrameFactory;
+		this.bufferCache = bufferCache;
+	}
+	
+    public IFreePageManager createFreePageManager() {
+        return new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, 0, metaDataFrameFactory);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/TreeDiskOrderScanCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/TreeDiskOrderScanCursor.java
index 1a81c3f..ea4c105 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/TreeDiskOrderScanCursor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/impls/TreeDiskOrderScanCursor.java
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public void close() throws Exception {
+	public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
 		page.releaseReadLatch();
 		bufferCache.unpin(page);
 		page = null;
@@ -61,30 +61,31 @@
 
 	private boolean positionToNextLeaf(boolean skipCurrent)
 			throws HyracksDataException {
-		while ((frame.getLevel() != 0 || skipCurrent) && (currentPageId <= maxPageId)) {
+		while ((frame.getLevel() != 0 || skipCurrent || frame.getTupleCount() == 0) && (currentPageId <= maxPageId)) {
 			currentPageId++;
 
+			page.releaseReadLatch();
+            bufferCache.unpin(page);
+			
 			ICachedPage nextPage = bufferCache.pin(
 					BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, currentPageId),
 					false);
 			nextPage.acquireReadLatch();
 
-			page.releaseReadLatch();
-			bufferCache.unpin(page);
-
 			page = nextPage;
 			frame.setPage(page);
 			tupleIndex = 0;
 			skipCurrent = false;
 		}
-		if (currentPageId <= maxPageId)
+		if (currentPageId <= maxPageId) {
 			return true;
-		else
+		} else {
 			return false;
+		}
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public boolean hasNext() throws Exception {		
+	public boolean hasNext() throws HyracksDataException {		
 		if (currentPageId > maxPageId) {
 			return false;
 		}
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public void next() throws Exception {
+	public void next() throws HyracksDataException {
 		tupleIndex++;
 	}
 
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/IntArrayList.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/IntArrayList.java
index d888aa0..12bc997 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/IntArrayList.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/IntArrayList.java
@@ -16,74 +16,83 @@
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers;
 
 public class IntArrayList {
-	private int[] data;
-	private int size;
-	private int first;
-	private final int growth;
+    private int[] data;
+    private int size;
+    private int first;
+    private final int growth;
 
-	public IntArrayList(int initialCapacity, int growth) {
-		data = new int[initialCapacity];
-		size = 0;
-		first = 0;
-		this.growth = growth;
-	}
+    public IntArrayList(int initialCapacity, int growth) {
+        data = new int[initialCapacity];
+        size = 0;
+        first = 0;
+        this.growth = growth;
+    }
 
-	public int size() {
-		return size;
-	}
+    public int size() {
+        return size;
+    }
 
-	public int first() {
-		return first;
-	}
+    public int first() {
+        return first;
+    }
 
-	public void add(int i) {
-		if (size == data.length) {
-			int[] newData = new int[data.length + growth];
-			System.arraycopy(data, 0, newData, 0, data.length);
-			data = newData;
-		}
+    public void add(int i) {
+        if (size == data.length) {
+            int[] newData = new int[data.length + growth];
+            System.arraycopy(data, 0, newData, 0, data.length);
+            data = newData;
+        }
 
-		data[size++] = i;
-	}
+        data[size++] = i;
+    }
 
-	public void removeLast() {
-		if (size > 0)
-			size--;
-	}
+    public void addFirst(int i) {
+        int[] newData = new int[data.length + 1];
+        System.arraycopy(data, 0, newData, 0, first);
+        System.arraycopy(data, first, newData, first + 1, size - first);
+        data = newData;
+        data[first] = i;
+        size++;
+    }
 
-	// WARNING: caller is responsible for checking size > 0
-	public int getLast() {
-		return data[size - 1];
-	}
+    public void removeLast() {
+        if (size > 0)
+            size--;
+    }
 
-	public int get(int i) {
-		return data[i];
-	}
+    // WARNING: caller is responsible for checking size > 0
+    public int getLast() {
+        return data[size - 1];
+    }
 
-	// WARNING: caller is responsible for checking i < size
-	public void set(int i, int value) {
-		data[i] = value;
+    public int get(int i) {
+        return data[i];
+    }
 
-	}
+    // WARNING: caller is responsible for checking i < size
+    public void set(int i, int value) {
+        data[i] = value;
 
-	public int getFirst() {
-		return data[first];
-	}
+    }
 
-	public void moveFirst() {
-		first++;
-	}
+    public int getFirst() {
+        return data[first];
+    }
 
-	public void clear() {
-		size = 0;
-		first = 0;
-	}
+    public void moveFirst() {
+        first++;
+    }
 
-	public boolean isLast() {
-		return size == first;
-	}
+    public void clear() {
+        size = 0;
+        first = 0;
+    }
 
-	public boolean isEmpty() {
-		return size == 0;
-	}
+    public boolean isLast() {
+        return size == first;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return size == 0;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/LongArrayList.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/LongArrayList.java
index 4dd1b5f..cb4c8fe 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/LongArrayList.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/LongArrayList.java
@@ -35,6 +35,16 @@
 	public int first() {
 		return first;
 	}
+	
+	public void addFirst(long i) {
+	    long[] newData = new long[data.length + 1];
+        System.arraycopy(data, 0, newData, 0, first);
+        System.arraycopy(data, first, newData, first + 1, size - first);
+        data = newData;
+        data[first] = i;
+        size++;
+    }
+
 
 	public void add(long i) {
 		if (size == data.length) {
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/MultiComparator.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/MultiComparator.java
index df24484..91db6ff 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/MultiComparator.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/ophelpers/MultiComparator.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
 
 public class MultiComparator {
@@ -59,7 +60,15 @@
 		return cmps;
 	}
 
-	public int getKeyFieldCount() {
+    public int getKeyFieldCount() {
 		return cmps.length;
 	}
+    
+    public static MultiComparator create(IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) {
+        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[cmpFactories.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < cmpFactories.length; i++) {
+            cmps[i] = cmpFactories[i].createBinaryComparator();
+        }
+        return new MultiComparator(cmps);
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a98efde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.TupleBatch;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+
+public abstract class AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker extends Thread implements ITreeIndexTestWorker {
+    private Random rnd = new Random();
+    private final DataGenThread dataGen;
+    private final TestOperationSelector opSelector;
+    private final int numBatches;
+    
+    protected final ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor;
+    
+    public AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker(DataGenThread dataGen, TestOperationSelector opSelector, ITreeIndex index, int numBatches) {
+        this.dataGen = dataGen;
+        this.opSelector = opSelector;
+        this.numBatches = numBatches;
+        indexAccessor = index.createAccessor();
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < numBatches; i++) {
+                TupleBatch batch = dataGen.getBatch();     
+                for (int j = 0; j < batch.size(); j++) {
+                    TestOperation op = opSelector.getOp(rnd.nextInt());
+                    ITupleReference tuple = batch.get(j);
+                    performOp(tuple, op);
+                }
+                dataGen.releaseBatch(batch);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/CheckTuple.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/CheckTuple.java
similarity index 92%
rename from hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/CheckTuple.java
rename to hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/CheckTuple.java
index f945ab9..22cd5df 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/CheckTuple.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/CheckTuple.java
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util;
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test;
 
 @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"})
 public class CheckTuple<T extends Comparable<T>> implements Comparable<T> {
-    private final int numKeys;    
-    private final Comparable[] tuple;
-    private int pos;
+    protected final int numKeys;    
+    protected final Comparable[] tuple;
+    protected int pos;
 
     public CheckTuple(int numFields, int numKeys) {
         this.numKeys = numKeys;
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/ITreeIndexTestContext.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/ITreeIndexTestContext.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec57dbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/ITreeIndexTestContext.java
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public interface ITreeIndexTestContext<T extends CheckTuple> {
+    public int getFieldCount();
+
+    public int getKeyFieldCount();
+
+    public ISerializerDeserializer[] getFieldSerdes();
+
+    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories();
+
+    public ITreeIndexAccessor getIndexAccessor();
+
+    public ITreeIndex getIndex();
+
+    public ArrayTupleReference getTuple();
+
+    public ArrayTupleBuilder getTupleBuilder();
+
+    public void insertCheckTuple(T checkTuple, Collection<T> checkTuples);
+
+    public void deleteCheckTuple(T checkTuple, Collection<T> checkTuples);
+
+    public Collection<T> getCheckTuples();
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/ITreeIndexTestWorker.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/ITreeIndexTestWorker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a12bf73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/ITreeIndexTestWorker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+
+public interface ITreeIndexTestWorker {
+    void performOp(ITupleReference tuple, TestOperation op) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException;
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/PageAllocationException.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory.java
similarity index 63%
copy from hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/PageAllocationException.java
copy to hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory.java
index e6eec66..d0ee2b4 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/PageAllocationException.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory.java
@@ -13,17 +13,11 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api;
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test;
 
-public class PageAllocationException extends Exception {
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
 
-	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
-
-	public PageAllocationException(Throwable cause) {
-        super(cause);
-    }
-    
-    public PageAllocationException(String message) {
-        super(message);
-    }
+public interface ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory {
+    public AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker create(DataGenThread dataGen, TestOperationSelector opSelector, ITreeIndex index, int numBatches);
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TestOperationSelector.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TestOperationSelector.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bed8da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TestOperationSelector.java
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+public class TestOperationSelector {
+
+    public static enum TestOperation {
+        INSERT,
+        DELETE,
+        UPDATE,
+        POINT_SEARCH,
+        RANGE_SEARCH,
+        SCAN,
+        DISKORDER_SCAN,
+        MERGE        
+    }
+    
+    private final TestOperation[] ops;
+    private final int[] opRanges;    
+    
+    public TestOperationSelector(TestOperation[] ops, float[] opProbs) {
+        sanityCheck(ops, opProbs);
+        this.ops = ops;
+        this.opRanges = getOpRanges(opProbs);
+    }
+    
+    private void sanityCheck(TestOperation[] ops, float[] opProbs) {
+        if (ops.length == 0) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Empty op array.");
+        }
+        if (opProbs.length == 0) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Empty op probabilities.");
+        }
+        if (ops.length != opProbs.length) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Ops and op probabilities have unequal length.");
+        }
+        float sum = 0.0f;
+        for (int i = 0; i < opProbs.length; i++) {
+            sum += opProbs[i];
+        }
+        if (sum != 1.0f) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Op probabilities don't add up to 1.");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private int[] getOpRanges(float[] opProbabilities) {
+        int[] opRanges = new int[opProbabilities.length];
+        if (opRanges.length > 1) {
+            opRanges[0] = (int) Math.floor(Integer.MAX_VALUE * opProbabilities[0]);
+            for (int i = 1; i < opRanges.length - 1; i++) {
+                opRanges[i] = opRanges[i - 1] + (int) Math.floor(Integer.MAX_VALUE * opProbabilities[i]);
+            }
+            opRanges[opRanges.length - 1] = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        } else {
+            opRanges[0] = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        }
+        return opRanges;
+    }
+    
+    public TestOperation getOp(int randomInt) {
+        int ix = Arrays.binarySearch(opRanges, randomInt);
+        if (ix < 0) {
+            ix = -ix - 1;
+        }
+        return ops[ix];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TestWorkloadConf.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TestWorkloadConf.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..355f919
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TestWorkloadConf.java
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+
+public class TestWorkloadConf {
+    public final TestOperation[] ops;
+    public final float[] opProbs;
+
+    public TestWorkloadConf(TestOperation[] ops, float[] opProbs) {
+        this.ops = ops;
+        this.opProbs = opProbs;
+    }
+    
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        for (TestOperation op : ops) {
+            strBuilder.append(op.toString());
+            strBuilder.append(',');
+        }
+        strBuilder.deleteCharAt(strBuilder.length() - 1);
+        return strBuilder.toString();
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TreeIndexMultiThreadTestDriver.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TreeIndexMultiThreadTestDriver.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc3350b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TreeIndexMultiThreadTestDriver.java
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class TreeIndexMultiThreadTestDriver {
+    private static final int RANDOM_SEED = 50;
+    // Means no additional payload. Only the specified fields.
+    private static final int PAYLOAD_SIZE = 0;
+    private final TestOperationSelector opSelector;    
+    private final ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes;
+    private final ITreeIndex index;
+    private final ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory workerFactory;
+    
+    public TreeIndexMultiThreadTestDriver(ITreeIndex index, ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory workerFactory,
+            ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, TestOperation[] ops, float[] opProbs) {
+        this.index = index;
+        this.workerFactory = workerFactory;
+        this.fieldSerdes = fieldSerdes;
+        this.opSelector = new TestOperationSelector(ops, opProbs);
+    }      
+    
+    public void init(int fileId) throws HyracksDataException {
+    	index.create(fileId);
+    	index.open(fileId);
+    }
+    
+    public long[] run(int numThreads, int numRepeats, int numOps, int batchSize) throws InterruptedException, TreeIndexException {
+        int numBatches = numOps / batchSize;
+        int threadNumBatches = numBatches / numThreads;
+        if (threadNumBatches <= 0) {
+            throw new TreeIndexException("Inconsistent parameters given. Need at least one batch per thread.");
+        }
+        long[] times = new long[numRepeats];
+        for (int i = 0; i < numRepeats; i++) {
+            DataGenThread dataGen = createDatagenThread(numThreads, numBatches, batchSize);
+            dataGen.start();
+            // Wait until the tupleBatchQueue is filled to capacity.
+            while (dataGen.tupleBatchQueue.remainingCapacity() != 0 && dataGen.tupleBatchQueue.size() != numBatches) {
+                Thread.sleep(10);
+            }
+                        
+            // Start worker threads.
+            AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker[] workers = new AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker[numThreads];
+            long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            for (int j = 0; j < numThreads; j++) {
+                workers[j] = workerFactory.create(dataGen, opSelector, index, threadNumBatches);
+                workers[j].start();
+            }
+            // Join worker threads.
+            for (int j = 0; j < numThreads; j++) {                
+                workers[j].join();
+            }
+            long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            times[i] = end - start;
+        }
+        return times;
+    }
+    
+    public void deinit() throws HyracksDataException {
+    	index.close();
+    }
+    
+    // To allow subclasses to override the data gen params.
+    public DataGenThread createDatagenThread(int numThreads, int numBatches, int batchSize) {
+        return new DataGenThread(numThreads, numBatches, batchSize, fieldSerdes, PAYLOAD_SIZE, RANDOM_SEED, 2*numThreads, false);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TreeIndexTestContext.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TreeIndexTestContext.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..113fc8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TreeIndexTestContext.java
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class TreeIndexTestContext<T extends CheckTuple> implements ITreeIndexTestContext<T> {
+    protected final ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes;
+    protected final ITreeIndex treeIndex;
+    protected final ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder;
+    protected final ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+    protected final ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor;
+
+    public TreeIndexTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, ITreeIndex treeIndex) {
+        this.fieldSerdes = fieldSerdes;
+        this.treeIndex = treeIndex;
+        this.indexAccessor = treeIndex.createAccessor();
+        this.tupleBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldSerdes.length);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFieldCount() {
+        return fieldSerdes.length;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexAccessor getIndexAccessor() {
+        return indexAccessor;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ArrayTupleReference getTuple() {
+        return tuple;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ArrayTupleBuilder getTupleBuilder() {
+        return tupleBuilder;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ISerializerDeserializer[] getFieldSerdes() {
+        return fieldSerdes;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndex getIndex() {
+        return treeIndex;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void insertCheckTuple(T checkTuple, Collection<T> checkTuples) {
+        checkTuples.add(checkTuple);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deleteCheckTuple(T checkTuple, Collection<T> checkTuples) {
+        checkTuples.remove(checkTuple);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TreeIndexTestUtils.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TreeIndexTestUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4073f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/test/TreeIndexTestUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.DataInput;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutput;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class TreeIndexTestUtils {
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(TreeIndexTestUtils.class.getName());
+
+    protected abstract CheckTuple createCheckTuple(int numFields, int numKeyFields);
+
+    protected abstract ISearchPredicate createNullSearchPredicate();
+
+    public abstract void checkExpectedResults(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, Collection checkTuples,
+            ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int keyFieldCount, Iterator<CheckTuple> checkIter) throws Exception;
+
+    protected abstract CheckTuple createIntCheckTuple(int[] fieldValues, int numKeyFields);
+
+    protected abstract void setIntKeyFields(int[] fieldValues, int numKeyFields, int maxValue, Random rnd);
+
+    protected abstract Collection createCheckTuplesCollection();
+
+    protected abstract ArrayTupleBuilder createDeleteTupleBuilder(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx);
+    
+    // See if tuple with corresponding checkTuple exists in ctx.checkTuples.
+    protected abstract boolean checkDiskOrderScanResult(ITupleReference tuple, CheckTuple checkTuple, ITreeIndexTestContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException;
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static void createTupleFromCheckTuple(CheckTuple checkTuple, ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder,
+            ArrayTupleReference tuple, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes) throws HyracksDataException {
+        int fieldCount = tupleBuilder.getFieldEndOffsets().length;
+        DataOutput dos = tupleBuilder.getDataOutput();
+        tupleBuilder.reset();
+        for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++) {
+            fieldSerdes[i].serialize(checkTuple.get(i), dos);
+            tupleBuilder.addFieldEndOffset();
+        }
+        tuple.reset(tupleBuilder.getFieldEndOffsets(), tupleBuilder.getByteArray());
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public CheckTuple createCheckTupleFromTuple(ITupleReference tuple, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            int numKeys) throws HyracksDataException {
+        CheckTuple checkTuple = createCheckTuple(fieldSerdes.length, numKeys);
+        int fieldCount = Math.min(fieldSerdes.length, tuple.getFieldCount());
+        for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++) {
+            ByteArrayInputStream inStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
+                    tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+            DataInput dataIn = new DataInputStream(inStream);
+            Comparable fieldObj = (Comparable) fieldSerdes[i].deserialize(dataIn);
+            checkTuple.add(fieldObj);
+        }
+        return checkTuple;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void checkScan(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx) throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Testing Scan.");
+        }
+        ITreeIndexCursor scanCursor = ctx.getIndexAccessor().createSearchCursor();
+        ISearchPredicate nullPred = createNullSearchPredicate();
+        ctx.getIndexAccessor().search(scanCursor, nullPred);
+        Iterator<CheckTuple> checkIter = ctx.getCheckTuples().iterator();
+        checkExpectedResults(scanCursor, ctx.getCheckTuples(), ctx.getFieldSerdes(), ctx.getKeyFieldCount(), checkIter);
+    }
+
+    public void checkDiskOrderScan(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                LOGGER.info("Testing Disk-Order Scan.");
+            }
+            ITreeIndexCursor diskOrderCursor = ctx.getIndexAccessor().createDiskOrderScanCursor();
+            ctx.getIndexAccessor().diskOrderScan(diskOrderCursor);
+            int actualCount = 0;
+            try {
+                while (diskOrderCursor.hasNext()) {
+                    diskOrderCursor.next();
+                    ITupleReference tuple = diskOrderCursor.getTuple();
+                    CheckTuple checkTuple = createCheckTupleFromTuple(tuple, ctx.getFieldSerdes(),
+                            ctx.getKeyFieldCount());
+                    if (!checkDiskOrderScanResult(tuple, checkTuple, ctx)) {
+                        fail("Disk-order scan returned unexpected answer: " + checkTuple.toString());
+                    }
+                    actualCount++;
+                }
+                if (actualCount < ctx.getCheckTuples().size()) {
+                    fail("Disk-order scan returned fewer answers than expected.\nExpected: "
+                            + ctx.getCheckTuples().size() + "\nActual  : " + actualCount);
+                }
+                if (actualCount > ctx.getCheckTuples().size()) {
+                    fail("Disk-order scan returned more answers than expected.\nExpected: "
+                            + ctx.getCheckTuples().size() + "\nActual  : " + actualCount);
+                }
+            } finally {
+                diskOrderCursor.close();
+            }
+        } catch (UnsupportedOperationException e) {
+            // Ignore exception because some indexes, e.g. the LSMTrees, don't
+            // support disk-order scan.
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                LOGGER.info("Ignoring disk-order scan since it's not supported.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void insertIntTuples(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
+        int fieldCount = ctx.getFieldCount();
+        int numKeyFields = ctx.getKeyFieldCount();
+        int[] fieldValues = new int[ctx.getFieldCount()];
+        // Scale range of values according to number of keys.
+        // For example, for 2 keys we want the square root of numTuples, for 3
+        // keys the cube root of numTuples, etc.
+        int maxValue = (int) Math.ceil(Math.pow(numTuples, 1.0 / (double) numKeyFields));
+        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
+            // Set keys.
+            setIntKeyFields(fieldValues, numKeyFields, maxValue, rnd);
+            // Set values.
+            for (int j = numKeyFields; j < fieldCount; j++) {
+                fieldValues[j] = j;
+            }
+            TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(ctx.getTupleBuilder(), ctx.getTuple(), fieldValues);
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                if ((i + 1) % (numTuples / Math.min(10, numTuples)) == 0) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Inserting Tuple " + (i + 1) + "/" + numTuples);
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                ctx.getIndexAccessor().insert(ctx.getTuple());
+                ctx.insertCheckTuple(createIntCheckTuple(fieldValues, ctx.getKeyFieldCount()), ctx.getCheckTuples());
+            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+                // We set expected values only after insertion succeeds because
+                // we ignore duplicate keys.
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void bulkLoadIntTuples(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
+        int fieldCount = ctx.getFieldCount();
+        int numKeyFields = ctx.getKeyFieldCount();
+        int[] fieldValues = new int[ctx.getFieldCount()];
+        int maxValue = (int) Math.ceil(Math.pow(numTuples, 1.0 / (double) numKeyFields));
+        Collection<CheckTuple> tmpCheckTuples = createCheckTuplesCollection();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
+            // Set keys.
+            setIntKeyFields(fieldValues, numKeyFields, maxValue, rnd);
+            // Set values.
+            for (int j = numKeyFields; j < fieldCount; j++) {
+                fieldValues[j] = j;
+            }
+
+            // Set expected values. (We also use these as the pre-sorted stream
+            // for ordered indexes bulk loading).
+            ctx.insertCheckTuple(createIntCheckTuple(fieldValues, ctx.getKeyFieldCount()), tmpCheckTuples);
+        }
+        bulkLoadCheckTuples(ctx, tmpCheckTuples);
+
+        // Add tmpCheckTuples to ctx check tuples for comparing searches.
+        for (CheckTuple checkTuple : tmpCheckTuples) {
+            ctx.insertCheckTuple(checkTuple, ctx.getCheckTuples());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void bulkLoadCheckTuples(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx, Collection<CheckTuple> checkTuples)
+            throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+        int fieldCount = ctx.getFieldCount();
+        int numTuples = checkTuples.size();
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        // Perform bulk load.
+        IIndexBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = ctx.getIndex().beginBulkLoad(0.7f);
+        int c = 1;
+        for (CheckTuple checkTuple : checkTuples) {
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                if (c % (numTuples / 10) == 0) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Bulk Loading Tuple " + c + "/" + numTuples);
+                }
+            }
+            createTupleFromCheckTuple(checkTuple, tupleBuilder, tuple, ctx.getFieldSerdes());
+            ctx.getIndex().bulkLoadAddTuple(tuple, bulkLoadCtx);
+            c++;
+        }
+        ctx.getIndex().endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void deleteTuples(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
+        ArrayTupleBuilder deleteTupleBuilder = createDeleteTupleBuilder(ctx);
+        ArrayTupleReference deleteTuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        int numCheckTuples = ctx.getCheckTuples().size();
+        // Copy CheckTuple references into array, so we can randomly pick from
+        // there.
+        CheckTuple[] checkTuples = new CheckTuple[numCheckTuples];
+        int idx = 0;
+        Iterator<CheckTuple> iter = ctx.getCheckTuples().iterator();
+        while (iter.hasNext()) {
+            CheckTuple checkTuple = iter.next();
+            checkTuples[idx++] = checkTuple;
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples && numCheckTuples > 0; i++) {
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                if ((i + 1) % (numTuples / Math.min(10, numTuples)) == 0) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Deleting Tuple " + (i + 1) + "/" + numTuples);
+                }
+            }
+            int checkTupleIdx = Math.abs(rnd.nextInt() % numCheckTuples);
+            CheckTuple checkTuple = checkTuples[checkTupleIdx];
+            createTupleFromCheckTuple(checkTuple, deleteTupleBuilder, deleteTuple, ctx.getFieldSerdes());
+            ctx.getIndexAccessor().delete(deleteTuple);
+
+            // Remove check tuple from expected results.
+            ctx.deleteCheckTuple(checkTuple, ctx.getCheckTuples());
+
+            // Swap with last "valid" CheckTuple.
+            CheckTuple tmp = checkTuples[numCheckTuples - 1];
+            checkTuples[numCheckTuples - 1] = checkTuple;
+            checkTuples[checkTupleIdx] = tmp;
+            numCheckTuples--;
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/tuples/SimpleTupleWriter.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/tuples/SimpleTupleWriter.java
index 831247e..f5ec5f3 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/tuples/SimpleTupleWriter.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/tuples/SimpleTupleWriter.java
@@ -29,12 +29,6 @@
 		buf[targetOff + 1] = (byte)(s >> 0);
 	}
 	
-	// Write short in big endian to target byte array at given offset.
-	private static void writeShortB(short s, byte[] buf, int targetOff) {
-		buf[targetOff] = (byte) (s >> 0);
-		buf[targetOff + 1] = (byte) (s >> 8);
-	}
-	
     @Override
     public int bytesRequired(ITupleReference tuple) {
         int bytes = getNullFlagsBytes(tuple) + getFieldSlotsBytes(tuple);
@@ -84,23 +78,23 @@
 	}
 
     @Override
-    public int writeTupleFields(ITupleReference tuple, int startField, int numFields, ByteBuffer targetBuf,
+    public int writeTupleFields(ITupleReference tuple, int startField, int numFields, byte[] targetBuf,
             int targetOff) {
         int runner = targetOff;
         int nullFlagsBytes = getNullFlagsBytes(tuple, startField, numFields);
         for (int i = 0; i < nullFlagsBytes; i++) {
-            targetBuf.put(runner++, (byte) 0);
+            targetBuf[runner++] = (byte) 0;
         }
         runner += getFieldSlotsBytes(tuple, startField, numFields);
 
         int fieldEndOff = 0;
         int fieldCounter = 0;
         for (int i = startField; i < startField + numFields; i++) {
-            System.arraycopy(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), targetBuf.array(), runner,
+            System.arraycopy(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), targetBuf, runner,
                     tuple.getFieldLength(i));
             fieldEndOff += tuple.getFieldLength(i);
-            runner += tuple.getFieldLength(i);
-            targetBuf.putShort(targetOff + nullFlagsBytes + fieldCounter * 2, (short) fieldEndOff);
+            runner += tuple.getFieldLength(i);            
+            writeShortL((short) fieldEndOff, targetBuf, targetOff + nullFlagsBytes + fieldCounter * 2);
             fieldCounter++;
         }
 
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/tuples/TypeAwareTupleWriter.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/tuples/TypeAwareTupleWriter.java
index fe52608..9730346 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/tuples/TypeAwareTupleWriter.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/tuples/TypeAwareTupleWriter.java
@@ -79,8 +79,6 @@
 
         // write data fields
         for (int i = 0; i < tuple.getFieldCount(); i++) {
-            int s = tuple.getFieldStart(i);
-            int l = tuple.getFieldLength(i);
             System.arraycopy(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), targetBuf, runner, tuple.getFieldLength(i));
             runner += tuple.getFieldLength(i);
         }
@@ -89,17 +87,17 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public int writeTupleFields(ITupleReference tuple, int startField, int numFields, ByteBuffer targetBuf,
+    public int writeTupleFields(ITupleReference tuple, int startField, int numFields, byte[] targetBuf,
             int targetOff) {
         int runner = targetOff;
         int nullFlagsBytes = getNullFlagsBytes(numFields);
         // write null indicator bits
         for (int i = 0; i < nullFlagsBytes; i++) {
-            targetBuf.put(runner++, (byte) 0);
+            targetBuf[runner++] = (byte) 0;
         }
 
         // write field slots for variable length fields
-        encDec.reset(targetBuf.array(), runner);
+        encDec.reset(targetBuf, runner);
         for (int i = startField; i < startField + numFields; i++) {
             if (!typeTraits[i].isFixedLength()) {
                 encDec.encode(tuple.getFieldLength(i));
@@ -108,7 +106,7 @@
         runner = encDec.getPos();
 
         for (int i = startField; i < startField + numFields; i++) {
-            System.arraycopy(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), targetBuf.array(), runner,
+            System.arraycopy(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), targetBuf, runner,
                     tuple.getFieldLength(i));
             runner += tuple.getFieldLength(i);
         }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/util/IndexUtils.java b/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/util/IndexUtils.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 389855f..0000000
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/util/IndexUtils.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * you may obtain a copy of the License from
- * 
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- * 
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.util;
-
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
-
-public class IndexUtils {
-	public static MultiComparator createMultiComparator(IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) {
-    	IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[cmpFactories.length];
-    	for (int i = 0; i < cmpFactories.length; i++) {
-    		cmps[i] = cmpFactories[i].createBinaryComparator(); 
-    	}
-    	return new MultiComparator(cmps);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/dataflow/AbstractInvertedIndexOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/dataflow/AbstractInvertedIndexOperatorDescriptor.java
index eab266d..733c1a5 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/dataflow/AbstractInvertedIndexOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/dataflow/AbstractInvertedIndexOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -108,16 +108,6 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getTreeIndexInteriorFactory() {
-        return btreeInteriorFrameFactory;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getTreeIndexLeafFactory() {
-        return btreeLeafFrameFactory;
-    }
-
-    @Override
     public IStorageManagerInterface getStorageManager() {
         return storageManager;
     }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/dataflow/InvertedIndexBulkLoadOperatorNodePushable.java b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/dataflow/InvertedIndexBulkLoadOperatorNodePushable.java
index 9dcabb4..f6cd4cd 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/dataflow/InvertedIndexBulkLoadOperatorNodePushable.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/dataflow/InvertedIndexBulkLoadOperatorNodePushable.java
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.FrameTupleAccessor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.base.AbstractUnaryInputSinkOperatorNodePushable;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.PageAllocationException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.PermutingFrameTupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexDataflowHelper;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.invertedindex.api.IInvertedListBuilder;
@@ -97,11 +96,7 @@
         int tupleCount = accessor.getTupleCount();
         for (int i = 0; i < tupleCount; i++) {
             tuple.reset(accessor, i);
-            try {
-                invIndex.bulkLoadAddTuple(bulkLoadCtx, tuple);
-            } catch (PageAllocationException e) {
-                throw new HyracksDataException(e);
-            }
+            invIndex.bulkLoadAddTuple(bulkLoadCtx, tuple);
         }
     }
 
@@ -109,7 +104,7 @@
     public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
         try {
             invIndex.endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx);
-        } catch (PageAllocationException e) {
+        } catch (Exception e) {
             throw new HyracksDataException(e);
         } finally {
             try {
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/dataflow/InvertedIndexDataflowHelper.java b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/dataflow/InvertedIndexDataflowHelper.java
index 71717e4..a7dc7d5 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/dataflow/InvertedIndexDataflowHelper.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/dataflow/InvertedIndexDataflowHelper.java
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IndexDataflowHelper;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexDataflowHelper;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.util.IndexUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.invertedindex.api.IInvertedIndexOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.invertedindex.impls.InvertedIndex;
 
@@ -46,10 +44,9 @@
     @Override
     public IIndex createIndexInstance() throws HyracksDataException {
         IInvertedIndexOperatorDescriptor invIndexOpDesc = (IInvertedIndexOperatorDescriptor) opDesc;
-        MultiComparator cmp = IndexUtils.createMultiComparator(invIndexOpDesc.getInvListsComparatorFactories());
         // Assumes btreeDataflowHelper.init() has already been called.
         BTree btree = (BTree) btreeDataflowHelper.getIndex();
         return new InvertedIndex(opDesc.getStorageManager().getBufferCache(ctx), btree,
-                invIndexOpDesc.getInvListsTypeTraits(), cmp);
+                invIndexOpDesc.getInvListsTypeTraits(), invIndexOpDesc.getInvListsComparatorFactories());
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/InvertedIndex.java b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/InvertedIndex.java
index 986e57b..6d9fb0e 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/InvertedIndex.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/InvertedIndex.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
@@ -33,7 +34,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.PageAllocationException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
@@ -58,17 +58,17 @@
     private IBufferCache bufferCache;
     private int fileId;
     private final ITypeTraits[] invListTypeTraits;
-    private final MultiComparator invListCmp;
+    private final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] invListCmpFactories;
     private final int numTokenFields;
     private final int numInvListKeys;
 
-    public InvertedIndex(IBufferCache bufferCache, BTree btree, ITypeTraits[] invListTypeTraits, MultiComparator invListCmp) {
+    public InvertedIndex(IBufferCache bufferCache, BTree btree, ITypeTraits[] invListTypeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] invListCmpFactories) {
         this.bufferCache = bufferCache;
         this.btree = btree;
-        this.invListCmp = invListCmp;
+        this.invListCmpFactories = invListCmpFactories;
         this.invListTypeTraits = invListTypeTraits;
-        this.numTokenFields = btree.getMultiComparator().getKeyFieldCount();
-        this.numInvListKeys = invListCmp.getKeyFieldCount();
+        this.numTokenFields = btree.getComparatorFactories().length;
+        this.numInvListKeys = invListCmpFactories.length;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
     }
 
     public BulkLoadContext beginBulkLoad(IInvertedListBuilder invListBuilder, int hyracksFrameSize,
-            float btreeFillFactor) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+            float btreeFillFactor) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
         BulkLoadContext ctx = new BulkLoadContext(invListBuilder, hyracksFrameSize, btreeFillFactor);
         ctx.init(rootPageId, fileId);
         return ctx;
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
     // the next invListCmp.getKeyFieldCount() fields in tuple are keys of the
     // inverted list (e.g., primary key)
     // key fields of inverted list are fixed size
-    public void bulkLoadAddTuple(BulkLoadContext ctx, ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException, PageAllocationException {
+    public void bulkLoadAddTuple(BulkLoadContext ctx, ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException {
 
         // first inverted list, copy token to baaos and start new list
         if (ctx.currentInvListTokenBaaos.size() == 0) {
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
         return ret;
     }
 
-    public void createAndInsertBTreeTuple(BulkLoadContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, PageAllocationException {
+    public void createAndInsertBTreeTuple(BulkLoadContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
         // build tuple
         ctx.btreeTupleBuilder.reset();
         ctx.btreeTupleBuilder.addField(ctx.currentInvListTokenBaaos.getByteArray(), 0,
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@
         btree.bulkLoadAddTuple(ctx.btreeFrameTupleReference, ctx.btreeBulkLoadCtx);
     }
 
-    public void endBulkLoad(BulkLoadContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, PageAllocationException {
+    public void endBulkLoad(BulkLoadContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
         // create entry in btree for last inverted list
         createAndInsertBTreeTuple(ctx);
         btree.endBulkLoad(ctx.btreeBulkLoadCtx);
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@
         return fileId;
     }
 
-    public MultiComparator getInvListElementCmp() {
-        return invListCmp;
+    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getInvListElementCmpFactories() {
+        return invListCmpFactories;
     }
     
     public ITypeTraits[] getTypeTraits() {
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
 
         public BulkLoadContext(IInvertedListBuilder invListBuilder, int hyracksFrameSize, float btreeFillFactor) {
             this.invListBuilder = invListBuilder;
-            this.tokenCmp = btree.getMultiComparator();
+            this.tokenCmp = MultiComparator.create(btree.getComparatorFactories());
             this.btreeTupleBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(hyracksFrameSize);
             this.btreeTupleBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(btree.getFieldCount());
             this.btreeTupleAppender = new FrameTupleAppender(hyracksFrameSize);
@@ -274,8 +274,8 @@
             this.btreeFillFactor = btreeFillFactor;
         }
 
-        public void init(int startPageId, int fileId) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
-            btreeBulkLoadCtx = btree.beginBulkLoad(BTree.DEFAULT_FILL_FACTOR);
+        public void init(int startPageId, int fileId) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+            btreeBulkLoadCtx = btree.beginBulkLoad(btreeFillFactor);
             currentPageId = startPageId;
             currentPage = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, currentPageId), true);
             currentPage.acquireWriteLatch();
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/TOccurrenceSearcher.java b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/TOccurrenceSearcher.java
index b24d416..220f35b 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/TOccurrenceSearcher.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/TOccurrenceSearcher.java
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
     protected final ITreeIndexFrame interiorFrame;
     protected final ITreeIndexCursor btreeCursor;
     protected final FrameTupleReference searchKey = new FrameTupleReference();
-    protected final RangePredicate btreePred = new RangePredicate(true, null, null, true, true, null, null);
+    protected final RangePredicate btreePred = new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, null, null);
     protected final ITreeIndexAccessor btreeAccessor;
 
     protected RecordDescriptor queryTokenRecDesc = new RecordDescriptor(
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@
     protected ByteBuffer queryTokenFrame;
 
     protected final InvertedIndex invIndex;
+    protected final MultiComparator invListCmp;
     protected final IBinaryTokenizer queryTokenizer;
     protected final ITypeTraits[] invListFieldsWithCount;
     protected int occurrenceThreshold;
@@ -89,6 +90,7 @@
     public TOccurrenceSearcher(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, InvertedIndex invIndex, IBinaryTokenizer queryTokenizer) {
         this.ctx = ctx;
         this.invIndex = invIndex;
+        this.invListCmp = MultiComparator.create(invIndex.getInvListElementCmpFactories());
         this.queryTokenizer = queryTokenizer;
 
         leafFrame = invIndex.getBTree().getLeafFrameFactory().createFrame();
@@ -112,7 +114,7 @@
         newResultBuffers.add(ctx.allocateFrame());
         prevResultBuffers.add(ctx.allocateFrame());
 
-        MultiComparator searchCmp = invIndex.getBTree().getMultiComparator();
+        MultiComparator searchCmp = MultiComparator.create(invIndex.getBTree().getComparatorFactories());
         btreePred.setLowKeyComparator(searchCmp);
         btreePred.setHighKeyComparator(searchCmp);
         btreePred.setLowKey(searchKey, true);
@@ -246,8 +248,6 @@
 
         currentNumResults = 0;
 
-        MultiComparator invListCmp = invIndex.getInvListElementCmp();
-
         resultFrameTupleAcc.reset(prevCurrentBuffer);
         resultFrameTupleApp.reset(newCurrentBuffer, true);
 
@@ -292,8 +292,6 @@
         boolean advancePrevResult = false;
         int resultTidx = 0;
 
-        MultiComparator invListCmp = invIndex.getInvListElementCmp();
-
         resultFrameTupleAcc.reset(prevCurrentBuffer);
         resultFrameTupleApp.reset(newCurrentBuffer, true);
 
@@ -386,8 +384,6 @@
         boolean advancePrevResult = false;
         int resultTidx = 0;
 
-        MultiComparator invListCmp = invIndex.getInvListElementCmp();
-
         resultFrameTupleAcc.reset(prevCurrentBuffer);
         resultFrameTupleApp.reset(newCurrentBuffer, true);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/TOccurrenceSearcherSuffixProbeOnly.java b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/TOccurrenceSearcherSuffixProbeOnly.java
index 0f5439b..87c718b 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/TOccurrenceSearcherSuffixProbeOnly.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/TOccurrenceSearcherSuffixProbeOnly.java
@@ -27,9 +27,12 @@
 
 public class TOccurrenceSearcherSuffixProbeOnly extends TOccurrenceSearcher {
 
+	protected final MultiComparator invListCmp;
+	
     public TOccurrenceSearcherSuffixProbeOnly(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, InvertedIndex invIndex,
             IBinaryTokenizer queryTokenizer) {
         super(ctx, invIndex, queryTokenizer);
+        this.invListCmp = MultiComparator.create(invIndex.getInvListElementCmpFactories());
     }
 
     protected int mergeSuffixLists(int numPrefixTokens, int numQueryTokens, int maxPrevBufIdx) throws IOException {
@@ -58,8 +61,6 @@
 
         int resultTidx = 0;
 
-        MultiComparator invListCmp = invIndex.getInvListElementCmp();
-
         resultFrameTupleAcc.reset(prevCurrentBuffer);
         resultFrameTupleApp.reset(newCurrentBuffer, true);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/TOccurrenceSearcherSuffixScanOnly.java b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/TOccurrenceSearcherSuffixScanOnly.java
index b997dc9..04f2d9f 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/TOccurrenceSearcherSuffixScanOnly.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/impls/TOccurrenceSearcherSuffixScanOnly.java
@@ -28,9 +28,12 @@
 
 public class TOccurrenceSearcherSuffixScanOnly extends TOccurrenceSearcher {
 
+	protected final MultiComparator invListCmp;
+	
     public TOccurrenceSearcherSuffixScanOnly(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, InvertedIndex invIndex,
             IBinaryTokenizer queryTokenizer) {
         super(ctx, invIndex, queryTokenizer);
+        this.invListCmp = MultiComparator.create(invIndex.getInvListElementCmpFactories());
     }
 
     protected int mergeSuffixLists(int numPrefixTokens, int numQueryTokens, int maxPrevBufIdx) throws IOException {
@@ -61,8 +64,6 @@
         boolean advancePrevResult = false;
         int resultTidx = 0;
 
-        MultiComparator invListCmp = invIndex.getInvListElementCmp();
-
         resultFrameTupleAcc.reset(prevCurrentBuffer);
         resultFrameTupleApp.reset(newCurrentBuffer, true);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/pom.xml b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f65bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+  <groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  <artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree</artifactId>
+  <version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+
+  <parent>
+    <groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+    <artifactId>hyracks</artifactId>
+    <version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  </parent>
+
+  <build>
+    <plugins>
+      <plugin>
+        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+        <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
+        <version>2.0.2</version>
+        <configuration>
+          <source>1.6</source>
+          <target>1.6</target>
+        </configuration>
+      </plugin>
+    </plugins>
+  </build>
+  <dependencies>  	
+    <dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-test-support</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+    <dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-btree</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency> 
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency> 	  		
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>junit</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
+  		<version>4.8.1</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>test</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+</project>
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/dataflow/LSMBTreeDataflowHelper.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/dataflow/LSMBTreeDataflowHelper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..141cb87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/dataflow/LSMBTreeDataflowHelper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.dataflow;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexOperatorDescriptor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexDataflowHelper;
+
+public class LSMBTreeDataflowHelper extends TreeIndexDataflowHelper {
+    private static int DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
+    private static int DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE = 32768;
+    
+    private final int memNumPages;
+    private final int memPageSize;
+    
+    public LSMBTreeDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int partition,
+            boolean createIfNotExists) {
+        super(opDesc, ctx, partition, createIfNotExists);
+        memNumPages = DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES;
+        memPageSize = DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE;
+    }
+    
+    public LSMBTreeDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int partition,
+            boolean createIfNotExists, int memNumPages, int memPageSize) {
+        super(opDesc, ctx, partition, createIfNotExists);
+        this.memNumPages = memNumPages;
+        this.memPageSize = memPageSize;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndex createIndexInstance() throws HyracksDataException {
+        // TODO: Implement this next.
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/dataflow/LSMBTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/dataflow/LSMBTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da00694
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/dataflow/LSMBTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.dataflow;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexOperatorDescriptor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IndexDataflowHelper;
+
+public class LSMBTreeDataflowHelperFactory implements IIndexDataflowHelperFactory {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    @Override
+    public IndexDataflowHelper createIndexDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
+            int partition, boolean createIfNotExists) {
+        return new LSMBTreeDataflowHelper(opDesc, ctx, partition, createIfNotExists);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTree.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTree.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..725f680
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTree.java
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.impls;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeDuplicateKeyException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeNonExistentKeyException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexOpContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMComponentFinalizer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFileManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.BTreeFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMTreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.TreeIndexComponentFinalizer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+public class LSMBTree implements ILSMTree {
+    protected final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(LSMBTree.class.getName());
+    
+    private final LSMHarness lsmHarness;
+    
+    // In-memory components.
+    private final BTree memBTree;
+    private final InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager;
+
+    // On-disk components.    
+    private final ILSMFileManager fileManager;
+    // For creating BTree's used in flush and merge.
+    private final BTreeFactory diskBTreeFactory;
+    // For creating BTree's used in bulk load. Different from diskBTreeFactory
+    // because it should have a different tuple writer in it's leaf frames.
+    private final BTreeFactory bulkLoadBTreeFactory;
+    private final IBufferCache diskBufferCache;    
+    private final IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider;
+    // List of BTree instances. Using Object for better sharing via ILSMTree + LSMHarness.
+    private LinkedList<Object> diskBTrees = new LinkedList<Object>();
+    // Helps to guarantees physical consistency of LSM components.
+    private final ILSMComponentFinalizer componentFinalizer;
+    
+    // Common for in-memory and on-disk components.
+    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory insertLeafFrameFactory;
+    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory deleteLeafFrameFactory;
+    private final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories;
+    
+    private boolean isOpen = false;
+    
+    public LSMBTree(IBufferCache memBufferCache, InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager,
+            ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory insertLeafFrameFactory,
+            ITreeIndexFrameFactory deleteLeafFrameFactory, ILSMFileManager fileNameManager, BTreeFactory diskBTreeFactory,
+            BTreeFactory bulkLoadBTreeFactory, IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider, int fieldCount, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) {
+        memBTree = new BTree(memBufferCache, fieldCount, cmpFactories, memFreePageManager, interiorFrameFactory,
+                insertLeafFrameFactory);
+        this.memFreePageManager = memFreePageManager;
+        this.insertLeafFrameFactory = insertLeafFrameFactory;
+        this.deleteLeafFrameFactory = deleteLeafFrameFactory;
+        this.diskBufferCache = diskBTreeFactory.getBufferCache();
+        this.diskFileMapProvider = diskFileMapProvider;
+        this.diskBTreeFactory = diskBTreeFactory;
+        this.bulkLoadBTreeFactory = bulkLoadBTreeFactory;
+        this.cmpFactories = cmpFactories;
+        this.diskBTrees = new LinkedList<Object>();
+        this.fileManager = fileNameManager;
+        lsmHarness = new LSMHarness(this);
+        componentFinalizer = new TreeIndexComponentFinalizer(diskFileMapProvider);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void create(int indexFileId) throws HyracksDataException {
+        memBTree.create(indexFileId);
+        fileManager.createDirs();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Opens LSMBTree, cleaning up invalid files from base dir, and registering
+     * all valid files as on-disk BTrees.
+     * 
+     * @param indexFileId
+     *            Dummy file id used for in-memory BTree.
+     * @throws HyracksDataException
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void open(int indexFileId) throws HyracksDataException {
+        synchronized(this) {
+            if (isOpen) {
+                return;
+            }
+            memBTree.open(indexFileId);
+            BTree dummyBTree = diskBTreeFactory.createIndexInstance();
+            List<Object> validFileNames = fileManager.cleanupAndGetValidFiles(dummyBTree, componentFinalizer);
+            for (Object o : validFileNames) {     
+                String fileName = (String) o;
+                FileReference fileRef = new FileReference(new File(fileName));
+                BTree btree = createDiskBTree(diskBTreeFactory, fileRef, false);
+                diskBTrees.add(btree);
+            }
+            isOpen = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
+        synchronized(this) {
+            if (!isOpen) {
+                return;
+            }
+            for (Object o : diskBTrees) {
+                BTree btree = (BTree) o;            
+                diskBufferCache.closeFile(btree.getFileId());
+                diskBufferCache.deleteFile(btree.getFileId(), false);
+                btree.close();
+            }
+            diskBTrees.clear();
+            memBTree.close();
+            isOpen = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean insertUpdateOrDelete(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexOpContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {        
+        LSMBTreeOpContext ctx = (LSMBTreeOpContext) ictx;
+        // TODO: This will become much simpler once the BTree supports a true upsert operation.
+        try {
+            ctx.memBTreeAccessor.insert(tuple);
+        } catch (BTreeDuplicateKeyException e) {
+            // Notice that a flush must wait for the current operation to
+            // finish (threadRefCount must reach zero).
+            // TODO: The methods below are very inefficient, we'd rather like
+            // to flip the antimatter bit one single BTree traversal.
+            if (ctx.getIndexOp() == IndexOp.DELETE) {
+                return deleteExistingKey(tuple, ctx);
+            } else {
+                return insertOrUpdateExistingKey(tuple, ctx);
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    
+	private boolean deleteExistingKey(ITupleReference tuple, LSMBTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+        // We assume that tuple given by the user for deletion only contains the
+        // key fields, but not any non-key fields.
+        // Therefore, to set the delete bit in the tuple that already exist in
+        // the BTree, we must retrieve the original tuple first. This is to
+        // ensure that we have the proper value field.
+        if (cmpFactories.length != memBTree.getFieldCount()) {
+            ctx.reset(IndexOp.SEARCH);
+            RangePredicate rangePredicate = new RangePredicate(tuple, tuple, true, true, ctx.cmp, ctx.cmp);
+            ITreeIndexCursor cursor = ctx.memBTreeAccessor.createSearchCursor();
+            ctx.memBTreeAccessor.search(cursor, rangePredicate);
+            ITupleReference tupleCopy = null;
+            try {
+                if (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                    cursor.next();
+                    tupleCopy = TupleUtils.copyTuple(cursor.getTuple());
+                }
+            } finally {
+                cursor.close();
+            }
+            // This means the tuple we are looking for must have been truly deleted by another thread.
+            // Simply restart the original operation to insert the antimatter tuple. 
+            // There is a remote chance of livelocks due to this behavior.
+            if (tupleCopy == null) {
+                ctx.reset(IndexOp.DELETE);
+                return false;
+            }
+            return memBTreeUpdate(tupleCopy, ctx);
+        } else {
+            // Since the existing tuple could be a matter tuple, we must delete it and re-insert.
+            return memBTreeDeleteAndReinsert(tuple, ctx);
+        }            
+	}
+	
+    private boolean insertOrUpdateExistingKey(ITupleReference tuple, LSMBTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException,
+            TreeIndexException {        
+        // If all fields are keys, and the key we are trying to insert/update
+        // already exists, then we are already done.
+        // Otherwise, we must update the non-key fields.        
+        if (cmpFactories.length != memBTree.getFieldCount()) {
+            return memBTreeUpdate(tuple, ctx);
+        } else {
+            // Since the existing tuple could be an antimatter tuple, we must delete it and re-insert.
+            return memBTreeDeleteAndReinsert(tuple, ctx);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private boolean memBTreeDeleteAndReinsert(ITupleReference tuple, LSMBTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException,
+            TreeIndexException {
+        // All fields are key fields, therefore a true BTree update is not
+        // allowed.
+        // In order to set/unset the antimatter bit, we
+        // must truly delete the existing tuple from the BTree, and then
+        // re-insert it (with the antimatter bit set/unset).
+        // Since the tuple given by the user already has all fields, we
+        // don't need to retrieve the already existing tuple.
+        IndexOp originalOp = ctx.getIndexOp();
+        try {
+            ctx.memBTreeAccessor.delete(tuple);
+        } catch (BTreeNonExistentKeyException e) {
+            // Tuple has been deleted in the meantime. We will restart
+            // our operation anyway.
+        }
+        // Restart performOp to insert the tuple.
+        ctx.reset(originalOp);
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    private boolean memBTreeUpdate(ITupleReference tuple, LSMBTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException,
+            TreeIndexException {
+        IndexOp originalOp = ctx.getIndexOp();
+        try {
+            ctx.reset(IndexOp.UPDATE);
+            ctx.memBTreeAccessor.update(tuple);
+        } catch (BTreeNonExistentKeyException e) {
+            // It is possible that the key has truly been deleted.
+            // Simply restart the operation. There is a remote chance of
+            // livelocks due to this behavior.
+            ctx.reset(originalOp);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndex flush() throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+        // Bulk load a new on-disk BTree from the in-memory BTree.        
+        RangePredicate nullPred = new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, null, null);
+        ITreeIndexAccessor memBTreeAccessor = memBTree.createAccessor();
+        ITreeIndexCursor scanCursor = memBTreeAccessor.createSearchCursor();
+        memBTreeAccessor.search(scanCursor, nullPred);
+        BTree diskBTree = createFlushTarget();
+        // Bulk load the tuples from the in-memory BTree into the new disk BTree.
+        IIndexBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = diskBTree.beginBulkLoad(1.0f);
+        try {
+            while (scanCursor.hasNext()) {
+                scanCursor.next();
+                diskBTree.bulkLoadAddTuple(scanCursor.getTuple(), bulkLoadCtx);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            scanCursor.close();
+        }
+        diskBTree.endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx);
+        return diskBTree;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addFlushedComponent(Object index) {
+        diskBTrees.addFirst(index);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void resetInMemoryComponent() throws HyracksDataException {
+        memFreePageManager.reset();
+        memBTree.create(memBTree.getFileId());
+    }
+    
+    private BTree createBulkLoadTarget() throws HyracksDataException {
+        String relFlushFileName = (String) fileManager.getRelFlushFileName();
+        FileReference fileRef = fileManager.createFlushFile(relFlushFileName);
+        return createDiskBTree(bulkLoadBTreeFactory, fileRef, true);
+    }
+    
+    private BTree createFlushTarget() throws HyracksDataException {
+        String relFlushFileName = (String) fileManager.getRelFlushFileName();
+        FileReference fileRef = fileManager.createFlushFile(relFlushFileName);
+        return createDiskBTree(diskBTreeFactory, fileRef, true);
+    }
+    
+    private BTree createMergeTarget(List<Object> mergingDiskBTrees) throws HyracksDataException {
+        BTree firstBTree = (BTree) mergingDiskBTrees.get(0);
+        BTree lastBTree = (BTree) mergingDiskBTrees.get(mergingDiskBTrees.size() - 1);
+        FileReference firstFile = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileName(firstBTree.getFileId());
+        FileReference lastFile = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileName(lastBTree.getFileId());
+        String relMergeFileName = (String) fileManager.getRelMergeFileName(firstFile.getFile().getName(), lastFile.getFile().getName());
+        FileReference fileRef = fileManager.createMergeFile(relMergeFileName);
+        return createDiskBTree(diskBTreeFactory, fileRef, true);
+    }
+    
+    private BTree createDiskBTree(BTreeFactory factory, FileReference fileRef, boolean createBTree) throws HyracksDataException {
+        // File will be deleted during cleanup of merge().
+        diskBufferCache.createFile(fileRef);
+        int diskBTreeFileId = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileId(fileRef);
+        // File will be closed during cleanup of merge().
+        diskBufferCache.openFile(diskBTreeFileId);
+        // Create new BTree instance.
+        BTree diskBTree = factory.createIndexInstance();
+        if (createBTree) {
+            diskBTree.create(diskBTreeFileId);
+        }
+        // BTree will be closed during cleanup of merge().
+        diskBTree.open(diskBTreeFileId);
+        return diskBTree;
+    }
+    
+    public void search(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, List<Object> diskComponents, ISearchPredicate pred, IIndexOpContext ictx, boolean includeMemComponent, AtomicInteger searcherRefCount) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+        LSMBTreeOpContext ctx = (LSMBTreeOpContext) ictx;
+        LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor lsmTreeCursor = (LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor) cursor;
+        int numDiskBTrees = diskComponents.size();
+        int numBTrees = (includeMemComponent) ? numDiskBTrees + 1 : numDiskBTrees;                
+        LSMBTreeCursorInitialState initialState = new LSMBTreeCursorInitialState(numBTrees,
+                insertLeafFrameFactory, ctx.cmp, includeMemComponent, searcherRefCount, lsmHarness);
+        lsmTreeCursor.open(initialState, pred);
+        
+        int cursorIx;
+        if (includeMemComponent) {
+            // Open cursor of in-memory BTree at index 0.
+            ctx.memBTreeAccessor.search(lsmTreeCursor.getCursor(0), pred);
+            // Skip 0 because it is the in-memory BTree.
+            cursorIx = 1;
+        } else {
+            cursorIx = 0;
+        }
+        
+        // Open cursors of on-disk BTrees.
+        ITreeIndexAccessor[] diskBTreeAccessors = new ITreeIndexAccessor[numDiskBTrees];
+        int diskBTreeIx = 0;
+        ListIterator<Object> diskBTreesIter = diskComponents.listIterator();
+        while(diskBTreesIter.hasNext()) {
+            BTree diskBTree = (BTree) diskBTreesIter.next();
+            diskBTreeAccessors[diskBTreeIx] = diskBTree.createAccessor();
+            diskBTreeAccessors[diskBTreeIx].search(lsmTreeCursor.getCursor(cursorIx), pred);
+            cursorIx++;
+            diskBTreeIx++;
+        }
+        lsmTreeCursor.initPriorityQueue();
+    }
+    
+    public ITreeIndex merge(List<Object> mergedComponents) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException  {
+        LSMBTreeOpContext ctx = createOpContext();
+        ITreeIndexCursor cursor = new LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor();
+        RangePredicate rangePred = new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, null, null);
+        // Ordered scan, ignoring the in-memory BTree.
+        // We get back a snapshot of the on-disk BTrees that are going to be
+        // merged now, so we can clean them up after the merge has completed.
+        List<Object> mergingDiskBTrees = lsmHarness.search(cursor, (RangePredicate) rangePred, ctx, false);
+        mergedComponents.addAll(mergingDiskBTrees);
+        
+        // Nothing to merge.
+        if (mergedComponents.size() <= 1) {
+            cursor.close();
+            return null;
+        }
+        
+        // Bulk load the tuples from all on-disk BTrees into the new BTree.
+        BTree mergedBTree = createMergeTarget(mergingDiskBTrees);
+        IIndexBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = mergedBTree.beginBulkLoad(1.0f);
+        try {
+            while (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                cursor.next();
+                ITupleReference frameTuple = cursor.getTuple();
+                mergedBTree.bulkLoadAddTuple(frameTuple, bulkLoadCtx);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            cursor.close();
+        }
+        mergedBTree.endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx);       
+        return mergedBTree;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void addMergedComponent(Object newComponent, List<Object> mergedComponents) {
+        diskBTrees.removeAll(mergedComponents);
+        diskBTrees.addLast(newComponent);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void cleanUpAfterMerge(List<Object> mergedComponents) throws HyracksDataException {
+        for (Object o : mergedComponents) {
+            BTree oldBTree = (BTree) o;
+            FileReference fileRef = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileName(oldBTree.getFileId());
+            diskBufferCache.closeFile(oldBTree.getFileId());
+            diskBufferCache.deleteFile(oldBTree.getFileId(), false);
+            oldBTree.close();
+            fileRef.getFile().delete();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public InMemoryFreePageManager getInMemoryFreePageManager() {
+        return (InMemoryFreePageManager) memBTree.getFreePageManager();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Object> getDiskComponents() {
+        return diskBTrees;
+    }
+    
+    public class LSMTreeBulkLoadContext implements IIndexBulkLoadContext {
+        private final BTree btree;
+        private IIndexBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx;
+        
+        public LSMTreeBulkLoadContext(BTree btree) {
+            this.btree = btree;
+        }
+
+        public void beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+            bulkLoadCtx = btree.beginBulkLoad(fillFactor);
+        }
+    
+        public BTree getBTree() {
+            return btree;
+        }
+        
+        public IIndexBulkLoadContext getBulkLoadCtx() {
+            return bulkLoadCtx;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public IIndexBulkLoadContext beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException {
+        BTree diskBTree = createBulkLoadTarget();
+        LSMTreeBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = new LSMTreeBulkLoadContext(diskBTree);        
+        bulkLoadCtx.beginBulkLoad(fillFactor);
+        return bulkLoadCtx;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void bulkLoadAddTuple(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
+        LSMTreeBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = (LSMTreeBulkLoadContext) ictx;
+        bulkLoadCtx.getBTree().bulkLoadAddTuple(tuple, bulkLoadCtx.getBulkLoadCtx());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endBulkLoad(IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
+        LSMTreeBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = (LSMTreeBulkLoadContext) ictx;
+        bulkLoadCtx.getBTree().endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx.getBulkLoadCtx());
+        lsmHarness.addBulkLoadedComponent(bulkLoadCtx.getBTree());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getLeafFrameFactory() {
+        return memBTree.getLeafFrameFactory();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getInteriorFrameFactory() {
+        return memBTree.getInteriorFrameFactory();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IFreePageManager getFreePageManager() {
+        return memBTree.getFreePageManager();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFieldCount() {
+        return memBTree.getFieldCount();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getRootPageId() {
+        return memBTree.getRootPageId();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IndexType getIndexType() {
+        return memBTree.getIndexType();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFileId() {
+        return memBTree.getFileId();
+    }
+    
+    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
+        return cmpFactories;
+    }
+    
+    public LSMBTreeOpContext createOpContext() {
+        return new LSMBTreeOpContext(memBTree, insertLeafFrameFactory, deleteLeafFrameFactory);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexAccessor createAccessor() {
+        return new LSMBTreeIndexAccessor(lsmHarness, createOpContext());
+    }
+    
+    public class LSMBTreeIndexAccessor extends LSMTreeIndexAccessor {
+        public LSMBTreeIndexAccessor(LSMHarness lsmHarness, IIndexOpContext ctx) {
+            super(lsmHarness, ctx);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public ITreeIndexCursor createSearchCursor() {
+            return new LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor();
+        }
+        
+        public MultiComparator getMultiComparator() {
+            LSMBTreeOpContext concreteCtx = (LSMBTreeOpContext) ctx;
+            return concreteCtx.cmp;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ILSMComponentFinalizer getComponentFinalizer() {
+        return componentFinalizer;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IBufferCache getBufferCache() {
+        return diskBufferCache;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeCursorInitialState.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeCursorInitialState.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e866326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeCursorInitialState.java
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.impls;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ICursorInitialState;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
+
+public class LSMBTreeCursorInitialState implements ICursorInitialState {
+
+	private final int numBTrees;
+	private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory;
+	private final MultiComparator cmp;
+	private final boolean includeMemComponent;
+	private final AtomicInteger searcherfRefCount;
+	private final LSMHarness lsmHarness;
+	
+    public LSMBTreeCursorInitialState(int numBTrees, ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory, MultiComparator cmp,
+            boolean includeMemComponent, AtomicInteger searcherfRefCount, LSMHarness lsmHarness) {
+        this.numBTrees = numBTrees;
+        this.leafFrameFactory = leafFrameFactory;
+        this.cmp = cmp;
+        this.includeMemComponent = includeMemComponent;
+        this.searcherfRefCount = searcherfRefCount;
+        this.lsmHarness = lsmHarness;
+    }
+	
+	public int getNumBTrees() {
+		return numBTrees;
+	}
+
+	public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getLeafFrameFactory() {
+		return leafFrameFactory;
+	}
+
+	public MultiComparator getCmp() {
+		return cmp;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ICachedPage getPage() {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setPage(ICachedPage page) {
+	}
+
+	public AtomicInteger getSearcherRefCount() {
+	    return searcherfRefCount;
+	}
+	
+	public boolean getIncludeMemComponent() {
+	    return includeMemComponent;
+	}
+	
+	public LSMHarness getLSMHarness() {
+	    return lsmHarness;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeOpContext.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeOpContext.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f096ef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeOpContext.java
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.impls;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTreeOpContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexOpContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+
+public final class LSMBTreeOpContext implements IIndexOpContext {
+    
+	public ITreeIndexFrameFactory insertLeafFrameFactory;
+	public ITreeIndexFrameFactory deleteLeafFrameFactory;
+	public IBTreeLeafFrame insertLeafFrame;
+	public IBTreeLeafFrame deleteLeafFrame;
+	public final BTree memBTree;
+	public BTree.BTreeAccessor memBTreeAccessor;
+	public BTreeOpContext memBTreeOpCtx;
+	public IndexOp op;
+	public final MultiComparator cmp;
+	
+    public LSMBTreeOpContext(BTree memBTree, ITreeIndexFrameFactory insertLeafFrameFactory,
+            ITreeIndexFrameFactory deleteLeafFrameFactory) {
+		this.cmp = MultiComparator.create(memBTree.getComparatorFactories());
+        this.memBTree = memBTree;
+		this.insertLeafFrameFactory = insertLeafFrameFactory;
+		this.deleteLeafFrameFactory = deleteLeafFrameFactory;
+		this.insertLeafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) insertLeafFrameFactory.createFrame();
+		this.deleteLeafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) deleteLeafFrameFactory.createFrame();
+		if (insertLeafFrame != null) {
+			insertLeafFrame.setMultiComparator(cmp);
+        }
+        if (deleteLeafFrame != null) {
+        	deleteLeafFrame.setMultiComparator(cmp);
+        }
+	}
+
+    @Override
+    public void reset(IndexOp newOp) {
+    	this.op = newOp;
+        switch (newOp) {
+    	    case SEARCH:
+    	        setMemBTreeAccessor();
+    	        break;
+    	        
+    	    case DISKORDERSCAN:
+    	    case UPDATE:
+                // Attention: It is important to leave the leafFrame and
+                // leafFrameFactory of the memBTree as is when doing an update.
+                // Update will only be set if a previous attempt to delete or
+                // insert failed, so we must preserve the semantics of the
+                // previously requested operation.
+    	        return;
+    	        
+    	    case INSERT:    	    
+    	        setInsertMode();
+    	        break;
+    	        
+    	    case DELETE:
+                setDeleteMode();
+                break;
+    	}
+    }
+	
+    private void setMemBTreeAccessor() {
+        if (memBTreeAccessor == null) {
+            memBTreeAccessor = (BTree.BTreeAccessor) memBTree.createAccessor();
+            memBTreeOpCtx = memBTreeAccessor.getOpContext();
+        }
+    }
+    
+	public void setInsertMode() {
+	    setMemBTreeAccessor();
+	    memBTreeOpCtx.leafFrame = insertLeafFrame;
+	    memBTreeOpCtx.leafFrameFactory = insertLeafFrameFactory;
+	}
+	
+	public void setDeleteMode() {
+	    setMemBTreeAccessor();
+	    memBTreeOpCtx.leafFrame = deleteLeafFrame;
+        memBTreeOpCtx.leafFrameFactory = deleteLeafFrameFactory;
+	}
+
+    @Override
+    public void reset() {
+    }
+    
+    public IndexOp getIndexOp() {
+        return op;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24ba4eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/impls/LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.impls;
+
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTreeRangeSearchCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ICursorInitialState;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples.LSMBTreeTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
+
+public class LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor implements ITreeIndexCursor {
+    private BTreeRangeSearchCursor[] rangeCursors;
+    private PriorityQueue<PriorityQueueElement> outputPriorityQueue;
+    private MultiComparator cmp;
+    private PriorityQueueComparator pqCmp;
+    private PriorityQueueElement outputElement;
+    private PriorityQueueElement reusedElement;
+    private boolean needPush;
+    private boolean includeMemComponent;
+    private AtomicInteger searcherfRefCount;
+    private LSMHarness lsmHarness;
+
+    public LSMBTreeRangeSearchCursor() {
+        outputElement = null;
+        needPush = false;
+    }
+
+    public void initPriorityQueue()
+            throws HyracksDataException {
+        int pqInitSize = (rangeCursors.length > 0) ? rangeCursors.length : 1;
+        outputPriorityQueue = new PriorityQueue<PriorityQueueElement>(pqInitSize, pqCmp);
+        for (int i = 0; i < rangeCursors.length; i++) {
+            PriorityQueueElement element;
+            if (rangeCursors[i].hasNext()) {
+                rangeCursors[i].next();
+                element = new PriorityQueueElement(rangeCursors[i].getTuple(), i);
+                outputPriorityQueue.offer(element);
+            }
+        }
+        checkPriorityQueue();
+    }
+
+    public BTreeRangeSearchCursor getCursor(int cursorIndex) {
+        return rangeCursors[cursorIndex];
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reset() {
+        outputElement = null;
+        needPush = false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasNext() throws HyracksDataException {
+        checkPriorityQueue();
+        return !outputPriorityQueue.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void next() throws HyracksDataException {
+        outputElement = outputPriorityQueue.poll();
+        needPush = true;
+        if (outputElement == null) {
+            throw new HyracksDataException("The outputPriorityQueue is empty");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void open(ICursorInitialState initialState, ISearchPredicate searchPred) throws HyracksDataException {
+        LSMBTreeCursorInitialState lsmInitialState = (LSMBTreeCursorInitialState) initialState;
+        cmp = lsmInitialState.getCmp();
+        int numBTrees = lsmInitialState.getNumBTrees();
+        rangeCursors = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor[numBTrees];
+        for (int i = 0; i < numBTrees; i++) {
+            IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) lsmInitialState.getLeafFrameFactory().createFrame();
+            rangeCursors[i] = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor(leafFrame, false);
+        }
+        includeMemComponent = lsmInitialState.getIncludeMemComponent();
+        searcherfRefCount = lsmInitialState.getSearcherRefCount();
+        lsmHarness = lsmInitialState.getLSMHarness();
+        setPriorityQueueComparator();
+    }
+    
+    private void setPriorityQueueComparator() {
+        if (pqCmp == null || cmp != pqCmp.getMultiComparator()) {
+            pqCmp = new PriorityQueueComparator(cmp);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ICachedPage getPage() {
+        // do nothing
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
+        try {
+            outputPriorityQueue.clear();
+            for (int i = 0; i < rangeCursors.length; i++) {
+                rangeCursors[i].close();
+            }
+            rangeCursors = null;
+        } finally {
+            lsmHarness.closeSearchCursor(searcherfRefCount, includeMemComponent);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void setBufferCache(IBufferCache bufferCache) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setFileId(int fileId) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITupleReference getTuple() {
+        return (ITupleReference) outputElement.getTuple();
+    }
+
+    private void pushIntoPriorityQueue(int cursorIndex) throws HyracksDataException {
+        if (rangeCursors[cursorIndex].hasNext()) {
+            rangeCursors[cursorIndex].next();
+            reusedElement.reset(rangeCursors[cursorIndex].getTuple(), cursorIndex);
+            outputPriorityQueue.offer(reusedElement);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkPriorityQueue() throws HyracksDataException {
+        while (!outputPriorityQueue.isEmpty() || needPush == true) {
+            if (!outputPriorityQueue.isEmpty()) {
+                PriorityQueueElement checkElement = outputPriorityQueue.peek();
+                // If there is no previous tuple or the previous tuple can be
+                // ignored
+                if (outputElement == null) {
+                    // Test the tuple is a delete tuple or not
+                    if (((LSMBTreeTupleReference) checkElement.getTuple()).isAntimatter() == true) {
+                        // If the tuple is a delete tuple then pop it and mark
+                        // it "needPush"
+                        // Cannot push at this time because the tuple may be
+                        // modified if "hasNext" is called
+                        outputElement = outputPriorityQueue.poll();
+                        needPush = true;
+                    } else {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // Compare the previous tuple and the head tuple in the PQ
+                    if (cmp.compare(outputElement.getTuple(), checkElement.getTuple()) == 0) {
+                        // If the previous tuple and the head tuple are
+                        // identical
+                        // then pop the head tuple and push the next tuple from
+                        // the tree of head tuple
+
+                        // the head element of PQ is useless now
+                        reusedElement = outputPriorityQueue.poll();
+                        // int treeNum = reusedElement.getTreeNum();
+                        pushIntoPriorityQueue(reusedElement.getCursorIndex());
+                    } else {
+                        // If the previous tuple and the head tuple are
+                        // different
+                        // the info of previous tuple is useless
+                        if (needPush == true) {
+                            reusedElement = outputElement;
+                            pushIntoPriorityQueue(outputElement.getCursorIndex());
+                            needPush = false;
+                        }
+                        outputElement = null;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // the priority queue is empty and needPush
+                reusedElement = outputElement;
+                pushIntoPriorityQueue(outputElement.getCursorIndex());
+                needPush = false;
+                outputElement = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean exclusiveLatchNodes() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    public class PriorityQueueComparator implements Comparator<PriorityQueueElement> {
+
+        private final MultiComparator cmp;
+
+        public PriorityQueueComparator(MultiComparator cmp) {
+            this.cmp = cmp;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compare(PriorityQueueElement elementA, PriorityQueueElement elementB) {
+            int result = cmp.compare(elementA.getTuple(), elementB.getTuple());
+            if (result != 0) {
+                return result;
+            }
+            if (elementA.getCursorIndex() > elementB.getCursorIndex()) {
+                return 1;
+            } else {
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public MultiComparator getMultiComparator() {
+            return cmp;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public class PriorityQueueElement {
+        private ITupleReference tuple;
+        private int cursorIndex;
+        
+        public PriorityQueueElement(ITupleReference tuple, int cursorIndex) {
+            reset(tuple, cursorIndex);
+        }
+
+        public ITupleReference getTuple() {
+            return tuple;
+        }
+
+        public int getCursorIndex() {
+            return cursorIndex;
+        }
+        
+        public void reset(ITupleReference tuple, int cursorIndex) {
+            this.tuple = tuple;
+            this.cursorIndex = cursorIndex;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/PageAllocationException.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java
similarity index 65%
rename from hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/PageAllocationException.java
rename to hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java
index e6eec66..cfc71fc 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/PageAllocationException.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/ILSMBTreeTupleReference.java
@@ -13,17 +13,10 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api;
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples;
 
-public class PageAllocationException extends Exception {
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
 
-	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
-
-	public PageAllocationException(Throwable cause) {
-        super(cause);
-    }
-    
-    public PageAllocationException(String message) {
-        super(message);
-    }
+public interface ILSMBTreeTupleReference extends ITreeIndexTupleReference {
+	public boolean isAntimatter();
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriter.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriter.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a66644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+
+public class LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriter extends LSMBTreeTupleWriter {
+	public LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriter(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, int numKeyFields){
+		// Third parameter is never used locally, just give false.
+	    super(typeTraits, numKeyFields, false);
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+    public int writeTuple(ITupleReference tuple, byte[] targetBuf, int targetOff) {
+		int tupleSize = bytesRequired(tuple);
+		byte[] buf = tuple.getFieldData(0);
+		int tupleStartOff = ((LSMBTreeTupleReference)tuple).getTupleStart();
+		System.arraycopy(buf, tupleStartOff, targetBuf, targetOff, tupleSize);
+        return tupleSize;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b73e9af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
+
+public class LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory extends TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory {
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+	private final ITypeTraits[] typeTraits;
+	private final int numKeyFields;
+	
+	public LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, int numKeyFields) {
+		super(typeTraits);
+		this.typeTraits = typeTraits;
+		this.numKeyFields = numKeyFields;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ITreeIndexTupleWriter createTupleWriter() {
+		return new LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriter(typeTraits, numKeyFields);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTupleReference.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTupleReference.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c8acba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTupleReference.java
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleReference;
+
+public class LSMBTreeTupleReference extends TypeAwareTupleReference implements ILSMBTreeTupleReference {
+
+    // Indicates whether the last call to setFieldCount() was initiated by
+    // by the outside or whether it was called internally to set up an
+    // antimatter tuple.
+    private boolean resetFieldCount = false;
+    private final int numKeyFields;
+    
+    public LSMBTreeTupleReference(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, int numKeyFields) {
+		super(typeTraits);
+		this.numKeyFields = numKeyFields;
+	}
+
+    public void setFieldCount(int fieldCount) {
+        super.setFieldCount(fieldCount);
+        // Don't change the fieldCount in reset calls.
+        resetFieldCount = false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setFieldCount(int fieldStartIndex, int fieldCount) {
+        super.setFieldCount(fieldStartIndex, fieldCount);
+        // Don't change the fieldCount in reset calls.
+        resetFieldCount = false;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void resetByTupleOffset(ByteBuffer buf, int tupleStartOff) {
+        this.buf = buf;
+        this.tupleStartOff = tupleStartOff;
+        if (numKeyFields != typeTraits.length) {
+            if (isAntimatter()) {
+                setFieldCount(numKeyFields);
+                // Reset the original field count for matter tuples.
+                resetFieldCount = true;
+            } else {
+                if (resetFieldCount) {
+                    setFieldCount(typeTraits.length);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        super.resetByTupleOffset(buf, tupleStartOff);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void resetByTupleIndex(ITreeIndexFrame frame, int tupleIndex) {
+        resetByTupleOffset(frame.getBuffer(), frame.getTupleOffset(tupleIndex));
+    }
+    
+	@Override
+	protected int getNullFlagsBytes() {
+		// +1.0 is for matter/antimatter bit.
+		return (int) Math.ceil((fieldCount + 1.0) / 8.0);
+    }
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isAntimatter() {
+	      // Check if the leftmost bit is 0 or 1.
+		final byte mask = (byte) (1 << 7);
+		if ((buf.array()[tupleStartOff] & mask) != 0) {
+		    return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+	
+    public int getTupleStart() {
+    	return tupleStartOff;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTupleWriter.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTupleWriter.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd8d2b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTupleWriter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriter;
+
+public class LSMBTreeTupleWriter extends TypeAwareTupleWriter {
+	private final boolean isAntimatter;
+	private final int numKeyFields;
+	
+	public LSMBTreeTupleWriter(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, int numKeyFields, boolean isAntimatter) {
+		super(typeTraits);
+		this.numKeyFields = numKeyFields;
+		this.isAntimatter = isAntimatter;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+    public int bytesRequired(ITupleReference tuple) {
+	    if (isAntimatter) {
+	        // Only requires space for the key fields.
+	        return super.bytesRequired(tuple, 0, numKeyFields);
+	    } else {
+	        return super.bytesRequired(tuple);
+	    }
+    }
+	
+	@Override
+    public ITreeIndexTupleReference createTupleReference() {
+        return new LSMBTreeTupleReference(typeTraits, numKeyFields);
+    }
+	
+	@Override
+	protected int getNullFlagsBytes(int numFields) {
+	    // +1.0 is for matter/antimatter bit.
+		return (int) Math.ceil(((double) numFields + 1.0) / 8.0);
+    }
+	
+	@Override
+    protected int getNullFlagsBytes(ITupleReference tuple) {
+	    // +1.0 is for matter/antimatter bit.
+        return (int) Math.ceil(((double) tuple.getFieldCount() + 1.0) / 8.0);
+    }
+	
+	@Override
+    public int writeTuple(ITupleReference tuple, byte[] targetBuf, int targetOff) {	    
+	    int bytesWritten = -1;
+	    if (isAntimatter) {
+	        bytesWritten = super.writeTupleFields(tuple, 0, numKeyFields, targetBuf, targetOff);
+	        setAntimatterBit(targetBuf, targetOff);
+		} else {
+		    bytesWritten = super.writeTuple(tuple, targetBuf, targetOff);
+		}
+	    return bytesWritten;
+    }
+	
+	private void setAntimatterBit(byte[] targetBuf, int targetOff) {
+	    // Set leftmost bit to 1.
+	    targetBuf[targetOff] = (byte) (targetBuf[targetOff] | (1 << 7));
+	}
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTupleWriterFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTupleWriterFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8eb24a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTupleWriterFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
+
+public class LSMBTreeTupleWriterFactory extends TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory {
+
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+	private final ITypeTraits[] typeTraits;
+	private final int numKeyFields;
+	private final boolean isDelete;
+	
+	public LSMBTreeTupleWriterFactory(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, int numKeyFields, boolean isDelete) {
+		super(typeTraits);
+		this.typeTraits = typeTraits;
+		this.numKeyFields = numKeyFields;
+		this.isDelete = isDelete;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ITreeIndexTupleWriter createTupleWriter() {
+		return new LSMBTreeTupleWriter(typeTraits, numKeyFields, isDelete);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/util/LSMBTreeUtils.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/util/LSMBTreeUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a27adf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/util/LSMBTreeUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.impls.LSMBTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples.LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples.LSMBTreeTupleWriterFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFileManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.BTreeFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMTreeFileManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+public class LSMBTreeUtils {
+    public static LSMBTree createLSMTree(InMemoryBufferCache memBufferCache,
+            InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager, IOManager ioManager, String onDiskDir, IBufferCache diskBufferCache,
+            IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) {
+        LSMBTreeTupleWriterFactory insertTupleWriterFactory = new LSMBTreeTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits,
+                cmpFactories.length, false);
+        LSMBTreeTupleWriterFactory deleteTupleWriterFactory = new LSMBTreeTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits,
+                cmpFactories.length, true);
+        LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory copyTupleWriterFactory = new LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits,
+                cmpFactories.length);
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory insertLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(insertTupleWriterFactory);
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory copyTupleLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(copyTupleWriterFactory);
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory deleteLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(deleteTupleWriterFactory);
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(insertTupleWriterFactory);
+        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
+        LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory freePageManagerFactory = new LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory(diskBufferCache,
+                metaFrameFactory);
+        BTreeFactory diskBTreeFactory = new BTreeFactory(diskBufferCache, freePageManagerFactory, cmpFactories,
+                typeTraits.length, interiorFrameFactory, copyTupleLeafFrameFactory);
+        BTreeFactory bulkLoadBTreeFactory = new BTreeFactory(diskBufferCache, freePageManagerFactory, cmpFactories,
+                typeTraits.length, interiorFrameFactory, insertLeafFrameFactory);
+        ILSMFileManager fileNameManager = new LSMTreeFileManager(ioManager, diskFileMapProvider, onDiskDir);
+        LSMBTree lsmTree = new LSMBTree(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager, interiorFrameFactory,
+                insertLeafFrameFactory, deleteLeafFrameFactory, fileNameManager, diskBTreeFactory,
+                bulkLoadBTreeFactory, diskFileMapProvider, typeTraits.length, cmpFactories);
+        return lsmTree;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/pom.xml b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6dd4381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+  <groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  <artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common</artifactId>
+  <version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+
+  <parent>
+    <groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+    <artifactId>hyracks</artifactId>
+    <version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  </parent>
+
+  <build>
+    <plugins>
+      <plugin>
+        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+        <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
+        <version>2.0.2</version>
+        <configuration>
+          <source>1.6</source>
+          <target>1.6</target>
+        </configuration>
+      </plugin>
+    </plugins>
+  </build>
+  <dependencies>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-common</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-btree</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>junit</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
+  		<version>4.8.1</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>test</scope>
+  	</dependency>  	  		
+  </dependencies>
+</project>
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/IExperimentRunner.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/IExperimentRunner.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b9d6f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/IExperimentRunner.java
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+
+public interface IExperimentRunner {
+    public static int DEFAULT_MAX_OUTSTANDING = 100000;
+    
+    public void init() throws Exception;
+    
+    public long runExperiment(DataGenThread dataGen, int numThreads) throws Exception;
+    
+    public void reset() throws Exception;
+    
+    public void deinit() throws Exception;
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMComponentFinalizer.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMComponentFinalizer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f241fd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMComponentFinalizer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api;
+
+import java.io.File;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+
+public interface ILSMComponentFinalizer {
+    
+    /**
+     * @return Checks whether the given file is valid with respect to the given LSM component. Used for guaranteeing
+     *         atomicity of LSM component writes.
+     */
+    public boolean isValid(File file, Object lsmComponent) throws HyracksDataException;
+    
+    /**
+     * Marks the given LSM component as physically valid, synchronously forcing
+     * the necessary information to disk. 
+     * 
+     */
+    public void finalize(Object lsmComponent) throws HyracksDataException;
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMFileManager.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMFileManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9150b01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMFileManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api;
+
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
+
+/**
+ * Provides file names for LSM on-disk components. Also cleans up invalid files.
+ * 
+ * There are separate methods to get file names for merge and flush, because we
+ * need to guarantee the correct order of on-disk components (i.e., the
+ * components produced by flush are always newer than those produced by a
+ * merge).
+ * 
+ * 
+ */
+public interface ILSMFileManager {
+	public void createDirs();
+    
+	public FileReference createFlushFile(String relFlushFileName);
+
+	public FileReference createMergeFile(String relMergeFileName);
+
+    public Object getRelFlushFileName();
+	
+	public Object getRelMergeFileName(String firstFileName, String lastFileName) throws HyracksDataException;
+	
+	public String getBaseDir();
+	
+	// Deletes invalid files, and returns list of valid files from baseDir.
+	// The returned valid files are correctly sorted (based on the recency of data). 
+	public List<Object> cleanupAndGetValidFiles(Object lsmComponent, ILSMComponentFinalizer componentFinalizer) throws HyracksDataException;
+	
+	public Comparator<String> getFileNameComparator();
+	
+	public IOManager getIOManager();
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMTree.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMTree.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd1e3f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMTree.java
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexOpContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+
+/**
+ * Methods to be implemented by an LSM index, which are called from LSMHarness.
+ * The implementations of the methods below should be thread agnostic.
+ * Synchronization of LSM operations like updates/searches/flushes/merges are
+ * done by the LSMHarness. For example, a flush() implementation should only
+ * create and return the new on-disk component, ignoring the fact that
+ * concurrent searches/updates/merges may be ongoing.
+ * 
+ */
+public interface ILSMTree extends ITreeIndex {
+    public boolean insertUpdateOrDelete(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexOpContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException,
+            TreeIndexException;
+
+    public void search(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, List<Object> diskComponents, ISearchPredicate pred,
+            IIndexOpContext ictx, boolean includeMemComponent, AtomicInteger searcherRefCount) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException;
+
+    public Object merge(List<Object> mergedComponents) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException;
+
+    public void addMergedComponent(Object newComponent, List<Object> mergedComponents);
+
+    public void cleanUpAfterMerge(List<Object> mergedComponents) throws HyracksDataException;
+
+    public Object flush() throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException;
+
+    public void addFlushedComponent(Object index);
+
+    public InMemoryFreePageManager getInMemoryFreePageManager();
+
+    public void resetInMemoryComponent() throws HyracksDataException;
+
+    public List<Object> getDiskComponents();
+    
+    public ILSMComponentFinalizer getComponentFinalizer();
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMTreeIndexAccessor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMTreeIndexAccessor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..032b112
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/api/ILSMTreeIndexAccessor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+
+/**
+ * Client handle for performing operations
+ * (insert/delete/update/search/diskorderscan/merge/flush) on an ILSMTree. An
+ * ILSMTreeIndexAccessor is not thread safe, but different ILSMTreeIndexAccessor
+ * can concurrently operate on the same ILSMTree (i.e., the ILSMTree must allow
+ * concurrent operations).
+ */
+public interface ILSMTreeIndexAccessor extends ITreeIndexAccessor {
+	/**
+	 * Force a flush of the in-memory component.
+	 * 
+	 * @throws HyracksDataException
+	 * @throws TreeIndexException
+	 */
+	public void flush() throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException;
+
+    /**
+     * Merge all on-disk components.
+     * 
+     * @throws HyracksDataException
+     * @throws TreeIndexException
+     */
+    public void merge() throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException;
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/freepage/InMemoryBufferCache.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/freepage/InMemoryBufferCache.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..303369e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/freepage/InMemoryBufferCache.java
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCacheInternal;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICacheMemoryAllocator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPageInternal;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.BufferedFileHandle;
+
+public class InMemoryBufferCache implements IBufferCacheInternal {
+    protected final ICacheMemoryAllocator allocator;
+    protected final int pageSize;
+    protected final CachedPage[] pages;
+    protected final List<CachedPage> overflowPages = new ArrayList<CachedPage>();
+    
+	public InMemoryBufferCache(ICacheMemoryAllocator allocator, int pageSize, int numPages){
+        this.allocator = allocator;
+	    this.pageSize = pageSize;
+		ByteBuffer[] buffers = allocator.allocate(pageSize, numPages);
+		pages = new CachedPage[buffers.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < buffers.length; ++i) {
+            pages[i] = new CachedPage(i, buffers[i]);
+        }
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ICachedPage pin(long dpid, boolean newPage) {
+	    int pageId = BufferedFileHandle.getPageId(dpid);
+	    if (pageId < pages.length) {
+	        // Common case: Return regular page.
+	        return pages[pageId];
+	    } else {
+	        // Rare case: Return overflow page, possibly expanding overflow array.
+	        synchronized(overflowPages) {
+	            int numNewPages = pageId - pages.length - overflowPages.size() + 1;          
+	            if (numNewPages > 0) {
+	                ByteBuffer[] buffers = allocator.allocate(pageSize, numNewPages);
+	                for (int i = 0; i < numNewPages; i++) {
+	                    CachedPage overflowPage = new CachedPage(pages.length + overflowPages.size(), buffers[i]);
+	                    overflowPages.add(overflowPage);
+	                }
+	            }
+	            return overflowPages.get(pageId - pages.length);
+	        }
+	    }
+	}
+
+	@Override
+    public ICachedPage tryPin(long dpid) throws HyracksDataException {
+        return pin(dpid, false);
+    }
+	
+	@Override
+    public int getPageSize() {
+        return pageSize;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getNumPages() {
+        return pages.length;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ICachedPageInternal getPage(int cpid) {
+        return pages[cpid];
+    }
+    
+    public int getNumOverflowPages() {
+        return overflowPages.size();
+    }
+	
+	@Override
+    public void createFile(FileReference fileRef) throws HyracksDataException {
+        // Do nothing.
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void openFile(int fileId) throws HyracksDataException {
+        // Do nothing.
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void closeFile(int fileId) throws HyracksDataException {
+        // Do nothing.
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deleteFile(int fileId, boolean flushDirtyPages) throws HyracksDataException {
+        // Do nothing.
+    }
+	
+	@Override
+	public void unpin(ICachedPage page) throws HyracksDataException {
+		// Do Nothing.
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() {
+		// Do nothing.
+	}
+	
+    public class CachedPage implements ICachedPageInternal {
+        private final int cpid;
+        private final ByteBuffer buffer;
+        private final ReadWriteLock latch;
+
+        public CachedPage(int cpid, ByteBuffer buffer) {
+            this.cpid = cpid;
+            this.buffer = buffer;
+            latch = new ReentrantReadWriteLock(true);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public ByteBuffer getBuffer() {
+            return buffer;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Object getReplacementStrategyObject() {
+        	// Do nothing.
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean pinIfGoodVictim() {
+        	// Do nothing.
+        	return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int getCachedPageId() {
+            return cpid;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void acquireReadLatch() {
+            latch.readLock().lock();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void acquireWriteLatch() {
+            latch.writeLock().lock();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void releaseReadLatch() {
+            latch.readLock().unlock();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void releaseWriteLatch() {
+            latch.writeLock().unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void force(int fileId, boolean metadata) throws HyracksDataException {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void flushDirtyPage(ICachedPage page) throws HyracksDataException {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/freepage/InMemoryFreePageManager.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/freepage/InMemoryFreePageManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfd437b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/freepage/InMemoryFreePageManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
+
+public class InMemoryFreePageManager implements IFreePageManager {
+    protected final int capacity;
+    protected final AtomicInteger currentPageId = new AtomicInteger();
+    protected final ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaDataFrameFactory;
+
+    public InMemoryFreePageManager(int capacity, ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaDataFrameFactory) {
+        // We start the currentPageId from 1, because the BTree uses
+        // the first page as metadata page, and the second page as root page.
+        // (when returning free pages we first increment, then get)
+        currentPageId.set(1);
+        this.capacity = capacity;
+        this.metaDataFrameFactory = metaDataFrameFactory;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFreePage(ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame) throws HyracksDataException {
+        // The very call returns page id 2 because the BTree uses
+        // the first page as metadata page, and the second page as root page.
+        return currentPageId.incrementAndGet();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getMaxPage(ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame) throws HyracksDataException {
+        return currentPageId.get();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void init(ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame, int currentMaxPage) throws HyracksDataException {
+        currentPageId.set(1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory getMetaDataFrameFactory() {
+        return metaDataFrameFactory;
+    }
+
+    public int getCapacity() {
+        return capacity - 2;
+    }
+    
+    public void reset() {
+        currentPageId.set(1);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isFull() {
+        return currentPageId.get() >= capacity;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addFreePage(ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame, int freePage) throws HyracksDataException {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte getMetaPageLevelIndicator() {
+    	return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte getFreePageLevelIndicator() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isMetaPage(ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isFreePage(ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFirstMetadataPage() {
+        // Method doesn't make sense for this free page manager.
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void open(int fileId) {
+        // Method doesn't make sense for this free page manager.
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        // Method doesn't make sense for this free page manager.
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/BTreeFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/BTreeFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5a6a1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/BTreeFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+
+public class BTreeFactory extends TreeFactory<BTree> {
+
+    public BTreeFactory(IBufferCache bufferCache, LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory freePageManagerFactory, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories,
+            int fieldCount, ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory) {
+        super(bufferCache, freePageManagerFactory, cmpFactories, fieldCount, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BTree createIndexInstance() {
+        return new BTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmpFactories, freePageManagerFactory.createFreePageManager(),
+                interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMHarness.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMHarness.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..222d627
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMHarness.java
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexOpContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMTree;
+
+/**
+ * Common code for synchronizing LSM operations like
+ * updates/searches/flushes/merges on any ILSMTree. This class only deals with
+ * synchronizing LSM operations, and delegates the concrete implementations of
+ * actual operations to ILSMTree (passed in the c'tor).
+ * 
+ * Concurrency behavior:
+ * 
+ * All operations except merge (insert/update/delete/search) are blocked during a flush.
+ * 
+ * During a merge, all operations (except another merge) can proceed concurrently.
+ * 
+ * A merge and a flush can proceed concurrently.
+ * 
+ */
+public class LSMHarness {
+	protected final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(LSMHarness.class.getName());
+	protected static final long AFTER_MERGE_CLEANUP_SLEEP = 100;
+	
+	private ILSMTree lsmTree;    
+    
+	// All accesses to the LSM-Tree's on-disk components are synchronized on diskComponentsSync.
+	private Object diskComponentsSync = new Object();
+	
+    // For synchronizing all operations with flushes.
+    // Currently, all operations block during a flush.
+    private int threadRefCount;
+    private boolean flushFlag;
+
+    // For synchronizing searchers with a concurrent merge.
+    private AtomicBoolean isMerging = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private AtomicInteger searcherRefCountA = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    private AtomicInteger searcherRefCountB = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    // Represents the current number of searcher threads that are operating on
+    // the unmerged on-disk Trees.
+    // We alternate between searcherRefCountA and searcherRefCountB.
+    private AtomicInteger searcherRefCount = searcherRefCountA;
+    
+    public LSMHarness(ILSMTree lsmTree) {
+    	this.lsmTree = lsmTree;
+        this.threadRefCount = 0;
+        this.flushFlag = false;
+    }
+
+    public void threadEnter() {
+        threadRefCount++;
+    }
+    
+    public void threadExit() throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            threadRefCount--;
+            // Check if we've reached or exceeded the maximum number of pages.
+            if (!flushFlag && lsmTree.getInMemoryFreePageManager().isFull()) {
+                flushFlag = true;
+            }
+            // Flush will only be handled by last exiting thread.
+            if (flushFlag && threadRefCount == 0) {
+                flush();
+                flushFlag = false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+	public void insertUpdateOrDelete(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+		boolean waitForFlush = true;
+		do {
+		    // Wait for ongoing flush to complete.
+			synchronized (this) {
+			    if (!flushFlag) {
+					// Increments threadRefCount, to force a flush to wait for this operation to finish.
+				    // (a flush can only begin once threadRefCount == 0).
+				    threadEnter();
+				    // Proceed with operation.
+					waitForFlush = false;
+				}
+			}
+		} while (waitForFlush);
+		
+		boolean operationComplete = true;
+		try {
+			do {
+			    operationComplete = lsmTree.insertUpdateOrDelete(tuple, ctx);
+			} while (!operationComplete);
+		} finally {
+			threadExit();
+		}
+	}
+
+    public void flush() throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Flushing LSM-Tree.");
+        }
+        Object newComponent = lsmTree.flush();
+        
+        // The implementation of this call must take any necessary steps to make
+        // the new component permanent, and mark it as valid (usually this means
+        // forcing all pages of the tree to disk, possibly with some extra
+        // information to mark the tree as valid).
+        lsmTree.getComponentFinalizer().finalize(newComponent);
+        
+        lsmTree.resetInMemoryComponent();
+        synchronized (diskComponentsSync) {
+            lsmTree.addFlushedComponent(newComponent);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public List<Object> search(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, ISearchPredicate pred, IIndexOpContext ctx, boolean includeMemComponent) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {                
+        // If the search doesn't include the in-memory component, then we don't have
+        // to synchronize with a flush.
+        if (includeMemComponent) {
+            boolean waitForFlush = true;
+            do {
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    if (!flushFlag) {
+                        // The corresponding threadExit() is in
+                        // LSMTreeRangeSearchCursor.close().
+                        threadEnter();
+                        waitForFlush = false;
+                    }
+                }
+            } while (waitForFlush);
+        }
+
+        // Get a snapshot of the current on-disk Trees.
+        // If includeMemComponent is true, then no concurrent
+        // flush can add another on-disk Tree (due to threadEnter());
+        // If includeMemComponent is false, then it is possible that a concurrent
+        // flush adds another on-disk Tree.
+        // Since this mode is only used for merging trees, it doesn't really
+        // matter if the merge excludes the new on-disk Tree.
+        List<Object> diskComponentSnapshot = new ArrayList<Object>();
+        AtomicInteger localSearcherRefCount = null;
+        synchronized (diskComponentsSync) {
+            diskComponentSnapshot.addAll(lsmTree.getDiskComponents());
+            localSearcherRefCount = searcherRefCount;
+            localSearcherRefCount.incrementAndGet();         
+        }
+        
+        lsmTree.search(cursor, diskComponentSnapshot, pred, ctx, includeMemComponent, localSearcherRefCount);
+        return diskComponentSnapshot;
+    }
+
+    public void merge() throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException  {
+        if (!isMerging.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+            throw new LSMMergeInProgressException("Merge already in progress in LSMTree. Only one concurrent merge allowed.");
+        }
+        
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Merging LSM-Tree.");
+        }
+        
+        // Point to the current searcher ref count, so we can wait for it later
+        // (after we swap the searcher ref count).
+        AtomicInteger localSearcherRefCount = searcherRefCount;
+        
+        List<Object> mergedComponents = new ArrayList<Object>();
+        Object newComponent = lsmTree.merge(mergedComponents);
+        // No merge happened.
+        if (newComponent == null) {
+            isMerging.set(false);
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        // Remove the old Trees from the list, and add the new merged Tree(s).
+        // Also, swap the searchRefCount.
+        synchronized (diskComponentsSync) {
+        	lsmTree.addMergedComponent(newComponent, mergedComponents);
+            // Swap the searcher ref count reference, and reset it to zero.    
+        	if (searcherRefCount == searcherRefCountA) {
+                searcherRefCount = searcherRefCountB;
+            } else {
+                searcherRefCount = searcherRefCountA;
+            }
+            searcherRefCount.set(0);
+        }
+        
+        // Wait for all searchers that are still accessing the old on-disk
+        // Trees, then perform the final cleanup of the old Trees.
+        while (localSearcherRefCount.get() > 0) {
+            try {
+                Thread.sleep(AFTER_MERGE_CLEANUP_SLEEP);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                // Propagate the exception to the caller, so that an appropriate
+                // cleanup action can be taken.
+                throw new HyracksDataException(e);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // The implementation of this call must take any necessary steps to make
+        // the new component permanent, and mark it as valid (usually this means
+        // forcing all pages of the tree to disk, possibly with some extra
+        // information to mark the tree as valid).
+        lsmTree.getComponentFinalizer().finalize(newComponent);
+        
+        // Cleanup. At this point we have guaranteed that no searchers are
+        // touching the old on-disk Trees (localSearcherRefCount == 0).
+        lsmTree.cleanUpAfterMerge(mergedComponents);
+        isMerging.set(false);
+    }
+    
+    public void closeSearchCursor(AtomicInteger searcherRefCount, boolean includeMemComponent) throws HyracksDataException {
+        // If the in-memory Tree was not included in the search, then we don't
+        // need to synchronize with a flush.
+        if (includeMemComponent) {
+            try {
+                threadExit();
+            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+                throw new HyracksDataException(e);
+            }
+        }
+        // Synchronize with ongoing merges.
+        searcherRefCount.decrementAndGet();
+    }
+    
+    public void addBulkLoadedComponent(Object index) throws HyracksDataException {
+        // The implementation of this call must take any necessary steps to make
+        // the new component permanent, and mark it as valid (usually this means
+        // forcing all pages of the tree to disk, possibly with some extra
+        // information to mark the tree as valid).
+        lsmTree.getComponentFinalizer().finalize(index);
+        synchronized (diskComponentsSync) {
+    		lsmTree.addFlushedComponent(index);
+    	}
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/PageAllocationException.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMMergeInProgressException.java
similarity index 63%
copy from hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/PageAllocationException.java
copy to hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMMergeInProgressException.java
index e6eec66..9834fae 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/common/api/PageAllocationException.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMMergeInProgressException.java
@@ -13,17 +13,20 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api;
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls;
 
-public class PageAllocationException extends Exception {
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 
-	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+public class LSMMergeInProgressException extends TreeIndexException {
 
-	public PageAllocationException(Throwable cause) {
-        super(cause);
-    }
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
     
-    public PageAllocationException(String message) {
+    public LSMMergeInProgressException(Exception e) {        
+        super(e);
+    }
+
+    public LSMMergeInProgressException(String message) {
         super(message);
     }
+
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMTreeFileManager.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMTreeFileManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bafdbf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMTreeFileManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FilenameFilter;
+import java.text.Format;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.IODeviceHandle;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMComponentFinalizer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFileManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+public class LSMTreeFileManager implements ILSMFileManager {
+
+    protected static final String SPLIT_STRING = "_";
+    
+    // Currently uses all IODevices registered in ioManager in a round-robin fashion.
+    protected final IOManager ioManager;
+    protected final IFileMapProvider fileMapProvider;    
+    // baseDir should reflect dataset name, and partition name.
+    protected final String baseDir;
+    protected final Format formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd-HH-mm-ss-SSS");    
+    protected final Comparator<String> cmp = new FileNameComparator();
+    protected final Comparator<ComparableFileName> recencyCmp = new RecencyComparator();
+    // To implement round-robin assignment of files onto I/O devices.
+    private int ioDeviceIndex = 0;
+    
+    private static FilenameFilter fileNameFilter = new FilenameFilter() {
+        public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
+            return !name.startsWith(".");
+        }
+    };
+    
+    public LSMTreeFileManager(IOManager ioManager, IFileMapProvider fileMapProvider, String baseDir) {
+        if (!baseDir.endsWith(System.getProperty("file.separator"))) {
+            baseDir += System.getProperty("file.separator");
+        }
+        this.fileMapProvider = fileMapProvider;
+        this.ioManager = ioManager;
+        this.baseDir = baseDir;
+        createDirs();
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void createDirs() {
+        for(IODeviceHandle dev : ioManager.getIODevices()) {
+            File f = new File(dev.getPath(), baseDir);
+            f.mkdirs();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public FileReference createFlushFile(String relFlushFileName) {        
+        // Assigns new files to I/O devices in round-robin fashion.
+        IODeviceHandle dev = ioManager.getIODevices().get(ioDeviceIndex);
+        ioDeviceIndex = (ioDeviceIndex + 1) % ioManager.getIODevices().size();
+        return dev.createFileReference(relFlushFileName);
+    }
+    
+    public FileReference createMergeFile(String relMergeFileName) {
+        return createFlushFile(relMergeFileName);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public Object getRelFlushFileName() {
+        Date date = new Date();
+        String ts = formatter.format(date);
+        // Begin timestamp and end timestamp are identical.
+        return baseDir + ts + SPLIT_STRING + ts;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getRelMergeFileName(String firstFileName, String lastFileName) throws HyracksDataException {
+        String[] firstTimestampRange = firstFileName.split(SPLIT_STRING);
+        String[] lastTimestampRange = lastFileName.split(SPLIT_STRING);
+        // Enclosing timestamp range.
+        return baseDir + firstTimestampRange[0] + SPLIT_STRING + lastTimestampRange[1];
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Comparator<String> getFileNameComparator() {
+        return cmp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sorts strings in reverse lexicographical order. The way we construct the
+     * file names above guarantees that:
+     * 
+     * 1. Flushed files (sort lower than merged files
+     * 
+     * 2. Flushed files are sorted from newest to oldest (based on the timestamp
+     * string)
+     * 
+     */
+    private class FileNameComparator implements Comparator<String> {
+        @Override
+        public int compare(String a, String b) {
+            // Consciously ignoring locale.
+            return -a.compareTo(b);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getBaseDir() {
+        return baseDir;
+    }
+
+    protected void getValidFiles(IODeviceHandle dev, FilenameFilter filter, Object lsmComponent,
+            ILSMComponentFinalizer componentFinalizer, ArrayList<ComparableFileName> allFiles)
+            throws HyracksDataException {
+        File dir = new File(dev.getPath(), baseDir);
+        String[] files = dir.list(filter);
+        for (String fileName : files) {
+            File file = new File(dir.getPath() + File.separator + fileName);
+            if (componentFinalizer.isValid(file, lsmComponent)) {
+                allFiles.add(new ComparableFileName(file.getAbsolutePath()));
+            } else {
+                file.delete();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public List<Object> cleanupAndGetValidFiles(Object lsmComponent, ILSMComponentFinalizer componentFinalizer) throws HyracksDataException {
+        List<Object> validFiles = new ArrayList<Object>();
+        ArrayList<ComparableFileName> allFiles = new ArrayList<ComparableFileName>();
+        // Gather files from all IODeviceHandles.
+        for(IODeviceHandle dev : ioManager.getIODevices()) {            
+            getValidFiles(dev, fileNameFilter, lsmComponent, componentFinalizer, allFiles);
+        }
+        // Trivial cases.
+        if (allFiles.isEmpty()) {
+            return validFiles;
+        }
+        if (allFiles.size() == 1) {
+            validFiles.add(allFiles.get(0).fullPath);
+            return validFiles;
+        }
+        
+        // Sorts files names from earliest to latest timestamp.
+        Collections.sort(allFiles);
+        
+        List<ComparableFileName> validComparableFiles = new ArrayList<ComparableFileName>();
+        ComparableFileName last = allFiles.get(0);
+        validComparableFiles.add(last);
+        for (int i = 1; i < allFiles.size(); i++) {
+            ComparableFileName current = allFiles.get(i);
+            // Current start timestamp is greater than last stop timestamp.
+            if (current.interval[0].compareTo(last.interval[1]) > 0) {
+                validComparableFiles.add(current);
+                last = current;                
+            } else if (current.interval[0].compareTo(last.interval[0]) >= 0 
+                    && current.interval[1].compareTo(last.interval[1]) <= 0) {
+                // Invalid files are completely contained in last interval.
+                File invalidFile = new File(current.fullPath);
+                invalidFile.delete();
+            } else {
+                // This scenario should not be possible.
+                throw new HyracksDataException("Found LSM files with overlapping but not contained timetamp intervals.");
+            }
+        }
+        // Sort valid files in reverse lexicographical order, such that newer files come first.
+        Collections.sort(validComparableFiles, recencyCmp);
+        for (ComparableFileName cmpFileName : validComparableFiles) {
+            validFiles.add(cmpFileName.fullPath);
+        }
+        return validFiles;
+    }
+    
+    protected class ComparableFileName implements Comparable<ComparableFileName> {
+        public final String fullPath;      
+        public final String fileName;
+        // Timestamp interval.
+        public final String[] interval;
+        
+        public ComparableFileName(String fullPath) {
+            this.fullPath = fullPath;            
+            File f = new File(fullPath);
+            this.fileName = f.getName();
+            interval = fileName.split(SPLIT_STRING);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(ComparableFileName b) {
+            int startCmp = interval[0].compareTo(b.interval[0]);
+            if (startCmp != 0) {
+                return startCmp;
+            }
+            return b.interval[1].compareTo(interval[1]);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private class RecencyComparator implements Comparator<ComparableFileName> {
+        @Override
+        public int compare(ComparableFileName a, ComparableFileName b) {
+            int cmp = -a.interval[0].compareTo(b.interval[0]);
+            if (cmp != 0) {
+                return cmp;
+            }
+            return -a.interval[1].compareTo(b.interval[1]);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public IOManager getIOManager() {
+        return ioManager;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMTreeIndexAccessor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMTreeIndexAccessor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98cfce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/LSMTreeIndexAccessor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexOpContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMTreeIndexAccessor;
+
+public abstract class LSMTreeIndexAccessor implements ILSMTreeIndexAccessor {
+	protected LSMHarness lsmHarness;
+	protected IIndexOpContext ctx;
+
+	public LSMTreeIndexAccessor(LSMHarness lsmHarness, IIndexOpContext ctx) {
+		this.lsmHarness = lsmHarness;
+		this.ctx = ctx;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void insert(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException,
+			TreeIndexException {
+		ctx.reset(IndexOp.INSERT);
+		lsmHarness.insertUpdateOrDelete(tuple, ctx);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void update(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException,
+			TreeIndexException {
+		// Update is the same as insert.
+		ctx.reset(IndexOp.INSERT);
+		lsmHarness.insertUpdateOrDelete(tuple, ctx);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void delete(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException,
+			TreeIndexException {
+		ctx.reset(IndexOp.DELETE);
+		lsmHarness.insertUpdateOrDelete(tuple, ctx);
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public void search(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, ISearchPredicate searchPred)
+			throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+		ctx.reset(IndexOp.SEARCH);
+		lsmHarness.search(cursor, searchPred, ctx, true);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ITreeIndexCursor createDiskOrderScanCursor() {
+		// Disk-order scan doesn't make sense for the LSMBTree because it cannot
+		// correctly resolve deleted tuples.
+		throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+				"DiskOrderScan not supported by LSMTree.");
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void diskOrderScan(ITreeIndexCursor cursor)
+			throws HyracksDataException {
+		// Disk-order scan doesn't make sense for the LSMBTree because it cannot
+		// correctly resolve deleted tuples.
+		throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+				"DiskOrderScan not supported by LSMTree.");
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public void flush() throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+		lsmHarness.flush();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void merge() throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+		lsmHarness.merge();
+	}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/TreeFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/TreeFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6aa7f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/TreeFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+
+public abstract class TreeFactory <T extends ITreeIndex> {
+
+    protected IBufferCache bufferCache;
+    protected int fieldCount;
+    protected IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories;
+    protected ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory;
+    protected ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory;
+    protected LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory freePageManagerFactory;
+
+    public TreeFactory(IBufferCache bufferCache, LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory freePageManagerFactory, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories,
+            int fieldCount, ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory) {
+        this.bufferCache = bufferCache;
+        this.fieldCount = fieldCount;
+        this.cmpFactories = cmpFactories;
+        this.interiorFrameFactory = interiorFrameFactory;
+        this.leafFrameFactory = leafFrameFactory;
+        this.freePageManagerFactory = freePageManagerFactory;
+    }
+
+    public abstract T createIndexInstance();
+
+    public IBufferCache getBufferCache() {
+        return bufferCache;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/TreeIndexComponentFinalizer.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/TreeIndexComponentFinalizer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f5c2ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/impls/TreeIndexComponentFinalizer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls;
+
+import java.io.File;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMComponentFinalizer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.BufferedFileHandle;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+public class TreeIndexComponentFinalizer implements ILSMComponentFinalizer {
+   
+    protected final IFileMapProvider fileMapProvider;
+    
+    public TreeIndexComponentFinalizer(IFileMapProvider fileMapProvider) {
+        this.fileMapProvider = fileMapProvider;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public boolean isValid(File file, Object lsmComponent) throws HyracksDataException {
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = (ITreeIndex) lsmComponent;
+        IBufferCache bufferCache = treeIndex.getBufferCache();
+        FileReference fileRef = new FileReference(file);
+        bufferCache.createFile(fileRef);
+        int fileId = fileMapProvider.lookupFileId(fileRef);
+        bufferCache.openFile(fileId);
+        treeIndex.open(fileId);
+        try {
+            int metadataPage = treeIndex.getFreePageManager().getFirstMetadataPage();
+            ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metadataFrame = treeIndex.getFreePageManager().getMetaDataFrameFactory().createFrame();
+            ICachedPage page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(treeIndex.getFileId(), metadataPage), false);
+            page.acquireReadLatch();
+            try {
+                metadataFrame.setPage(page);
+                return metadataFrame.isValid();
+            } finally {
+                page.releaseReadLatch();
+                bufferCache.unpin(page);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            treeIndex.close();
+            bufferCache.closeFile(fileId);
+            bufferCache.deleteFile(fileId, false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void finalize(Object lsmComponent) throws HyracksDataException {
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = (ITreeIndex) lsmComponent;
+        int fileId = treeIndex.getFileId();
+        IBufferCache bufferCache = treeIndex.getBufferCache();
+        // Flush all dirty pages of the tree. 
+        // By default, metadata and data are flushed async in the buffercache.
+        // This means that the flush issues writes to the OS, but the data may still lie in filesystem buffers.
+        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metadataFrame = treeIndex.getFreePageManager().getMetaDataFrameFactory().createFrame();        
+        int startPage = 0;
+        int maxPage = treeIndex.getFreePageManager().getMaxPage(metadataFrame);
+        for (int i = startPage; i <= maxPage; i++) {
+            ICachedPage page = bufferCache.tryPin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, i));
+            // If tryPin returns null, it means the page is not cached, and therefore cannot be dirty.
+            if (page == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            try {
+                bufferCache.flushDirtyPage(page);
+            } finally {
+                bufferCache.unpin(page);
+            }
+        }
+        // Forces all pages of given file to disk. This guarantees the data makes it to disk.
+        bufferCache.force(fileId, true);
+        int metadataPageId = treeIndex.getFreePageManager().getFirstMetadataPage();
+        ICachedPage metadataPage = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, metadataPageId), false);
+        metadataPage.acquireWriteLatch();
+        try {
+            metadataFrame.setPage(metadataPage);
+            metadataFrame.setValid(true);
+            // Flush the single modified page to disk.
+            bufferCache.flushDirtyPage(metadataPage);
+            // Force modified metadata page to disk.
+            bufferCache.force(fileId, true);
+        } finally {
+            metadataPage.releaseWriteLatch();
+            bufferCache.unpin(metadataPage);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/pom.xml b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06a3719
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+  <groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  <artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree</artifactId>
+  <version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+
+  <parent>
+    <groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+    <artifactId>hyracks</artifactId>
+    <version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  </parent>
+
+  <build>
+    <plugins>
+      <plugin>
+        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+        <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
+        <version>2.0.2</version>
+        <configuration>
+          <source>1.6</source>
+          <target>1.6</target>
+        </configuration>
+      </plugin>
+    </plugins>
+  </build>
+  <dependencies>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-btree</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-rtree</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>junit</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
+  		<version>4.8.1</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>test</scope>
+  	</dependency>  	  		
+  </dependencies>
+</project>
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTree.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTree.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a364f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTree.java
@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeDuplicateKeyException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexOpContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMComponentFinalizer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFileManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.BTreeFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMTreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.TreeFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTreeFileManager.LSMRTreeFileNameComponent;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+public class LSMRTree implements ILSMTree {
+
+    public class LSMRTreeComponent {
+        private final RTree rtree;
+        private final BTree btree;
+
+        LSMRTreeComponent(RTree rtree, BTree btree) {
+            this.rtree = rtree;
+            this.btree = btree;
+        }
+
+        public RTree getRTree() {
+            return rtree;
+        }
+
+        public BTree getBTree() {
+            return btree;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final LSMHarness lsmHarness;
+
+    // In-memory components.
+    private final LSMRTreeComponent memComponent;
+    protected final InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager;
+    private final static int MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID = 0;
+    private final static int MEM_BTREE_FILE_ID = 1;
+
+    // On-disk components.
+    private final ILSMFileManager fileManager;
+    protected final IBufferCache diskBufferCache;
+    protected final IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider;
+    // For creating RTree's used in flush and merge.
+    private final RTreeFactory diskRTreeFactory;
+    // For creating BTree's used in flush and merge.
+    private final BTreeFactory diskBTreeFactory;
+    // List of LSMRTreeComponent instances. Using Object for better sharing via
+    // ILSMTree + LSMHarness.
+    private final LinkedList<Object> diskComponents = new LinkedList<Object>();
+    // Helps to guarantees physical consistency of LSM components.
+    private final ILSMComponentFinalizer componentFinalizer;
+    
+    private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories;
+    private IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories;
+
+    // Common for in-memory and on-disk components.
+    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeInteriorFrameFactory;
+    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeInteriorFrameFactory;
+    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory;
+    private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory;
+
+    public LSMRTree(IBufferCache memBufferCache, InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager,
+            ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory,
+            ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeInteriorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory,
+            ILSMFileManager fileManager, RTreeFactory diskRTreeFactory, BTreeFactory diskBTreeFactory,
+            IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider, int fieldCount, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories) {
+        RTree memRTree = new RTree(memBufferCache, fieldCount, rtreeCmpFactories, memFreePageManager,
+                rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, rtreeLeafFrameFactory);
+        BTree memBTree = new BTree(memBufferCache, fieldCount, btreeCmpFactories, memFreePageManager,
+                btreeInteriorFrameFactory, btreeLeafFrameFactory);
+        memComponent = new LSMRTreeComponent(memRTree, memBTree);
+        this.memFreePageManager = memFreePageManager;
+        this.diskBufferCache = diskBTreeFactory.getBufferCache();
+        this.diskFileMapProvider = diskFileMapProvider;
+        this.diskBTreeFactory = diskBTreeFactory;
+        this.fileManager = fileManager;
+        this.rtreeInteriorFrameFactory = rtreeInteriorFrameFactory;
+        this.rtreeLeafFrameFactory = rtreeLeafFrameFactory;
+        this.btreeInteriorFrameFactory = btreeInteriorFrameFactory;
+        this.btreeLeafFrameFactory = btreeLeafFrameFactory;
+        this.diskRTreeFactory = diskRTreeFactory;
+        this.btreeCmpFactories = btreeCmpFactories;
+        this.rtreeCmpFactories = rtreeCmpFactories;
+        this.lsmHarness = new LSMHarness(this);
+        componentFinalizer = new LSMRTreeComponentFinalizer(diskFileMapProvider);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void create(int indexFileId) throws HyracksDataException {
+        memComponent.getRTree().create(MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID);
+        memComponent.getBTree().create(MEM_BTREE_FILE_ID);
+        fileManager.createDirs();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Opens LSMRTree, cleaning up invalid files from base dir, and registering
+     * all valid files as on-disk RTrees and BTrees.
+     * 
+     * @param indexFileId
+     *            Dummy file id.
+     * @throws HyracksDataException
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void open(int indexFileId) throws HyracksDataException {
+        memComponent.getRTree().open(MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID);
+        memComponent.getBTree().open(MEM_BTREE_FILE_ID);
+        RTree dummyRTree = diskRTreeFactory.createIndexInstance();
+        BTree dummyBTree = diskBTreeFactory.createIndexInstance();
+        LSMRTreeComponent dummyComponent = new LSMRTreeComponent(dummyRTree, dummyBTree);
+        List<Object> validFileNames = fileManager.cleanupAndGetValidFiles(dummyComponent, componentFinalizer);
+        for (Object o : validFileNames) {
+            LSMRTreeFileNameComponent component = (LSMRTreeFileNameComponent) o;            
+            FileReference rtreeFile = new FileReference(new File(component.getRTreeFileName()));
+            FileReference btreeFile = new FileReference(new File(component.getBTreeFileName()));
+            RTree rtree = (RTree) createDiskTree(diskRTreeFactory, rtreeFile, false);
+            BTree btree = (BTree) createDiskTree(diskBTreeFactory, btreeFile, false);
+            LSMRTreeComponent diskComponent = new LSMRTreeComponent(rtree, btree);
+            diskComponents.add(diskComponent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
+        for (Object o : diskComponents) {
+            LSMRTreeComponent diskComponent = (LSMRTreeComponent) o;
+            RTree rtree = diskComponent.getRTree();
+            BTree btree = diskComponent.getBTree();
+            diskBufferCache.closeFile(rtree.getFileId());
+            diskBufferCache.deleteFile(rtree.getFileId(), false);
+            rtree.close();
+            diskBufferCache.closeFile(btree.getFileId());
+            diskBufferCache.deleteFile(btree.getFileId(), false);
+            btree.close();
+        }
+        diskComponents.clear();
+        memComponent.getRTree().close();
+        memComponent.getBTree().close();
+    }
+
+    private LSMRTreeFileNameComponent getMergeTargetFileName(List<Object> mergingDiskTrees) throws HyracksDataException {        
+        RTree firstTree = ((LSMRTreeComponent) mergingDiskTrees.get(0)).getRTree();
+        RTree lastTree = ((LSMRTreeComponent) mergingDiskTrees.get(mergingDiskTrees.size() - 1)).getRTree();
+        FileReference firstFile = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileName(firstTree.getFileId());
+        FileReference lastFile = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileName(lastTree.getFileId());
+        LSMRTreeFileNameComponent component = (LSMRTreeFileNameComponent) ((LSMRTreeFileManager) fileManager)
+                .getRelMergeFileName(firstFile.getFile().getName(), lastFile.getFile().getName());
+        return component;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") 
+    protected ITreeIndex createDiskTree(TreeFactory diskTreeFactory, FileReference fileRef, boolean createTree)
+            throws HyracksDataException {
+        // File will be deleted during cleanup of merge().
+        diskBufferCache.createFile(fileRef);
+        int diskTreeFileId = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileId(fileRef);
+        // File will be closed during cleanup of merge().
+        diskBufferCache.openFile(diskTreeFileId);
+        // Create new tree instance.
+        ITreeIndex diskTree = diskTreeFactory.createIndexInstance();
+        if (createTree) {
+            diskTree.create(diskTreeFileId);
+        }
+        // Tree will be closed during cleanup of merge().
+        diskTree.open(diskTreeFileId);
+        return diskTree;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IIndexBulkLoadContext beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException {
+    	// Note that by using a flush target file name, we state that the new
+        // bulk loaded tree is "newer" than any other merged tree.
+    	LSMRTreeFileNameComponent fileNames = (LSMRTreeFileNameComponent) fileManager.getRelFlushFileName();
+    	FileReference rtreeFile = fileManager.createFlushFile(fileNames.getRTreeFileName());
+        RTree diskRTree = (RTree) createDiskTree(diskRTreeFactory, rtreeFile, true);
+        // For each RTree, we require to have a buddy BTree. thus, we create an
+        // empty BTree.
+        FileReference btreeFile = fileManager.createFlushFile(fileNames.getBTreeFileName());
+        BTree diskBTree = (BTree) createDiskTree(diskBTreeFactory, btreeFile, true);        
+        LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = new LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext(diskRTree, diskBTree);
+        bulkLoadCtx.beginBulkLoad(fillFactor);
+        return bulkLoadCtx;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void bulkLoadAddTuple(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
+        LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = (LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext) ictx;
+        bulkLoadCtx.getRTree().bulkLoadAddTuple(tuple, bulkLoadCtx.getBulkLoadCtx());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endBulkLoad(IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
+        LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = (LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext) ictx;
+        bulkLoadCtx.getRTree().endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx.getBulkLoadCtx());
+        LSMRTreeComponent diskComponent = new LSMRTreeComponent(bulkLoadCtx.getRTree(), bulkLoadCtx.getBTree());
+        lsmHarness.addBulkLoadedComponent(diskComponent);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getLeafFrameFactory() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getLeafFrameFactory();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getInteriorFrameFactory() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getInteriorFrameFactory();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IFreePageManager getFreePageManager() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getFreePageManager();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFieldCount() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getFieldCount();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getRootPageId() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getRootPageId();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IndexType getIndexType() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getIndexType();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFileId() {
+        return memComponent.getRTree().getFileId();
+    }
+
+    public boolean insertUpdateOrDelete(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexOpContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException,
+            TreeIndexException {
+        LSMRTreeOpContext ctx = (LSMRTreeOpContext) ictx;
+        if (ctx.getIndexOp() == IndexOp.INSERT) {
+            // Before each insert, we must check whether there exist a killer
+            // tuple in the memBTree. If we find a killer tuple, we must truly
+            // delete the existing tuple from the BTree, and then insert it to
+            // memRTree. Otherwise, the old killer tuple will kill the newly
+            // added RTree tuple.
+            RangePredicate btreeRangePredicate = new RangePredicate(tuple, tuple, true, true,
+                    ctx.getBTreeMultiComparator(), ctx.getBTreeMultiComparator());
+            ITreeIndexCursor cursor = ctx.memBTreeAccessor.createSearchCursor();
+            ctx.memBTreeAccessor.search(cursor, btreeRangePredicate);
+            ITupleReference tupleCopy = null;
+            try {
+                if (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                    cursor.next();
+                    tupleCopy = TupleUtils.copyTuple(cursor.getTuple());
+                }
+            } finally {
+                cursor.close();
+            }
+            if (tupleCopy != null) {
+                ctx.memRTreeAccessor.insert(tupleCopy);
+            } else {
+                ctx.memRTreeAccessor.insert(tuple);
+            }
+
+        } else {
+
+            try {
+                ctx.memBTreeAccessor.insert(tuple);
+            } catch (BTreeDuplicateKeyException e) {
+                // Do nothing, because one delete tuple is enough to indicate
+                // that all the corresponding insert tuples are deleted
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public void search(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, List<Object> diskComponents, ISearchPredicate pred,
+            IIndexOpContext ictx, boolean includeMemComponent, AtomicInteger searcherRefCount)
+            throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+        LSMRTreeOpContext ctx = (LSMRTreeOpContext) ictx;
+        int numDiskTrees = diskComponents.size();
+        int numTrees = (includeMemComponent) ? numDiskTrees + 1 : numDiskTrees;
+        ITreeIndexAccessor[] bTreeAccessors = new ITreeIndexAccessor[numTrees];
+        int diskBTreeIx = 0;
+        if (includeMemComponent) {
+            bTreeAccessors[0] = ctx.memBTreeAccessor;
+            diskBTreeIx++;
+        }
+
+        ListIterator<Object> diskBTreesIter = diskComponents.listIterator();
+        while (diskBTreesIter.hasNext()) {
+            LSMRTreeComponent component = (LSMRTreeComponent) diskBTreesIter.next();
+            BTree diskBTree = component.getBTree();
+            bTreeAccessors[diskBTreeIx] = diskBTree.createAccessor();
+            diskBTreeIx++;
+        }
+
+        LSMRTreeSearchCursor lsmRTreeCursor = (LSMRTreeSearchCursor) cursor;
+        LSMRTreeCursorInitialState initialState = new LSMRTreeCursorInitialState(numTrees, rtreeLeafFrameFactory,
+                rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, btreeLeafFrameFactory, ctx.getBTreeMultiComparator(), bTreeAccessors,
+                searcherRefCount, includeMemComponent, lsmHarness);
+        lsmRTreeCursor.open(initialState, pred);
+
+        int cursorIx;
+        if (includeMemComponent) {
+            ctx.memRTreeAccessor.search(((LSMRTreeSearchCursor) lsmRTreeCursor).getCursor(0), pred);
+            cursorIx = 1;
+        } else {
+            cursorIx = 0;
+        }
+
+        // Open cursors of on-disk RTrees
+        ITreeIndexAccessor[] diskRTreeAccessors = new ITreeIndexAccessor[numDiskTrees];
+        ListIterator<Object> diskRTreesIter = diskComponents.listIterator();
+
+        int diskRTreeIx = 0;
+        while (diskRTreesIter.hasNext()) {
+            LSMRTreeComponent component = (LSMRTreeComponent) diskRTreesIter.next();
+            RTree diskRTree = component.getRTree();
+            diskRTreeAccessors[diskRTreeIx] = diskRTree.createAccessor();
+            diskRTreeAccessors[diskRTreeIx].search(lsmRTreeCursor.getCursor(cursorIx), pred);
+            cursorIx++;
+            diskRTreeIx++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object flush() throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+        // Renaming order is critical because we use assume ordering when we
+        // read the file names when we open the tree.
+        // The RTree should be renamed before the BTree.
+
+        // scan the memory RTree
+        ITreeIndexAccessor memRTreeAccessor = memComponent.getRTree().createAccessor();
+        ITreeIndexCursor rtreeScanCursor = memRTreeAccessor.createSearchCursor();
+        SearchPredicate rtreeNullPredicate = new SearchPredicate(null, null);
+        memRTreeAccessor.search(rtreeScanCursor, rtreeNullPredicate);
+        LSMRTreeFileNameComponent fileNames = (LSMRTreeFileNameComponent) fileManager.getRelFlushFileName();
+        FileReference rtreeFile = fileManager.createFlushFile(fileNames.getRTreeFileName());
+        RTree diskRTree = (RTree) createDiskTree(diskRTreeFactory, rtreeFile, true);
+
+        // BulkLoad the tuples from the in-memory tree into the new disk RTree.
+        IIndexBulkLoadContext rtreeBulkLoadCtx = diskRTree.beginBulkLoad(1.0f);
+
+        try {
+            while (rtreeScanCursor.hasNext()) {
+                rtreeScanCursor.next();
+                ITupleReference frameTuple = rtreeScanCursor.getTuple();
+                diskRTree.bulkLoadAddTuple(frameTuple, rtreeBulkLoadCtx);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            rtreeScanCursor.close();
+        }
+        diskRTree.endBulkLoad(rtreeBulkLoadCtx);
+
+        // scan the memory BTree
+        ITreeIndexAccessor memBTreeAccessor = memComponent.getBTree().createAccessor();
+        ITreeIndexCursor btreeScanCursor = memBTreeAccessor.createSearchCursor();
+        RangePredicate btreeNullPredicate = new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, null, null);
+        memBTreeAccessor.search(btreeScanCursor, btreeNullPredicate);
+        FileReference btreeFile = fileManager.createFlushFile(fileNames.getBTreeFileName());
+        BTree diskBTree = (BTree) createDiskTree(diskBTreeFactory, btreeFile, true);
+
+        // BulkLoad the tuples from the in-memory tree into the new disk BTree.
+        IIndexBulkLoadContext btreeBulkLoadCtx = diskBTree.beginBulkLoad(1.0f);
+        try {
+            while (btreeScanCursor.hasNext()) {
+                btreeScanCursor.next();
+                ITupleReference frameTuple = btreeScanCursor.getTuple();
+                diskBTree.bulkLoadAddTuple(frameTuple, btreeBulkLoadCtx);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            btreeScanCursor.close();
+        }
+        diskBTree.endBulkLoad(btreeBulkLoadCtx);
+        return new LSMRTreeComponent(diskRTree, diskBTree);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object merge(List<Object> mergedComponents) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+        // Renaming order is critical because we use assume ordering when we
+        // read the file names when we open the tree.
+        // The RTree should be renamed before the BTree.
+
+        IIndexOpContext ctx = createOpContext();
+        ITreeIndexCursor cursor = new LSMRTreeSearchCursor();
+        ISearchPredicate rtreeSearchPred = new SearchPredicate(null, null);
+        // Scan the RTrees, ignoring the in-memory RTree.
+        List<Object> mergingComponents = lsmHarness.search(cursor, rtreeSearchPred, ctx, false);
+        mergedComponents.addAll(mergingComponents);
+
+        // Nothing to merge.
+        if (mergedComponents.size() <= 1) {
+            cursor.close();
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Bulk load the tuples from all on-disk RTrees into the new RTree.
+        LSMRTreeFileNameComponent fileNames = getMergeTargetFileName(mergingComponents);
+        FileReference rtreeFile = fileManager.createMergeFile(fileNames.getRTreeFileName());
+        FileReference btreeFile = fileManager.createMergeFile(fileNames.getBTreeFileName());
+        RTree mergedRTree = (RTree) createDiskTree(diskRTreeFactory, rtreeFile, true);
+        BTree mergedBTree = (BTree) createDiskTree(diskBTreeFactory, btreeFile, true);
+        
+        IIndexBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = mergedRTree.beginBulkLoad(1.0f);
+        try {
+            while (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                cursor.next();
+                ITupleReference frameTuple = cursor.getTuple();
+                mergedRTree.bulkLoadAddTuple(frameTuple, bulkLoadCtx);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            cursor.close();
+        }
+        mergedRTree.endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx);
+        
+        // Load an empty BTree tree.
+        IIndexBulkLoadContext btreeBulkLoadCtx = mergedBTree.beginBulkLoad(1.0f);
+        mergedBTree.endBulkLoad(btreeBulkLoadCtx);
+        
+        return new LSMRTreeComponent(mergedRTree, mergedBTree);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addMergedComponent(Object newComponent, List<Object> mergedComponents) {
+        diskComponents.removeAll(mergedComponents);
+        diskComponents.addLast((LSMRTreeComponent) newComponent);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cleanUpAfterMerge(List<Object> mergedComponents) throws HyracksDataException {
+        for (Object o : mergedComponents) {
+            LSMRTreeComponent component = (LSMRTreeComponent) o;
+            BTree oldBTree = component.getBTree();
+            FileReference btreeFileRef = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileName(oldBTree.getFileId());
+            diskBufferCache.closeFile(oldBTree.getFileId());
+            diskBufferCache.deleteFile(oldBTree.getFileId(), false);
+            oldBTree.close();
+            btreeFileRef.getFile().delete();
+            RTree oldRTree = component.getRTree();
+            FileReference rtreeFileRef = diskFileMapProvider.lookupFileName(oldRTree.getFileId());
+            diskBufferCache.closeFile(oldRTree.getFileId());
+            diskBufferCache.deleteFile(oldRTree.getFileId(), false);
+            oldRTree.close();
+            rtreeFileRef.getFile().delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addFlushedComponent(Object index) {
+        diskComponents.addFirst((LSMRTreeComponent) index);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public InMemoryFreePageManager getInMemoryFreePageManager() {
+        return memFreePageManager;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void resetInMemoryComponent() throws HyracksDataException {
+        memComponent.getRTree().create(MEM_RTREE_FILE_ID);
+        memComponent.getBTree().create(MEM_BTREE_FILE_ID);
+        memFreePageManager.reset();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Object> getDiskComponents() {
+        return diskComponents;
+    }
+
+    protected LSMRTreeOpContext createOpContext() {
+        return new LSMRTreeOpContext((RTree.RTreeAccessor) memComponent.getRTree().createAccessor(),
+                (IRTreeLeafFrame) rtreeLeafFrameFactory.createFrame(),
+                (IRTreeInteriorFrame) rtreeInteriorFrameFactory.createFrame(), memFreePageManager
+                        .getMetaDataFrameFactory().createFrame(), 8, (BTree.BTreeAccessor) memComponent.getBTree()
+                        .createAccessor(), btreeLeafFrameFactory, btreeInteriorFrameFactory, memFreePageManager
+                        .getMetaDataFrameFactory().createFrame(), rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITreeIndexAccessor createAccessor() {
+        return new LSMRTreeAccessor(lsmHarness, createOpContext());
+    }
+
+    public class LSMRTreeAccessor extends LSMTreeIndexAccessor {
+        public LSMRTreeAccessor(LSMHarness lsmHarness, IIndexOpContext ctx) {
+            super(lsmHarness, ctx);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public ITreeIndexCursor createSearchCursor() {
+            return new LSMRTreeSearchCursor();
+        }
+
+        public MultiComparator getMultiComparator() {
+            LSMRTreeOpContext concreteCtx = (LSMRTreeOpContext) ctx;
+            return concreteCtx.rtreeOpContext.cmp;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
+        return rtreeCmpFactories;
+    }
+
+	@Override
+	public IBufferCache getBufferCache() {
+		return diskBufferCache;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ILSMComponentFinalizer getComponentFinalizer() {
+		return componentFinalizer;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f74be8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext.java
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
+
+public class LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext implements IIndexBulkLoadContext {
+    private final RTree rtree;
+    private final BTree btree;
+    private IIndexBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx;
+
+    public LSMRTreeBulkLoadContext(RTree rtree, BTree btree) {
+        this.rtree = rtree;
+        this.btree = btree;
+    }
+
+    public void beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+        bulkLoadCtx = rtree.beginBulkLoad(fillFactor);
+    }
+
+    public RTree getRTree() {
+        return rtree;
+    }
+
+    public BTree getBTree() {
+        return btree;
+    }
+
+    public IIndexBulkLoadContext getBulkLoadCtx() {
+        return bulkLoadCtx;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeComponentFinalizer.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeComponentFinalizer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3fbce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeComponentFinalizer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.TreeIndexComponentFinalizer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTree.LSMRTreeComponent;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+public class LSMRTreeComponentFinalizer extends TreeIndexComponentFinalizer {
+
+	public LSMRTreeComponentFinalizer(IFileMapProvider fileMapProvider) {
+        super(fileMapProvider);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+	public void finalize(Object lsmComponent) throws HyracksDataException {
+		LSMRTreeComponent component = (LSMRTreeComponent) lsmComponent;
+		super.finalize(component.getRTree());
+		super.finalize(component.getBTree());
+	}
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeCursorInitialState.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeCursorInitialState.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4a00a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeCursorInitialState.java
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ICursorInitialState;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
+
+public class LSMRTreeCursorInitialState implements ICursorInitialState {
+
+    private int numberOfTrees;
+    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeInteriorFrameFactory;
+    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory;
+    private ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory;
+    private MultiComparator btreeCmp;
+    private ITreeIndexAccessor[] bTreeAccessors;
+    private AtomicInteger searcherRefCount;
+    private final boolean includeMemRTree;
+    private final LSMHarness lsmHarness;
+
+    public LSMRTreeCursorInitialState(int numberOfTrees, ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory,
+            ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory,
+            MultiComparator btreeCmp, ITreeIndexAccessor[] bTreeAccessors, AtomicInteger searcherRefCount, boolean includeMemRTree,
+            LSMHarness lsmHarness) {
+        this.numberOfTrees = numberOfTrees;
+        this.rtreeLeafFrameFactory = rtreeLeafFrameFactory;
+        this.rtreeInteriorFrameFactory = rtreeInteriorFrameFactory;
+        this.btreeLeafFrameFactory = btreeLeafFrameFactory;
+        this.btreeCmp = btreeCmp;
+        this.bTreeAccessors = bTreeAccessors;
+        this.searcherRefCount = searcherRefCount;
+        this.includeMemRTree = includeMemRTree;
+        this.lsmHarness = lsmHarness;
+    }
+
+    public int getNumberOfTrees() {
+        return numberOfTrees;
+    }
+
+    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getRTreeInteriorFrameFactory() {
+        return rtreeInteriorFrameFactory;
+    }
+
+    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getRTreeLeafFrameFactory() {
+        return rtreeLeafFrameFactory;
+    }
+
+    public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getBTreeLeafFrameFactory() {
+        return btreeLeafFrameFactory;
+    }
+
+    public MultiComparator getBTreeCmp() {
+        return btreeCmp;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ICachedPage getPage() {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setPage(ICachedPage page) {
+    }
+
+    public ITreeIndexAccessor[] getBTreeAccessors() {
+        return bTreeAccessors;
+    }
+
+    public boolean getIncludeMemRTree() {
+        return includeMemRTree;
+    }
+    
+    public AtomicInteger getSearcherRefCount() {
+    	return searcherRefCount;
+    }
+
+    public LSMHarness getLSMHarness() {
+        return lsmHarness;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFileManager.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFileManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe28a50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeFileManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FilenameFilter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.IODeviceHandle;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMComponentFinalizer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMTreeFileManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTree.LSMRTreeComponent;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+public class LSMRTreeFileManager extends LSMTreeFileManager {
+    private static final String RTREE_STRING = "r";
+    private static final String BTREE_STRING = "b";
+
+    private static FilenameFilter btreeFilter = new FilenameFilter() {
+        public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
+            return !name.startsWith(".") && name.endsWith(BTREE_STRING);
+        }
+    };
+    
+    private static FilenameFilter rtreeFilter = new FilenameFilter() {
+        public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
+            return !name.startsWith(".") && name.endsWith(RTREE_STRING);
+        }
+    };
+    
+    public LSMRTreeFileManager(IOManager ioManager, IFileMapProvider fileMapProvider, String baseDir) {
+        super(ioManager, fileMapProvider, baseDir);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getRelFlushFileName() {
+        String baseName = (String) super.getRelFlushFileName();
+        return new LSMRTreeFileNameComponent(baseName + SPLIT_STRING + RTREE_STRING, baseName + SPLIT_STRING
+                + BTREE_STRING);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getRelMergeFileName(String firstFileName, String lastFileName) throws HyracksDataException {
+        String baseName = (String) super.getRelMergeFileName(firstFileName, lastFileName);
+        return new LSMRTreeFileNameComponent(baseName + SPLIT_STRING + RTREE_STRING, baseName + SPLIT_STRING
+                + BTREE_STRING);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Object> cleanupAndGetValidFiles(Object lsmComponent, ILSMComponentFinalizer componentFinalizer) throws HyracksDataException {
+        List<Object> validFiles = new ArrayList<Object>();
+        ArrayList<ComparableFileName> allRTreeFiles = new ArrayList<ComparableFileName>();
+        ArrayList<ComparableFileName> allBTreeFiles = new ArrayList<ComparableFileName>();
+        LSMRTreeComponent component = (LSMRTreeComponent) lsmComponent;
+        
+        // Gather files from all IODeviceHandles.
+        for (IODeviceHandle dev : ioManager.getIODevices()) {            
+            getValidFiles(dev, btreeFilter, component.getBTree(), componentFinalizer, allBTreeFiles);
+            HashSet<String> btreeFilesSet = new HashSet<String>();
+            for (ComparableFileName cmpFileName : allBTreeFiles) {
+                int index = cmpFileName.fileName.lastIndexOf(SPLIT_STRING);
+                btreeFilesSet.add(cmpFileName.fileName.substring(0, index));
+            }
+            // List of valid RTree files that may or may not have a BTree buddy. Will check for buddies below.
+            ArrayList<ComparableFileName> tmpAllRTreeFiles = new ArrayList<ComparableFileName>();
+            getValidFiles(dev, rtreeFilter, component.getRTree(), componentFinalizer, tmpAllRTreeFiles);
+            // Look for buddy BTrees for all valid RTrees. 
+            // If no buddy is found, delete the file, otherwise add the RTree to allRTreeFiles. 
+            for (ComparableFileName cmpFileName : tmpAllRTreeFiles) {
+                int index = cmpFileName.fileName.lastIndexOf(SPLIT_STRING);
+                String file = cmpFileName.fileName.substring(0, index);
+                if (btreeFilesSet.contains(file)) {
+                    allRTreeFiles.add(cmpFileName);
+                } else {
+                    // Couldn't find the corresponding BTree file; thus, delete
+                    // the RTree file.
+                    File invalidRTreeFile = new File(cmpFileName.fullPath);
+                    invalidRTreeFile.delete();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Sanity check.
+        if (allRTreeFiles.size() != allBTreeFiles.size()) {
+            throw new HyracksDataException("Unequal number of valid RTree and BTree files found. Aborting cleanup.");
+        }
+        
+        // Trivial cases.
+        if (allRTreeFiles.isEmpty() || allBTreeFiles.isEmpty()) {
+            return validFiles;
+        }
+
+        if (allRTreeFiles.size() == 1 && allBTreeFiles.size() == 1) {
+            validFiles.add(new LSMRTreeFileNameComponent(allRTreeFiles.get(0).fullPath, allBTreeFiles.get(0).fullPath));
+            return validFiles;
+        }
+
+        // Sorts files names from earliest to latest timestamp.
+        Collections.sort(allRTreeFiles);
+        Collections.sort(allBTreeFiles);
+
+        List<ComparableFileName> validComparableRTreeFiles = new ArrayList<ComparableFileName>();
+        ComparableFileName lastRTree = allRTreeFiles.get(0);
+        validComparableRTreeFiles.add(lastRTree);
+
+        List<ComparableFileName> validComparableBTreeFiles = new ArrayList<ComparableFileName>();
+        ComparableFileName lastBTree = allBTreeFiles.get(0);
+        validComparableBTreeFiles.add(lastBTree);
+
+        for (int i = 1; i < allRTreeFiles.size(); i++) {
+            ComparableFileName currentRTree = allRTreeFiles.get(i);
+            ComparableFileName currentBTree = allBTreeFiles.get(i);
+            // Current start timestamp is greater than last stop timestamp.
+            if (currentRTree.interval[0].compareTo(lastRTree.interval[1]) > 0
+                    && currentBTree.interval[0].compareTo(lastBTree.interval[1]) > 0) {
+                validComparableRTreeFiles.add(currentRTree);
+                validComparableBTreeFiles.add(currentBTree);
+                lastRTree = currentRTree;
+                lastBTree = currentBTree;
+            } else if (currentRTree.interval[0].compareTo(lastRTree.interval[0]) >= 0
+                    && currentRTree.interval[1].compareTo(lastRTree.interval[1]) <= 0
+                    && currentBTree.interval[0].compareTo(lastBTree.interval[0]) >= 0
+                    && currentBTree.interval[1].compareTo(lastBTree.interval[1]) <= 0) {
+                // Invalid files are completely contained in last interval.
+                File invalidRTreeFile = new File(currentRTree.fullPath);
+                invalidRTreeFile.delete();
+                File invalidBTreeFile = new File(currentBTree.fullPath);
+                invalidBTreeFile.delete();
+            } else {
+                // This scenario should not be possible.
+                throw new HyracksDataException("Found LSM files with overlapping but not contained timetamp intervals.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Sort valid files in reverse lexicographical order, such that newer
+        // files come first.
+        Collections.sort(validComparableRTreeFiles, recencyCmp);
+        Collections.sort(validComparableBTreeFiles, recencyCmp);
+
+        Iterator<ComparableFileName> rtreeFileIter = validComparableRTreeFiles.iterator();
+        Iterator<ComparableFileName> btreeFileIter = validComparableBTreeFiles.iterator();
+        while (rtreeFileIter.hasNext() && btreeFileIter.hasNext()) {
+            ComparableFileName cmpRTreeFileName = rtreeFileIter.next();
+            ComparableFileName cmpBTreeFileName = btreeFileIter.next();
+            validFiles.add(new LSMRTreeFileNameComponent(cmpRTreeFileName.fullPath, cmpBTreeFileName.fullPath));
+        }
+
+        return validFiles;
+    }
+
+    public class LSMRTreeFileNameComponent {
+        private final String rtreeFileName;
+        private final String btreeFileName;
+
+        LSMRTreeFileNameComponent(String rtreeFileName, String btreeFileName) {
+            this.rtreeFileName = rtreeFileName;
+            this.btreeFileName = btreeFileName;
+        }
+
+        public String getRTreeFileName() {
+            return rtreeFileName;
+        }
+
+        public String getBTreeFileName() {
+            return btreeFileName;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeInMemoryBufferCache.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeInMemoryBufferCache.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39065ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeInMemoryBufferCache.java
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICacheMemoryAllocator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.BufferedFileHandle;
+
+public class LSMRTreeInMemoryBufferCache extends InMemoryBufferCache {
+
+    public LSMRTreeInMemoryBufferCache(ICacheMemoryAllocator allocator, int pageSize, int numPages) {
+        super(allocator, pageSize, numPages);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ICachedPage pin(long dpid, boolean newPage) {
+        int pageId = BufferedFileHandle.getPageId(dpid);
+        int fileId = BufferedFileHandle.getFileId(dpid);
+
+        if (pageId < pages.length) {
+            // Common case: Return regular page.
+
+            if (pageId == 0 || pageId == 1) {
+                return pages[pageId + 2 * fileId];
+            } else {
+                return pages[pageId];
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Rare case: Return overflow page, possibly expanding overflow
+            // array.
+            synchronized (overflowPages) {
+                int numNewPages = pageId - pages.length - overflowPages.size() + 1;
+                if (numNewPages > 0) {
+                    ByteBuffer[] buffers = allocator.allocate(pageSize, numNewPages);
+                    for (int i = 0; i < numNewPages; i++) {
+                        CachedPage overflowPage = new CachedPage(pages.length + overflowPages.size(), buffers[i]);
+                        overflowPages.add(overflowPage);
+                    }
+                }
+                return overflowPages.get(pageId - pages.length);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeInMemoryFreePageManager.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeInMemoryFreePageManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd1f0ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeInMemoryFreePageManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+
+public class LSMRTreeInMemoryFreePageManager extends InMemoryFreePageManager {
+
+    public LSMRTreeInMemoryFreePageManager(int capacity, ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaDataFrameFactory) {
+        super(capacity, metaDataFrameFactory);
+        // We start the currentPageId from 3, because the RTree uses
+        // the first page as metadata page, and the second page as root page.
+        // And the BTree uses the third page as metadata, and the third page as root page 
+        // (when returning free pages we first increment, then get)
+        currentPageId.set(3);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void init(ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame, int currentMaxPage) throws HyracksDataException {
+        currentPageId.set(3);
+    }
+
+    public int getCapacity() {
+        return capacity - 4;
+    }
+    
+    public void reset() {
+        currentPageId.set(3);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeOpContext.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeOpContext.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5e799f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeOpContext.java
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTreeOpContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexOpContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeOpContext;
+
+public final class LSMRTreeOpContext implements IIndexOpContext {
+
+    public RTreeOpContext rtreeOpContext;
+    public BTreeOpContext btreeOpContext;
+    public final RTree.RTreeAccessor memRTreeAccessor;
+    public final BTree.BTreeAccessor memBTreeAccessor;
+    private IndexOp op;
+    
+    public LSMRTreeOpContext(RTree.RTreeAccessor memRtreeAccessor, IRTreeLeafFrame rtreeLeafFrame,
+            IRTreeInteriorFrame rtreeInteriorFrame, ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame rtreeMetaFrame, int rTreeHeightHint,
+            BTree.BTreeAccessor memBtreeAccessor, ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory,
+            ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeInteriorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame btreeMetaFrame,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories) {
+        this.memRTreeAccessor = memRtreeAccessor;
+        this.memBTreeAccessor = memBtreeAccessor;
+        this.rtreeOpContext = new RTreeOpContext(rtreeLeafFrame, rtreeInteriorFrame, rtreeMetaFrame, rtreeCmpFactories, rTreeHeightHint);
+        this.btreeOpContext = new BTreeOpContext(btreeLeafFrameFactory, btreeInteriorFrameFactory, btreeMetaFrame,
+        		btreeCmpFactories);
+    }
+
+    public void reset(IndexOp newOp) {
+        if (newOp == IndexOp.INSERT) {
+            rtreeOpContext.reset(newOp);
+        } else if (newOp == IndexOp.DELETE) {
+            btreeOpContext.reset(IndexOp.INSERT);
+        }
+        this.op = newOp;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reset() {
+
+    }
+
+    public IndexOp getIndexOp() {
+    	return op;
+    }
+    
+    public MultiComparator getBTreeMultiComparator() {
+    	return btreeOpContext.cmp;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeSearchCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeSearchCursor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa72596
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/LSMRTreeSearchCursor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTreeRangeSearchCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ICursorInitialState;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSearchCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
+
+public class LSMRTreeSearchCursor implements ITreeIndexCursor {
+
+    private RTreeSearchCursor[] rtreeCursors;
+    private BTreeRangeSearchCursor[] btreeCursors;
+    private ITreeIndexAccessor[] diskBTreeAccessors;
+    private int currentCursror;
+    private MultiComparator btreeCmp;
+    private int numberOfTrees;
+    private RangePredicate btreeRangePredicate;
+    private ITupleReference frameTuple;
+    private AtomicInteger searcherRefCount;
+    private boolean includeMemRTree;
+    private LSMHarness lsmHarness;
+    private boolean foundNext = false;
+
+    public LSMRTreeSearchCursor() {
+        currentCursror = 0;
+    }
+
+    public RTreeSearchCursor getCursor(int cursorIndex) {
+        return rtreeCursors[cursorIndex];
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reset() {
+        currentCursror = 0;
+        foundNext = false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasNext() throws HyracksDataException {
+        if (foundNext) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        while (currentCursror < numberOfTrees) {
+            try {
+                while (rtreeCursors[currentCursror].hasNext()) {
+                    rtreeCursors[currentCursror].next();
+                    ITupleReference currentTuple = rtreeCursors[currentCursror].getTuple();
+
+                    boolean killerTupleFound = false;
+                    for (int i = 0; i <= currentCursror; i++) {
+
+                        try {
+                            btreeCursors[i].reset();
+                            btreeRangePredicate.setHighKey(currentTuple, true);
+                            btreeRangePredicate.setLowKey(currentTuple, true);
+                            diskBTreeAccessors[i].search(btreeCursors[i], btreeRangePredicate);
+                        } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+                            throw new HyracksDataException(e);
+                        }
+                        try {
+                            if (btreeCursors[i].hasNext()) {
+                                killerTupleFound = true;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        } finally {
+                            btreeCursors[i].close();
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                    if (!killerTupleFound) {
+                        frameTuple = currentTuple;
+                        foundNext = true;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            } finally {
+                if (!foundNext) {
+                    rtreeCursors[currentCursror].close();
+                }
+            }
+            currentCursror++;
+
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void next() throws HyracksDataException {
+        foundNext = false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void open(ICursorInitialState initialState, ISearchPredicate searchPred) throws HyracksDataException {
+        LSMRTreeCursorInitialState lsmInitialState = (LSMRTreeCursorInitialState) initialState;
+        btreeCmp = lsmInitialState.getBTreeCmp();
+        searcherRefCount = lsmInitialState.getSearcherRefCount();
+        includeMemRTree = lsmInitialState.getIncludeMemRTree();
+        lsmHarness = lsmInitialState.getLSMHarness();
+        numberOfTrees = lsmInitialState.getNumberOfTrees();
+        diskBTreeAccessors = lsmInitialState.getBTreeAccessors();
+
+        rtreeCursors = new RTreeSearchCursor[numberOfTrees];
+        btreeCursors = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor[numberOfTrees];
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < numberOfTrees; i++) {
+            rtreeCursors[i] = new RTreeSearchCursor((IRTreeInteriorFrame) lsmInitialState
+                    .getRTreeInteriorFrameFactory().createFrame(), (IRTreeLeafFrame) lsmInitialState
+                    .getRTreeLeafFrameFactory().createFrame());
+
+            btreeCursors[i] = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor((IBTreeLeafFrame) lsmInitialState.getBTreeLeafFrameFactory()
+                    .createFrame(), false);
+        }
+        btreeRangePredicate = new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, btreeCmp, btreeCmp);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ICachedPage getPage() {
+        // do nothing
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < numberOfTrees; i++) {
+                rtreeCursors[i].close();
+                btreeCursors[i].close();
+            }
+            rtreeCursors = null;
+            btreeCursors = null;
+        } finally {
+            lsmHarness.closeSearchCursor(searcherRefCount, includeMemRTree);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setBufferCache(IBufferCache bufferCache) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setFileId(int fileId) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ITupleReference getTuple() {
+        return frameTuple;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean exclusiveLatchNodes() {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/RTreeFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/RTreeFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e19097
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/impls/RTreeFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.TreeFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+
+public class RTreeFactory extends TreeFactory<RTree> {
+
+    public RTreeFactory(IBufferCache bufferCache, LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory freePageManagerFactory, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories,
+            int fieldCount, ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory) {
+        super(bufferCache, freePageManagerFactory, cmpFactories, fieldCount, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RTree createIndexInstance() {
+        return new RTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmpFactories, freePageManagerFactory.createFreePageManager(),
+                interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..876df56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/tuples/LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.tuples;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter;
+
+public class LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory extends TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory {
+
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+	private ITypeTraits[] typeTraits;
+	private final boolean isDelete;
+	
+	public LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, boolean isDelete) {
+		super(typeTraits);
+		this.typeTraits = typeTraits;
+		this.isDelete = isDelete;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ITreeIndexTupleWriter createTupleWriter() {
+	    if (isDelete) {
+	        return new TypeAwareTupleWriter(typeTraits);
+	    } else {
+	        return new RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter(typeTraits);
+	    }
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/utils/LSMRTreeUtils.java b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/utils/LSMRTreeUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..163ce5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/utils/LSMRTreeUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.utils;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFileManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.BTreeFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTreeFileManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.RTreeFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.tuples.LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+public class LSMRTreeUtils {
+    public static LSMRTree createLSMTree(InMemoryBufferCache memBufferCache,
+            InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager, IOManager ioManager, String onDiskDir,
+            IBufferCache diskBufferCache, IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories) {
+        LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory rtreeTupleWriterFactory = new LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits, false);
+        LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory btreeTupleWriterFactory = new LSMTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits, true);
+
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeInteriorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(rtreeTupleWriterFactory,
+                valueProviderFactories);
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory rtreeLeafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(rtreeTupleWriterFactory,
+                valueProviderFactories);
+
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeInteriorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(btreeTupleWriterFactory);
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory btreeLeafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(btreeTupleWriterFactory);
+
+        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
+        LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory freePageManagerFactory = new LinkedListFreePageManagerFactory(diskBufferCache,
+                metaFrameFactory);
+
+        RTreeFactory diskRTreeFactory = new RTreeFactory(diskBufferCache, freePageManagerFactory, rtreeCmpFactories,
+                typeTraits.length, rtreeInteriorFrameFactory, rtreeLeafFrameFactory);
+        BTreeFactory diskBTreeFactory = new BTreeFactory(diskBufferCache, freePageManagerFactory, btreeCmpFactories,
+                typeTraits.length, btreeInteriorFrameFactory, btreeLeafFrameFactory);
+
+        ILSMFileManager fileNameManager = new LSMRTreeFileManager(ioManager, diskFileMapProvider, onDiskDir);
+        LSMRTree lsmTree = new LSMRTree(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager, rtreeInteriorFrameFactory,
+                rtreeLeafFrameFactory, btreeInteriorFrameFactory, btreeLeafFrameFactory, fileNameManager,
+                diskRTreeFactory, diskBTreeFactory, diskFileMapProvider, typeTraits.length, rtreeCmpFactories,
+                btreeCmpFactories);
+        return lsmTree;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/pom.xml b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/pom.xml
index 9abdd00..e3156a1 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/pom.xml
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/pom.xml
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
   		<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
   		<version>4.8.1</version>
   		<type>jar</type>
-  		<scope>test</scope>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
   	</dependency>  	  		
   </dependencies>
 </project>
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/api/IRTreeFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/api/IRTreeFrame.java
index dd57986..cad7981 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/api/IRTreeFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/api/IRTreeFrame.java
@@ -15,25 +15,21 @@
 
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api;
 
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISplitKey;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 
 public interface IRTreeFrame extends ITreeIndexFrame {
 
-	public void computeMBR(ISplitKey splitKey);
+    public void delete(int tupleIndex, MultiComparator cmp);
 
-	public void delete(int tupleIndex, MultiComparator cmp);
+    public long getPageNsn();
 
-	public long getPageNsn();
+    public void setPageNsn(long pageNsn);
 
-	public void setPageNsn(long pageNsn);
+    public int getRightPage();
 
-	public int getRightPage();
+    public void setRightPage(int rightPage);
 
-	public void setRightPage(int rightPage);
-
-	public void adjustMBR(ITreeIndexTupleReference[] tuples);
+    public void adjustMBR();
 
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/api/IRTreeInteriorFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/api/IRTreeInteriorFrame.java
index 2b3065d..5f333f3 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/api/IRTreeInteriorFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/api/IRTreeInteriorFrame.java
@@ -16,28 +16,29 @@
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.PathList;
 
 public interface IRTreeInteriorFrame extends IRTreeFrame {
 
-	public boolean findBestChild(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp);
+    public boolean findBestChild(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp);
 
-	public int getBestChildPageId();
+    public int getBestChildPageId();
 
-	public int getChildPageIdIfIntersect(ITupleReference tuple, int tupleIndex,
-			MultiComparator cmp);
+    public int getChildPageId(int tupleIndex);
 
-	public int findTupleByPointer(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp);
+    public int getChildPageIdIfIntersect(ITupleReference tuple, int tupleIndex, MultiComparator cmp);
 
-	public int findTupleByPointer(ITupleReference tuple, PathList traverseList,
-			int parentId, MultiComparator cmp);
+    public int findTupleByPointer(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp);
 
-	public void adjustKey(ITupleReference tuple, int tupleIndex,
-			MultiComparator cmp);
+    public int findTupleByPointer(ITupleReference tuple, PathList traverseList, int parentIndex, MultiComparator cmp);
 
-	public boolean recomputeMBR(ITupleReference tuple, int tupleIndex,
-			MultiComparator cmp);
+    public void adjustKey(ITupleReference tuple, int tupleIndex, MultiComparator cmp) throws TreeIndexException;
 
-	public void enlarge(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp);
+    public boolean recomputeMBR(ITupleReference tuple, int tupleIndex, MultiComparator cmp);
+
+    public void enlarge(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp);
+
+    boolean checkEnlargement(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp);
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelper.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelper.java
index 51abb79..99a349a 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelper.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelper.java
@@ -17,33 +17,26 @@
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.TreeIndexDataflowHelper;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.util.IndexUtils;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
 
 public class RTreeDataflowHelper extends TreeIndexDataflowHelper {
 
+    private final IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories;
+
     public RTreeDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int partition,
-            boolean createIfNotExists) {
+            boolean createIfNotExists, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories) {
         super(opDesc, ctx, partition, createIfNotExists);
+        this.valueProviderFactories = valueProviderFactories;
     }
 
     @Override
     public ITreeIndex createIndexInstance() throws HyracksDataException {
-        MultiComparator cmp = IndexUtils.createMultiComparator(treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexComparatorFactories());
-        IBufferCache bufferCache = treeOpDesc.getStorageManager().getBufferCache(ctx);
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaDataFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, indexFileId, 0,
-                metaDataFrameFactory);
-        return new RTree(bufferCache, treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexTypeTraits().length, cmp, freePageManager,
-                treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexInteriorFactory(), treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexLeafFactory());
+        return RTreeUtils.createRTree(treeOpDesc.getStorageManager().getBufferCache(ctx),
+                treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexTypeTraits(), valueProviderFactories,
+                treeOpDesc.getTreeIndexComparatorFactories());
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java
index 8cd4e95..c76aa63 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeDataflowHelperFactory.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.dataflow;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IndexDataflowHelper;
@@ -24,9 +25,15 @@
 
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
+    private final IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories;
+    
+    public RTreeDataflowHelperFactory(IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories) {
+        this.valueProviderFactories = valueProviderFactories;
+    }
+    
     @Override
     public IndexDataflowHelper createIndexDataflowHelper(IIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc, IHyracksTaskContext ctx,
             int partition, boolean createIfNotExists) {
-        return new RTreeDataflowHelper(opDesc, ctx, partition, createIfNotExists);
+        return new RTreeDataflowHelper(opDesc, ctx, partition, createIfNotExists, valueProviderFactories);
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor.java
index 8cb4e55..59c679d 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor.java
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.job.JobSpecification;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.std.file.IFileSplitProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndexDataflowHelperFactory;
@@ -38,12 +37,11 @@
 
     public RTreeSearchOperatorDescriptor(JobSpecification spec, RecordDescriptor recDesc,
             IStorageManagerInterface storageManager, IIndexRegistryProvider<IIndex> indexRegistryProvider,
-            IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider, ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory,
-            ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
+            IFileSplitProvider fileSplitProvider, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
             IBinaryComparatorFactory[] comparatorFactories, int[] keyFields,
             IIndexDataflowHelperFactory dataflowHelperFactory) {
-        super(spec, 1, 1, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, fileSplitProvider, interiorFrameFactory,
-                leafFrameFactory, typeTraits, comparatorFactories, dataflowHelperFactory);
+        super(spec, 1, 1, recDesc, storageManager, indexRegistryProvider, fileSplitProvider, typeTraits,
+                comparatorFactories, dataflowHelperFactory);
         this.keyFields = keyFields;
     }
 
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeSearchOperatorNodePushable.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeSearchOperatorNodePushable.java
index 9f62b8f..fd65c20 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeSearchOperatorNodePushable.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/dataflow/RTreeSearchOperatorNodePushable.java
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IRecordDescriptorProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
@@ -41,6 +40,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSearchCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
 
 public class RTreeSearchOperatorNodePushable extends AbstractUnaryInputUnaryOutputOperatorNodePushable {
     private TreeIndexDataflowHelper treeIndexHelper;
@@ -75,23 +75,17 @@
 
     @Override
     public void open() throws HyracksDataException {
-        AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor opDesc = (AbstractTreeIndexOperatorDescriptor) treeIndexHelper
-                .getOperatorDescriptor();
-        accessor = new FrameTupleAccessor(treeIndexHelper.getHyracksTaskContext().getFrameSize(), recDesc);
-        interiorFrame = opDesc.getTreeIndexInteriorFactory().createFrame();
-        leafFrame = opDesc.getTreeIndexLeafFactory().createFrame();
-        cursor = new RTreeSearchCursor((IRTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrame, (IRTreeLeafFrame) leafFrame);
+        accessor = new FrameTupleAccessor(treeIndexHelper.getHyracksTaskContext().getFrameSize(), recDesc);        
         try {
             treeIndexHelper.init();
             writer.open();
             try {
                 rtree = (RTree) treeIndexHelper.getIndex();
-                int keySearchFields = rtree.getCmp().getComparators().length;
-                IBinaryComparator[] keySearchComparators = new IBinaryComparator[keySearchFields];
-                for (int i = 0; i < keySearchFields; i++) {
-                    keySearchComparators[i] = rtree.getCmp().getComparators()[i];
-                }
-                cmp = new MultiComparator(keySearchComparators);
+                interiorFrame = rtree.getInteriorFrameFactory().createFrame();
+                leafFrame = rtree.getLeafFrameFactory().createFrame();
+                cursor = new RTreeSearchCursor((IRTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrame, (IRTreeLeafFrame) leafFrame);
+                cmp = RTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(rtree.getComparatorFactories(), searchKey);
+
                 searchPred = new SearchPredicate(searchKey, cmp);
                 writeBuffer = treeIndexHelper.getHyracksTaskContext().allocateFrame();
                 tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(rtree.getFieldCount());
@@ -140,7 +134,6 @@
             for (int i = 0; i < tupleCount; i++) {
                 searchKey.reset(accessor, i);
 
-                searchPred.setSearchKey(searchKey);
                 cursor.reset();
                 indexAccessor.search(cursor, searchPred);
                 writeSearchResults();
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMFrame.java
index 546a4d4..84e66ef 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMFrame.java
@@ -15,200 +15,319 @@
 
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISplitKey;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.TreeIndexNSMFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.EntriesOrder;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSplitKey;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.Rectangle;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.TupleEntryArrayList;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.UnorderedSlotManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter;
 
-public abstract class RTreeNSMFrame extends TreeIndexNSMFrame implements
-		IRTreeFrame {
-	protected static final int pageNsnOff = smFlagOff + 1;
-	protected static final int rightPageOff = pageNsnOff + 8;
+public abstract class RTreeNSMFrame extends TreeIndexNSMFrame implements IRTreeFrame {
+    protected static final int pageNsnOff = smFlagOff + 1;
+    protected static final int rightPageOff = pageNsnOff + 8;
 
-	protected ITreeIndexTupleReference[] tuples;
-	protected ITreeIndexTupleReference cmpFrameTuple;
-	protected TupleEntryArrayList tupleEntries1; // used for split and checking
-													// enlargement
-	protected TupleEntryArrayList tupleEntries2; // used for split
+    protected ITreeIndexTupleReference[] tuples;
+    protected ITreeIndexTupleReference cmpFrameTuple;
+    protected TupleEntryArrayList tupleEntries1; // used for split and checking
+                                                 // enlargement
+    protected TupleEntryArrayList tupleEntries2; // used for split
 
-	protected Rectangle[] rec;
+    protected Rectangle[] rec;
 
-	protected static final double splitFactor = 0.4;
-	protected static final int nearMinimumOverlapFactor = 32;
-	private static final double doubleEpsilon = computeDoubleEpsilon();
-	private static final int numTuplesEntries = 100;
-	protected final IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders;
-	
-	public RTreeNSMFrame(ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders) {
-		super(tupleWriter, new UnorderedSlotManager());		
-		this.tuples = new ITreeIndexTupleReference[keyValueProviders.length];
-		for (int i = 0; i < keyValueProviders.length; i++) {
-			this.tuples[i] = tupleWriter.createTupleReference();
-		}
-		cmpFrameTuple = tupleWriter.createTupleReference();
+    protected static final double splitFactor = 0.4;
+    protected static final int nearMinimumOverlapFactor = 32;
+    private static final double doubleEpsilon = computeDoubleEpsilon();
+    private static final int numTuplesEntries = 100;
+    protected final IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders;
 
-		tupleEntries1 = new TupleEntryArrayList(numTuplesEntries,
-				numTuplesEntries);
-		tupleEntries2 = new TupleEntryArrayList(numTuplesEntries,
-				numTuplesEntries);
-		rec = new Rectangle[4];
-		for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-			rec[i] = new Rectangle(keyValueProviders.length / 2);
-		}
-		this.keyValueProviders = keyValueProviders;
-	}
+    public RTreeNSMFrame(ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders) {
+        super(tupleWriter, new UnorderedSlotManager());
+        this.tuples = new ITreeIndexTupleReference[keyValueProviders.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < keyValueProviders.length; i++) {
+            this.tuples[i] = tupleWriter.createTupleReference();
+        }
+        cmpFrameTuple = tupleWriter.createTupleReference();
 
-	private static double computeDoubleEpsilon() {
-		double doubleEpsilon = 1.0;
+        tupleEntries1 = new TupleEntryArrayList(numTuplesEntries, numTuplesEntries);
+        tupleEntries2 = new TupleEntryArrayList(numTuplesEntries, numTuplesEntries);
+        rec = new Rectangle[4];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            rec[i] = new Rectangle(keyValueProviders.length / 2);
+        }
+        this.keyValueProviders = keyValueProviders;
+    }
 
-		do {
-			doubleEpsilon /= 2.0;
-		} while (1.0 + (doubleEpsilon / 2.0) != 1.0);
-		return doubleEpsilon;
-	}
+    private static double computeDoubleEpsilon() {
+        double doubleEpsilon = 1.0;
 
-	public static double doubleEpsilon() {
-		return doubleEpsilon;
-	}
+        do {
+            doubleEpsilon /= 2.0;
+        } while (1.0 + (doubleEpsilon / 2.0) != 1.0);
+        return doubleEpsilon;
+    }
 
-	@Override
-	public void initBuffer(byte level) {
-		super.initBuffer(level);
-		buf.putLong(pageNsnOff, 0);
-		buf.putInt(rightPageOff, -1);
-	}
+    public static double doubleEpsilon() {
+        return doubleEpsilon;
+    }
 
-	public void setTupleCount(int tupleCount) {
-		buf.putInt(tupleCountOff, tupleCount);
-	}
+    @Override
+    public void initBuffer(byte level) {
+        super.initBuffer(level);
+        buf.putLong(pageNsnOff, 0);
+        buf.putInt(rightPageOff, -1);
+    }
 
-	@Override
-	public void setPageNsn(long pageNsn) {
-		buf.putLong(pageNsnOff, pageNsn);
-	}
+    public void setTupleCount(int tupleCount) {
+        buf.putInt(tupleCountOff, tupleCount);
+    }
 
-	@Override
-	public long getPageNsn() {
-		return buf.getLong(pageNsnOff);
-	}
+    @Override
+    public void setPageNsn(long pageNsn) {
+        buf.putLong(pageNsnOff, pageNsn);
+    }
 
-	@Override
-	protected void resetSpaceParams() {
-		buf.putInt(freeSpaceOff, rightPageOff + 4);
-		buf.putInt(totalFreeSpaceOff, buf.capacity() - (rightPageOff + 4));
-	}
+    @Override
+    public long getPageNsn() {
+        return buf.getLong(pageNsnOff);
+    }
 
-	@Override
-	public int getRightPage() {
-		return buf.getInt(rightPageOff);
-	}
+    @Override
+    protected void resetSpaceParams() {
+        buf.putInt(freeSpaceOff, rightPageOff + 4);
+        buf.putInt(totalFreeSpaceOff, buf.capacity() - (rightPageOff + 4));
+    }
 
-	@Override
-	public void setRightPage(int rightPage) {
-		buf.putInt(rightPageOff, rightPage);
-	}
+    @Override
+    public int getRightPage() {
+        return buf.getInt(rightPageOff);
+    }
 
-	protected ITreeIndexTupleReference[] getTuples() {
-		return tuples;
-	}
+    @Override
+    public void setRightPage(int rightPage) {
+        buf.putInt(rightPageOff, rightPage);
+    }
 
-	// for debugging
-	public ArrayList<Integer> getChildren(MultiComparator cmp) {
-		ArrayList<Integer> ret = new ArrayList<Integer>();
-		frameTuple.setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
-		int tupleCount = buf.getInt(tupleCountOff);
-		for (int i = 0; i < tupleCount; i++) {
-			int tupleOff = slotManager.getTupleOff(slotManager.getSlotOff(i));
-			frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, tupleOff);
+    protected ITreeIndexTupleReference[] getTuples() {
+        return tuples;
+    }
 
-			int intVal = IntegerSerializerDeserializer.getInt(
-					buf.array(),
-					frameTuple.getFieldStart(frameTuple.getFieldCount() - 1)
-							+ frameTuple.getFieldLength(frameTuple
-									.getFieldCount() - 1));
-			ret.add(intVal);
-		}
-		return ret;
-	}
+    @Override
+    public void split(ITreeIndexFrame rightFrame, ITupleReference tuple, ISplitKey splitKey) throws TreeIndexException {
+        RTreeSplitKey rTreeSplitKey = ((RTreeSplitKey) splitKey);
+        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter rTreeTupleWriterLeftFrame = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) tupleWriter);
+        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter rTreeTupleWriterRightFrame = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) rightFrame.getTupleWriter());
 
-	public void generateDist(ITupleReference tuple,
-			TupleEntryArrayList entries, Rectangle rec, int start, int end) {
-		int j = 0;
-		while (entries.get(j).getTupleIndex() == -1) {
-			j++;
-		}
-		frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, entries.get(j).getTupleIndex());
-		rec.set(frameTuple, keyValueProviders);
-		for (int i = start; i < end; ++i) {
-			if (i != j) {
-				if (entries.get(i).getTupleIndex() != -1) {
-					frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, entries.get(i)
-							.getTupleIndex());
-					rec.enlarge(frameTuple, keyValueProviders);
-				} else {
-					rec.enlarge(tuple, keyValueProviders);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
+        // calculations are based on the R*-tree paper
+        int m = (int) Math.floor((getTupleCount() + 1) * splitFactor);
+        int splitDistribution = getTupleCount() - (2 * m) + 2;
 
-	@Override
-	public ITreeIndexTupleReference createTupleReference() {
-		return tupleWriter.createTupleReference();
-	}
+        // to calculate the minimum margin in order to pick the split axis
+        double minMargin = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+        int splitAxis = 0, sortOrder = 0;
 
-	public void adjustMBRImpl(ITreeIndexTupleReference[] tuples) {
-		int maxFieldPos = keyValueProviders.length / 2;
-		for (int i = 1; i < getTupleCount(); i++) {
-			frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
-			for (int j = 0; j < maxFieldPos; j++) {
-				int k = maxFieldPos + j;
-				double valA = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(j), frameTuple.getFieldStart(j));
-				double valB = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuples[j].getFieldData(j), tuples[j].getFieldStart(j));
-				if (valA < valB) {
-					tuples[j].resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
-				}
-				valA = keyValueProviders[k].getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(k), frameTuple.getFieldStart(k));
-				valB = keyValueProviders[k].getValue(tuples[k].getFieldData(k), tuples[k].getFieldStart(k));
-				if (valA > valB) {
-					tuples[k].resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
+        int maxFieldPos = keyValueProviders.length / 2;
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            for (int k = 0; k < getTupleCount(); ++k) {
 
-	@Override
-	public void computeMBR(ISplitKey splitKey) {
-		RTreeSplitKey rTreeSplitKey = ((RTreeSplitKey) splitKey);
-		RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter rTreeTupleWriterLeftFrame = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) tupleWriter);
+                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, k);
+                double LowerKey = keyValueProviders[i]
+                        .getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(i), frameTuple.getFieldStart(i));
+                double UpperKey = keyValueProviders[j]
+                        .getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(j), frameTuple.getFieldStart(j));
 
-		int tupleOff = slotManager.getTupleOff(slotManager.getSlotEndOff());
-		frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, tupleOff);
-		int splitKeySize = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frameTuple, 0,
-				keyValueProviders.length);
+                tupleEntries1.add(k, LowerKey);
+                tupleEntries2.add(k, UpperKey);
+            }
+            double LowerKey = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i));
+            double UpperKey = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j));
 
-		splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
-		this.adjustMBR(tuples);
-		rTreeTupleWriterLeftFrame.writeTupleFields(tuples, 0,
-				rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
-		rTreeSplitKey.getLeftTuple().resetByTupleOffset(
-				rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
-	}
+            tupleEntries1.add(-1, LowerKey);
+            tupleEntries2.add(-1, UpperKey);
 
-	@Override
-	public int getPageHeaderSize() {
-		return rightPageOff;
-	}
+            tupleEntries1.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, getTupleCount() + 1);
+            tupleEntries2.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, getTupleCount() + 1);
+
+            double lowerMargin = 0.0, upperMargin = 0.0;
+            // generate distribution
+            for (int k = 1; k <= splitDistribution; ++k) {
+                int d = m - 1 + k;
+
+                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[0], 0, d);
+                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries2, rec[1], 0, d);
+                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[2], d, getTupleCount() + 1);
+                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries2, rec[3], d, getTupleCount() + 1);
+
+                // calculate the margin of the distributions
+                lowerMargin += rec[0].margin() + rec[2].margin();
+                upperMargin += rec[1].margin() + rec[3].margin();
+            }
+            double margin = Math.min(lowerMargin, upperMargin);
+
+            // store minimum margin as split axis
+            if (margin < minMargin) {
+                minMargin = margin;
+                splitAxis = i;
+                sortOrder = (lowerMargin < upperMargin) ? 0 : 2;
+            }
+
+            tupleEntries1.clear();
+            tupleEntries2.clear();
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < getTupleCount(); ++i) {
+            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
+            double key = keyValueProviders[splitAxis + sortOrder].getValue(
+                    frameTuple.getFieldData(splitAxis + sortOrder), frameTuple.getFieldStart(splitAxis + sortOrder));
+            tupleEntries1.add(i, key);
+        }
+        double key = keyValueProviders[splitAxis + sortOrder].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(splitAxis + sortOrder),
+                tuple.getFieldStart(splitAxis + sortOrder));
+        tupleEntries1.add(-1, key);
+        tupleEntries1.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, getTupleCount() + 1);
+
+        double minArea = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+        double minOverlap = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+        int splitPoint = 0;
+        for (int i = 1; i <= splitDistribution; ++i) {
+            int d = m - 1 + i;
+
+            generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[0], 0, d);
+            generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[2], d, getTupleCount() + 1);
+
+            double overlap = rec[0].overlappedArea(rec[2]);
+            if (overlap < minOverlap) {
+                splitPoint = d;
+                minOverlap = overlap;
+                minArea = rec[0].area() + rec[2].area();
+            } else if (overlap == minOverlap) {
+                double area = rec[0].area() + rec[2].area();
+                if (area < minArea) {
+                    splitPoint = d;
+                    minArea = area;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        int startIndex, endIndex;
+        if (splitPoint < (getTupleCount() + 1) / 2) {
+            startIndex = 0;
+            endIndex = splitPoint;
+        } else {
+            startIndex = splitPoint;
+            endIndex = (getTupleCount() + 1);
+        }
+        boolean tupleInserted = false;
+        int totalBytes = 0, numOfDeletedTuples = 0;
+        for (int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) {
+            if (tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex() != -1) {
+                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex());
+                rightFrame.insert(frameTuple, -1);
+                ((UnorderedSlotManager) slotManager).modifySlot(
+                        slotManager.getSlotOff(tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex()), -1);
+                totalBytes += getTupleSize(frameTuple);
+                numOfDeletedTuples++;
+            } else {
+                rightFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
+                tupleInserted = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        ((UnorderedSlotManager) slotManager).deleteEmptySlots();
+
+        // maintain space information
+        buf.putInt(totalFreeSpaceOff, buf.getInt(totalFreeSpaceOff) + totalBytes
+                + (slotManager.getSlotSize() * numOfDeletedTuples));
+
+        // compact both pages
+        rightFrame.compact();
+        compact();
+
+        if (!tupleInserted) {
+            insert(tuple, -1);
+        }
+
+        int tupleOff = slotManager.getTupleOff(slotManager.getSlotEndOff());
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, tupleOff);
+        int splitKeySize = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frameTuple, 0, keyValueProviders.length);
+
+        splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
+        this.adjustMBR();
+        rTreeTupleWriterLeftFrame.writeTupleFields(getTuples(), 0, rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
+        rTreeSplitKey.getLeftTuple().resetByTupleOffset(rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
+
+        ((IRTreeFrame) rightFrame).adjustMBR();
+        rTreeTupleWriterRightFrame.writeTupleFields(((RTreeNSMFrame) rightFrame).getTuples(), 0,
+                rTreeSplitKey.getRightPageBuffer(), 0);
+        rTreeSplitKey.getRightTuple().resetByTupleOffset(rTreeSplitKey.getRightPageBuffer(), 0);
+
+        tupleEntries1.clear();
+        tupleEntries2.clear();
+    }
+
+    abstract public int getTupleSize(ITupleReference tuple);
+
+    public void generateDist(ITupleReference tuple, TupleEntryArrayList entries, Rectangle rec, int start, int end) {
+        int j = 0;
+        while (entries.get(j).getTupleIndex() == -1) {
+            j++;
+        }
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, entries.get(j).getTupleIndex());
+        rec.set(frameTuple, keyValueProviders);
+        for (int i = start; i < end; ++i) {
+            if (i != j) {
+                if (entries.get(i).getTupleIndex() != -1) {
+                    frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, entries.get(i).getTupleIndex());
+                    rec.enlarge(frameTuple, keyValueProviders);
+                } else {
+                    rec.enlarge(tuple, keyValueProviders);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void adjustMBRImpl(ITreeIndexTupleReference[] tuples) {
+        int maxFieldPos = keyValueProviders.length / 2;
+        for (int i = 1; i < getTupleCount(); i++) {
+            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
+            for (int j = 0; j < maxFieldPos; j++) {
+                int k = maxFieldPos + j;
+                double valA = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(j), frameTuple.getFieldStart(j));
+                double valB = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuples[j].getFieldData(j), tuples[j].getFieldStart(j));
+                if (valA < valB) {
+                    tuples[j].resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
+                }
+                valA = keyValueProviders[k].getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(k), frameTuple.getFieldStart(k));
+                valB = keyValueProviders[k].getValue(tuples[k].getFieldData(k), tuples[k].getFieldStart(k));
+                if (valA > valB) {
+                    tuples[k].resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void adjustMBR() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < tuples.length; i++) {
+            tuples[i].setFieldCount(getFieldCount());
+            tuples[i].resetByTupleIndex(this, 0);
+        }
+
+        adjustMBRImpl(tuples);
+    }
+
+    public abstract int getFieldCount();
+
+    @Override
+    public int getPageHeaderSize() {
+        return rightPageOff;
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java
index f3e6be2..63387ef 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMInteriorFrame.java
@@ -24,31 +24,27 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISplitKey;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.FrameOpSpaceStatus;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.SlotOffTupleOff;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.EntriesOrder;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.PathList;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSplitKey;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.UnorderedSlotManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter;
 
 public class RTreeNSMInteriorFrame extends RTreeNSMFrame implements IRTreeInteriorFrame {
 
     private static final int childPtrSize = 4;
-    private static IBinaryComparator childPtrCmp = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY)
+    private IBinaryComparator childPtrCmp = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY)
             .createBinaryComparator();
+    private final int keyFieldCount;
 
     public RTreeNSMInteriorFrame(ITreeIndexTupleWriter tupleWriter, IPrimitiveValueProvider[] keyValueProviders) {
         super(tupleWriter, keyValueProviders);
-        frameTuple.setFieldCount(keyValueProviders.length);
+        keyFieldCount = keyValueProviders.length;
+        frameTuple.setFieldCount(keyFieldCount);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -151,6 +147,13 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    public ITreeIndexTupleReference createTupleReference() {
+        ITreeIndexTupleReference tuple = tupleWriter.createTupleReference();
+        tuple.setFieldCount(keyFieldCount);
+        return tuple;
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public int getBestChildPageId() {
         return buf.getInt(getChildPointerOff(frameTuple));
     }
@@ -169,6 +172,12 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    public int getChildPageId(int tupleIndex) {
+        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, tupleIndex);
+        return buf.getInt(getChildPointerOff(frameTuple));
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public int getChildPageIdIfIntersect(ITupleReference tuple, int tupleIndex, MultiComparator cmp) {
         frameTuple.setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
         frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, tupleIndex);
@@ -245,10 +254,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public FrameOpSpaceStatus hasSpaceInsert(ITupleReference tuple) {
-        int bytesRequired = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple) + childPtrSize; // for
-                                                                             // the
-                                                                             // child
-                                                                             // pointer
+        int bytesRequired = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple) + childPtrSize;
         if (bytesRequired + slotManager.getSlotSize() <= buf.capacity() - buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff)
                 - (buf.getInt(tupleCountOff) * slotManager.getSlotSize()))
             return FrameOpSpaceStatus.SUFFICIENT_CONTIGUOUS_SPACE;
@@ -259,14 +265,18 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void adjustKey(ITupleReference tuple, int tupleIndex, MultiComparator cmp) {
+    public void adjustKey(ITupleReference tuple, int tupleIndex, MultiComparator cmp) throws TreeIndexException {
         frameTuple.setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
         if (tupleIndex == -1) {
             tupleIndex = findTupleByPointer(tuple, cmp);
         }
         if (tupleIndex != -1) {
             tupleWriter.writeTuple(tuple, buf.array(), getTupleOffset(tupleIndex));
+        } else {
+            throw new TreeIndexException("Error: Faild to find a tuple in a page");
+
         }
+
     }
 
     private int pointerCmp(ITupleReference tupleA, ITupleReference tupleB, MultiComparator cmp) {
@@ -275,157 +285,8 @@
                         tupleB.getFieldData(cmp.getKeyFieldCount() - 1), getChildPointerOff(tupleB), childPtrSize);
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public void split(ITreeIndexFrame rightFrame, ITupleReference tuple, ISplitKey splitKey) throws TreeIndexException {
-        RTreeSplitKey rTreeSplitKey = ((RTreeSplitKey) splitKey);
-        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter rTreeTupleWriterLeftFrame = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) tupleWriter);
-        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter rTreeTupleWriterRightFrame = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) rightFrame.getTupleWriter());
-
-        // calculations are based on the R*-tree paper
-        int m = (int) Math.floor((getTupleCount() + 1) * splitFactor);
-        int splitDistribution = getTupleCount() - (2 * m) + 2;
-
-        // to calculate the minimum margin in order to pick the split axis
-        double minMargin = Double.MAX_VALUE;
-        int splitAxis = 0, sortOrder = 0;
-
-        int maxFieldPos = keyValueProviders.length / 2;
-        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
-            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
-            for (int k = 0; k < getTupleCount(); ++k) {
-
-                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, k);
-                double LowerKey = keyValueProviders[i]
-                        .getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(i), frameTuple.getFieldStart(i));
-                double UpperKey = keyValueProviders[j]
-                        .getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(j), frameTuple.getFieldStart(j));
-
-                tupleEntries1.add(k, LowerKey);
-                tupleEntries2.add(k, UpperKey);
-            }
-            double LowerKey = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i));
-            double UpperKey = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j));
-
-            tupleEntries1.add(-1, LowerKey);
-            tupleEntries2.add(-1, UpperKey);
-
-            tupleEntries1.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, getTupleCount() + 1);
-            tupleEntries2.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, getTupleCount() + 1);
-
-            double lowerMargin = 0.0, upperMargin = 0.0;
-            // generate distribution
-            for (int k = 1; k <= splitDistribution; ++k) {
-                int d = m - 1 + k;
-
-                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[0], 0, d);
-                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries2, rec[1], 0, d);
-                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[2], d, getTupleCount() + 1);
-                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries2, rec[3], d, getTupleCount() + 1);
-
-                // calculate the margin of the distributions
-                lowerMargin += rec[0].margin() + rec[2].margin();
-                upperMargin += rec[1].margin() + rec[3].margin();
-            }
-            double margin = Math.min(lowerMargin, upperMargin);
-
-            // store minimum margin as split axis
-            if (margin < minMargin) {
-                minMargin = margin;
-                splitAxis = i;
-                sortOrder = (lowerMargin < upperMargin) ? 0 : 2;
-            }
-
-            tupleEntries1.clear();
-            tupleEntries2.clear();
-        }
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < getTupleCount(); ++i) {
-            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
-            double key = keyValueProviders[splitAxis + sortOrder].getValue(
-                    frameTuple.getFieldData(splitAxis + sortOrder), frameTuple.getFieldStart(splitAxis + sortOrder));
-            tupleEntries1.add(i, key);
-        }
-        double key = keyValueProviders[splitAxis + sortOrder].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(splitAxis + sortOrder),
-                tuple.getFieldStart(splitAxis + sortOrder));
-        tupleEntries1.add(-1, key);
-        tupleEntries1.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, getTupleCount() + 1);
-
-        double minArea = Double.MAX_VALUE;
-        double minOverlap = Double.MAX_VALUE;
-        int splitPoint = 0;
-        for (int i = 1; i <= splitDistribution; ++i) {
-            int d = m - 1 + i;
-
-            generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[0], 0, d);
-            generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[2], d, getTupleCount() + 1);
-
-            double overlap = rec[0].overlappedArea(rec[2]);
-            if (overlap < minOverlap) {
-                splitPoint = d;
-                minOverlap = overlap;
-                minArea = rec[0].area() + rec[2].area();
-            } else if (overlap == minOverlap) {
-                double area = rec[0].area() + rec[2].area();
-                if (area < minArea) {
-                    splitPoint = d;
-                    minArea = area;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        int startIndex, endIndex;
-        if (splitPoint < (getTupleCount() + 1) / 2) {
-            startIndex = 0;
-            endIndex = splitPoint;
-        } else {
-            startIndex = splitPoint;
-            endIndex = (getTupleCount() + 1);
-        }
-        boolean tupleInserted = false;
-        int totalBytes = 0, numOfDeletedTuples = 0;
-        for (int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) {
-            if (tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex() != -1) {
-                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex());
-                rightFrame.insert(frameTuple, -1);
-                ((UnorderedSlotManager) slotManager).modifySlot(
-                        slotManager.getSlotOff(tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex()), -1);
-                totalBytes += tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frameTuple) + childPtrSize;
-                numOfDeletedTuples++;
-            } else {
-                rightFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
-                tupleInserted = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        ((UnorderedSlotManager) slotManager).deleteEmptySlots();
-
-        // maintain space information
-        buf.putInt(totalFreeSpaceOff, buf.getInt(totalFreeSpaceOff) + totalBytes
-                + (slotManager.getSlotSize() * numOfDeletedTuples));
-
-        // compact both pages
-        rightFrame.compact();
-        compact();
-
-        if (!tupleInserted) {
-            insert(tuple, -1);
-        }
-
-        int tupleOff = slotManager.getTupleOff(slotManager.getSlotEndOff());
-        frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, tupleOff);
-        int splitKeySize = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frameTuple, 0, keyValueProviders.length);
-
-        splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
-        this.adjustMBR(tuples);
-        rTreeTupleWriterLeftFrame.writeTupleFields(tuples, 0, rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
-        rTreeSplitKey.getLeftTuple().resetByTupleOffset(rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
-
-        ((IRTreeFrame) rightFrame).adjustMBR(((RTreeNSMFrame) rightFrame).getTuples());
-        rTreeTupleWriterRightFrame.writeTupleFields(((RTreeNSMFrame) rightFrame).getTuples(), 0,
-                rTreeSplitKey.getRightPageBuffer(), 0);
-        rTreeSplitKey.getRightTuple().resetByTupleOffset(rTreeSplitKey.getRightPageBuffer(), 0);
-
-        tupleEntries1.clear();
-        tupleEntries2.clear();
+    public int getTupleSize(ITupleReference tuple) {
+        return tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple) + childPtrSize;
     }
 
     private int getChildPointerOff(ITupleReference tuple) {
@@ -437,7 +298,7 @@
         frameTuple.setFieldCount(tuple.getFieldCount());
         slotManager.insertSlot(-1, buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff));
         int freeSpace = buf.getInt(freeSpaceOff);
-        int bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(tuple, 0, tuple.getFieldCount(), buf, freeSpace);
+        int bytesWritten = tupleWriter.writeTupleFields(tuple, 0, tuple.getFieldCount(), buf.array(), freeSpace);
         System.arraycopy(tuple.getFieldData(tuple.getFieldCount() - 1), getChildPointerOff(tuple), buf.array(),
                 freeSpace + bytesWritten, childPtrSize);
         int tupleSize = bytesWritten + childPtrSize;
@@ -585,6 +446,27 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    public boolean checkEnlargement(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp) {
+        int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(frameTuple.getFieldData(i), frameTuple.getFieldStart(i),
+                    frameTuple.getFieldLength(i), tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
+                    tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+            if (c > 0) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            c = cmp.getComparators()[j].compare(frameTuple.getFieldData(j), frameTuple.getFieldStart(j),
+                    frameTuple.getFieldLength(j), tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j),
+                    tuple.getFieldLength(j));
+            if (c < 0) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public void enlarge(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp) {
         int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
         for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
@@ -606,13 +488,25 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public void adjustMBR(ITreeIndexTupleReference[] tuples) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < tuples.length; i++) {
-            tuples[i].setFieldCount(keyValueProviders.length);
-            tuples[i].resetByTupleIndex(this, 0);
+    // For debugging.
+    public ArrayList<Integer> getChildren(MultiComparator cmp) {
+        ArrayList<Integer> ret = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        frameTuple.setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+        int tupleCount = buf.getInt(tupleCountOff);
+        for (int i = 0; i < tupleCount; i++) {
+            int tupleOff = slotManager.getTupleOff(slotManager.getSlotOff(i));
+            frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, tupleOff);
+            int intVal = IntegerSerializerDeserializer.getInt(
+                    buf.array(),
+                    frameTuple.getFieldStart(frameTuple.getFieldCount() - 1)
+                            + frameTuple.getFieldLength(frameTuple.getFieldCount() - 1));
+            ret.add(intVal);
         }
+        return ret;
+    }
 
-        adjustMBRImpl(tuples);
+    @Override
+    public int getFieldCount() {
+        return keyValueProviders.length;
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMLeafFrame.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMLeafFrame.java
index b2ae5fc..f1d71ff 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMLeafFrame.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/frames/RTreeNSMLeafFrame.java
@@ -17,18 +17,10 @@
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISplitKey;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexTupleWriter;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.EntriesOrder;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSplitKey;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.UnorderedSlotManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter;
 
 public class RTreeNSMLeafFrame extends RTreeNSMFrame implements IRTreeLeafFrame {
 
@@ -37,6 +29,11 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    public ITreeIndexTupleReference createTupleReference() {
+        return tupleWriter.createTupleReference();
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public int findTupleIndex(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp) {
         return slotManager.findTupleIndex(tuple, frameTuple, cmp, null, null);
     }
@@ -63,159 +60,8 @@
         return true;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public void split(ITreeIndexFrame rightFrame, ITupleReference tuple, ISplitKey splitKey) throws TreeIndexException {
-
-        RTreeSplitKey rTreeSplitKey = ((RTreeSplitKey) splitKey);
-        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter rTreeTupleWriterLeftFrame = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) tupleWriter);
-        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter rTreeTupleWriterRightFrame = ((RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriter) rightFrame.getTupleWriter());
-
-        // calculations are based on the R*-tree paper
-        int m = (int) Math.floor((getTupleCount() + 1) * splitFactor);
-        int splitDistribution = getTupleCount() - (2 * m) + 2;
-
-        // to calculate the minimum margin in order to pick the split axis
-        double minMargin = Double.MAX_VALUE;
-        int splitAxis = 0, sortOrder = 0;
-
-        int maxFieldPos = keyValueProviders.length / 2;
-        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
-            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
-            for (int k = 0; k < getTupleCount(); ++k) {
-
-                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, k);
-
-                double LowerKey = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(i),
-                        frameTuple.getFieldStart(i));
-                double UpperKey = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(frameTuple.getFieldData(j),
-                        frameTuple.getFieldStart(j));
-
-                tupleEntries1.add(k, LowerKey);
-                tupleEntries2.add(k, UpperKey);
-            }
-            double LowerKey = keyValueProviders[i].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i));
-            double UpperKey = keyValueProviders[j].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j));
-
-            tupleEntries1.add(-1, LowerKey);
-            tupleEntries2.add(-1, UpperKey);
-
-            tupleEntries1.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, getTupleCount() + 1);
-            tupleEntries2.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, getTupleCount() + 1);
-
-            double lowerMargin = 0.0, upperMargin = 0.0;
-            // generate distribution
-            for (int k = 1; k <= splitDistribution; ++k) {
-                int d = m - 1 + k;
-
-                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[0], 0, d);
-                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries2, rec[1], 0, d);
-                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[2], d, getTupleCount() + 1);
-                generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries2, rec[3], d, getTupleCount() + 1);
-
-                // calculate the margin of the distributions
-                lowerMargin += rec[0].margin() + rec[2].margin();
-                upperMargin += rec[1].margin() + rec[3].margin();
-            }
-            double margin = Math.min(lowerMargin, upperMargin);
-
-            // store minimum margin as split axis
-            if (margin < minMargin) {
-                minMargin = margin;
-                splitAxis = i;
-                sortOrder = (lowerMargin < upperMargin) ? 0 : 2;
-            }
-
-            tupleEntries1.clear();
-            tupleEntries2.clear();
-        }
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < getTupleCount(); ++i) {
-            frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, i);
-            double key = keyValueProviders[splitAxis + sortOrder].getValue(
-                    frameTuple.getFieldData(splitAxis + sortOrder), frameTuple.getFieldStart(splitAxis + sortOrder));
-            tupleEntries1.add(i, key);
-        }
-        double key = keyValueProviders[splitAxis + sortOrder].getValue(tuple.getFieldData(splitAxis + sortOrder),
-                tuple.getFieldStart(splitAxis + sortOrder));
-        tupleEntries1.add(-1, key);
-        tupleEntries1.sort(EntriesOrder.ASCENDING, getTupleCount() + 1);
-
-        double minArea = Double.MAX_VALUE;
-        double minOverlap = Double.MAX_VALUE;
-        int splitPoint = 0;
-        for (int i = 1; i <= splitDistribution; ++i) {
-            int d = m - 1 + i;
-
-            generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[0], 0, d);
-            generateDist(tuple, tupleEntries1, rec[2], d, getTupleCount() + 1);
-
-            double overlap = rec[0].overlappedArea(rec[2]);
-            if (overlap < minOverlap) {
-                splitPoint = d;
-                minOverlap = overlap;
-                minArea = rec[0].area() + rec[2].area();
-            } else if (overlap == minOverlap) {
-                double area = rec[0].area() + rec[2].area();
-                if (area < minArea) {
-                    splitPoint = d;
-                    minArea = area;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        int startIndex, endIndex;
-        if (splitPoint < (getTupleCount() + 1) / 2) {
-            startIndex = 0;
-            endIndex = splitPoint;
-        } else {
-            startIndex = splitPoint;
-            endIndex = (getTupleCount() + 1);
-        }
-        boolean tupleInserted = false;
-        int totalBytes = 0, numOfDeletedTuples = 0;
-        for (int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; i++) {
-            if (tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex() != -1) {
-                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(this, tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex());
-                rightFrame.insert(frameTuple, -1);
-                ((UnorderedSlotManager) slotManager).modifySlot(
-                        slotManager.getSlotOff(tupleEntries1.get(i).getTupleIndex()), -1);
-                totalBytes += tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frameTuple);
-                numOfDeletedTuples++;
-            } else {
-                rightFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
-                tupleInserted = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        ((UnorderedSlotManager) slotManager).deleteEmptySlots();
-
-        // maintain space information
-        buf.putInt(totalFreeSpaceOff, buf.getInt(totalFreeSpaceOff) + totalBytes
-                + (slotManager.getSlotSize() * numOfDeletedTuples));
-
-        // compact both pages
-        rightFrame.compact();
-        compact();
-
-        if (!tupleInserted) {
-            insert(tuple, -1);
-        }
-
-        int tupleOff = slotManager.getTupleOff(slotManager.getSlotEndOff());
-        frameTuple.resetByTupleOffset(buf, tupleOff);
-        int splitKeySize = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(frameTuple, 0, keyValueProviders.length);
-
-        splitKey.initData(splitKeySize);
-        this.adjustMBR(tuples);
-        rTreeTupleWriterLeftFrame.writeTupleFields(tuples, 0, rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
-        rTreeSplitKey.getLeftTuple().resetByTupleOffset(rTreeSplitKey.getLeftPageBuffer(), 0);
-
-        ((IRTreeFrame) rightFrame).adjustMBR(((RTreeNSMFrame) rightFrame).getTuples());
-        rTreeTupleWriterRightFrame.writeTupleFields(((RTreeNSMFrame) rightFrame).getTuples(), 0,
-                rTreeSplitKey.getRightPageBuffer(), 0);
-        rTreeSplitKey.getRightTuple().resetByTupleOffset(rTreeSplitKey.getRightPageBuffer(), 0);
-
-        tupleEntries1.clear();
-        tupleEntries2.clear();
+    public int getTupleSize(ITupleReference tuple) {
+        return tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -247,10 +93,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void adjustMBR(ITreeIndexTupleReference[] tuples) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < tuples.length; i++) {
-            tuples[i].resetByTupleIndex(this, 0);
-        }
-        adjustMBRImpl(tuples);
+    public int getFieldCount() {
+        return frameTuple.getFieldCount();
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/PathList.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/PathList.java
index 4f86111..911029d 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/PathList.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/PathList.java
@@ -19,93 +19,99 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.LongArrayList;
 
 public class PathList {
-	private IntArrayList pageIds;
-	private LongArrayList pageLsns;
-	private IntArrayList pageIndexes;
+    private IntArrayList pageIds;
+    private LongArrayList pageLsns;
+    private IntArrayList pageIndexes;
 
-	public PathList(int initialCapacity, int growth) {
-		pageIds = new IntArrayList(initialCapacity, growth);
-		pageLsns = new LongArrayList(initialCapacity, growth);
-		pageIndexes = new IntArrayList(initialCapacity, growth);
-	}
+    public PathList(int initialCapacity, int growth) {
+        pageIds = new IntArrayList(initialCapacity, growth);
+        pageLsns = new LongArrayList(initialCapacity, growth);
+        pageIndexes = new IntArrayList(initialCapacity, growth);
+    }
 
-	public int size() {
-		return pageIds.size();
-	}
+    public int size() {
+        return pageIds.size();
+    }
 
-	public int first() {
-		return pageIds.first();
-	}
+    public int first() {
+        return pageIds.first();
+    }
 
-	public void add(int pageId, long pageLsn, int pageIndex) {
-		pageIds.add(pageId);
-		pageLsns.add(pageLsn);
-		pageIndexes.add(pageIndex);
-	}
+    public void add(int pageId, long pageLsn, int pageIndex) {
+        pageIds.add(pageId);
+        pageLsns.add(pageLsn);
+        pageIndexes.add(pageIndex);
+    }
 
-	public int getFirstPageId() {
-		return pageIds.getFirst();
-	}
+    public void addFirst(int pageId, long pageLsn, int pageIndex) {
+        pageIds.addFirst(pageId);
+        pageLsns.addFirst(pageLsn);
+        pageIndexes.addFirst(pageIndex);
+    }
 
-	public long getFirstPageLsn() {
-		return pageLsns.getFirst();
-	}
+    public int getFirstPageId() {
+        return pageIds.getFirst();
+    }
 
-	public int getFirstPageIndex() {
-		return pageIndexes.getFirst();
-	}
+    public long getFirstPageLsn() {
+        return pageLsns.getFirst();
+    }
 
-	public int getLastPageId() {
-		return pageIds.getLast();
-	}
+    public int getFirstPageIndex() {
+        return pageIndexes.getFirst();
+    }
 
-	public long getLastPageLsn() {
-		return pageLsns.getLast();
-	}
+    public int getLastPageId() {
+        return pageIds.getLast();
+    }
 
-	public int getLastPageIndex() {
-		return pageIndexes.getLast();
-	}
+    public long getLastPageLsn() {
+        return pageLsns.getLast();
+    }
 
-	public int getPageId(int i) {
-		return pageIds.get(i);
-	}
+    public int getLastPageIndex() {
+        return pageIndexes.getLast();
+    }
 
-	public long getPageLsn(int i) {
-		return pageLsns.get(i);
-	}
+    public int getPageId(int i) {
+        return pageIds.get(i);
+    }
 
-	public int getPageIndex(int i) {
-		return pageIndexes.get(i);
-	}
+    public long getPageLsn(int i) {
+        return pageLsns.get(i);
+    }
 
-	public void setPageLsn(int i, long pageLsn) {
-		pageLsns.set(i, pageLsn);
-	}
+    public int getPageIndex(int i) {
+        return pageIndexes.get(i);
+    }
 
-	public void moveFirst() {
-		pageIds.moveFirst();
-		pageLsns.moveFirst();
-		pageIndexes.moveFirst();
-	}
+    public void setPageLsn(int i, long pageLsn) {
+        pageLsns.set(i, pageLsn);
+    }
 
-	public void moveLast() {
-		pageIds.removeLast();
-		pageLsns.removeLast();
-		pageIndexes.removeLast();
-	}
+    public void moveFirst() {
+        pageIds.moveFirst();
+        pageLsns.moveFirst();
+        pageIndexes.moveFirst();
+    }
 
-	public boolean isLast() {
-		return pageIds.isLast();
-	}
+    public void moveLast() {
+        pageIds.removeLast();
+        pageLsns.removeLast();
+        pageIndexes.removeLast();
+    }
 
-	public void clear() {
-		pageIds.clear();
-		pageLsns.clear();
-		pageIndexes.clear();
-	}
+    public boolean isLast() {
+        return pageIds.isLast();
+    }
 
-	public boolean isEmpty() {
-		return pageIds.isEmpty();
-	}
+    public void clear() {
+        pageIds.clear();
+        pageLsns.clear();
+        pageIndexes.clear();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return pageIds.isEmpty();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTree.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTree.java
index 5f78dcc..0e1dd23 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTree.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTree.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
 
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
@@ -34,7 +35,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IndexType;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.PageAllocationException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.FrameOpSpaceStatus;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.TreeDiskOrderScanCursor;
@@ -44,161 +44,119 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMInteriorFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.BufferedFileHandle;
 
 public class RTree implements ITreeIndex {
 
-    private boolean created = false;
-    private boolean loaded = false;
-    private final int rootPage = 1; // the root page never changes
+    private final int rootPage = 1;
 
-    private final AtomicLong globalNsn; // Global node sequence number
-    private int numOfPages = 1;
+    // Global node sequence number used for the concurrency control protocol
+    private final AtomicLong globalNsn;
     private final ReadWriteLock treeLatch;
 
     private final IFreePageManager freePageManager;
     private final IBufferCache bufferCache;
     private int fileId;
 
-    private final SearchPredicate diskOrderScanPredicate;
     private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory;
     private final ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory;
     private final int fieldCount;
-    private final MultiComparator cmp;
+    private final IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories;
 
-    public int rootSplits = 0;
-    public int[] splitsByLevel = new int[500];
-    public AtomicLong readLatchesAcquired = new AtomicLong();
-    public AtomicLong readLatchesReleased = new AtomicLong();
-    public AtomicLong writeLatchesAcquired = new AtomicLong();
-    public AtomicLong writeLatchesReleased = new AtomicLong();
-    public AtomicLong pins = new AtomicLong();
-    public AtomicLong unpins = new AtomicLong();
-    public byte currentLevel = 0;
-
-    // TODO: is MultiComparator needed at all?
-    public RTree(IBufferCache bufferCache, int fieldCount, MultiComparator cmp, IFreePageManager freePageManager,
-            ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory, ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory) {
+    public RTree(IBufferCache bufferCache, int fieldCount, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories,
+            IFreePageManager freePageManager, ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory,
+            ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory) {
         this.bufferCache = bufferCache;
         this.fieldCount = fieldCount;
-        this.cmp = cmp;
+        this.cmpFactories = cmpFactories;
         this.freePageManager = freePageManager;
         this.interiorFrameFactory = interiorFrameFactory;
         this.leafFrameFactory = leafFrameFactory;
         globalNsn = new AtomicLong();
         this.treeLatch = new ReentrantReadWriteLock(true);
-        this.diskOrderScanPredicate = new SearchPredicate(null, cmp);
     }
 
-    public void incrementGlobalNsn() {
-        globalNsn.incrementAndGet();
+    private long incrementGlobalNsn() {
+        return globalNsn.incrementAndGet();
     }
 
-    public long getGlobalNsn() {
-        return globalNsn.get();
-    }
-
-    public void incrementReadLatchesAcquired() {
-        readLatchesAcquired.incrementAndGet();
-    }
-
-    public void incrementReadLatchesReleased() {
-        readLatchesReleased.incrementAndGet();
-    }
-
-    public void incrementWriteLatchesAcquired() {
-        writeLatchesAcquired.incrementAndGet();
-    }
-
-    public void incrementWriteLatchesReleased() {
-        writeLatchesReleased.incrementAndGet();
-    }
-
-    public void incrementPins() {
-        pins.incrementAndGet();
-    }
-
-    public void incrementUnpins() {
-        unpins.incrementAndGet();
-    }
-
-    public String printStats() {
-        StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
-        strBuilder.append("\n");
-        strBuilder.append("ROOTSPLITS: " + rootSplits + "\n");
-        strBuilder.append("SPLITS BY LEVEL\n");
-        for (int i = 0; i < currentLevel; i++) {
-            strBuilder.append(String.format("%3d ", i) + String.format("%8d ", splitsByLevel[i]) + "\n");
+    public byte getTreeHeight(IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame) throws HyracksDataException {
+        ICachedPage rootNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rootPage), false);
+        rootNode.acquireReadLatch();
+        try {
+            leafFrame.setPage(rootNode);
+            return leafFrame.getLevel();
+        } finally {
+            rootNode.releaseReadLatch();
+            bufferCache.unpin(rootNode);
         }
-        strBuilder.append(String.format("READ LATCHES:  %10d %10d\n", readLatchesAcquired.get(),
-                readLatchesReleased.get()));
-        strBuilder.append(String.format("WRITE LATCHES: %10d %10d\n", writeLatchesAcquired.get(),
-                writeLatchesReleased.get()));
-        strBuilder.append(String.format("PINS:          %10d %10d\n", pins.get(), unpins.get()));
+    }
 
-        strBuilder.append(String.format("Num of Pages:          %10d\n", numOfPages));
-
+    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+    public String printTree(IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame, IRTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame,
+            ISerializerDeserializer[] keySerdes) throws Exception {
+        MultiComparator cmp = MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
+        byte treeHeight = getTreeHeight(leafFrame);
+        StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        printTree(rootPage, null, false, leafFrame, interiorFrame, treeHeight, keySerdes, strBuilder, cmp);
         return strBuilder.toString();
     }
 
-    public void printTree(IRTreeFrame leafFrame, IRTreeFrame interiorFrame, ISerializerDeserializer[] keySerdes)
-            throws Exception {
-        printTree(rootPage, null, false, leafFrame, interiorFrame, keySerdes);
-    }
-
-    public void printTree(int pageId, ICachedPage parent, boolean unpin, IRTreeFrame leafFrame,
-            IRTreeFrame interiorFrame, ISerializerDeserializer[] keySerdes) throws Exception {
-
+    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+    public void printTree(int pageId, ICachedPage parent, boolean unpin, IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame,
+            IRTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame, byte treeHeight, ISerializerDeserializer[] keySerdes,
+            StringBuilder strBuilder, MultiComparator cmp) throws Exception {
         ICachedPage node = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, pageId), false);
-        incrementPins();
         node.acquireReadLatch();
-        incrementReadLatchesAcquired();
-
         try {
             if (parent != null && unpin == true) {
                 parent.releaseReadLatch();
-                incrementReadLatchesReleased();
                 bufferCache.unpin(parent);
-                incrementUnpins();
             }
-
             interiorFrame.setPage(node);
             int level = interiorFrame.getLevel();
-
-            System.out.format("%1d ", level);
-            System.out.format("%3d ", pageId);
-            for (int i = 0; i < currentLevel - level; i++)
-                System.out.format("    ");
+            strBuilder.append(String.format("%1d ", level));
+            strBuilder.append(String.format("%3d ", pageId) + ": ");
+            for (int i = 0; i < treeHeight - level; i++) {
+                strBuilder.append("    ");
+            }
 
             String keyString;
+            long LSN, NSN;
+            int rightPage;
             if (interiorFrame.isLeaf()) {
                 leafFrame.setPage(node);
                 keyString = TreeIndexUtils.printFrameTuples(leafFrame, keySerdes);
+                LSN = leafFrame.getPageLsn();
+                NSN = leafFrame.getPageNsn();
+                rightPage = leafFrame.getRightPage();
+
             } else {
                 keyString = TreeIndexUtils.printFrameTuples(interiorFrame, keySerdes);
+                LSN = interiorFrame.getPageLsn();
+                NSN = interiorFrame.getPageNsn();
+                rightPage = interiorFrame.getRightPage();
             }
 
-            System.out.format(keyString);
+            strBuilder.append(keyString + "\n" + "pageId: " + pageId + " LSN: " + LSN + " NSN: " + NSN + " rightPage: "
+                    + rightPage + "\n");
             if (!interiorFrame.isLeaf()) {
-                ArrayList<Integer> children = ((RTreeNSMFrame) (interiorFrame)).getChildren(cmp);
+                ArrayList<Integer> children = ((RTreeNSMInteriorFrame) (interiorFrame)).getChildren(cmp);
                 for (int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
-                    printTree(children.get(i), node, i == children.size() - 1, leafFrame, interiorFrame, keySerdes);
+                    printTree(children.get(i), node, i == children.size() - 1, leafFrame, interiorFrame, treeHeight,
+                            keySerdes, strBuilder, cmp);
                 }
             } else {
                 node.releaseReadLatch();
-                incrementReadLatchesReleased();
                 bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                incrementUnpins();
             }
         } catch (Exception e) {
             node.releaseReadLatch();
-            incrementReadLatchesReleased();
             bufferCache.unpin(node);
-            incrementUnpins();
-            throw e;
+            e.printStackTrace();
         }
     }
 
@@ -206,90 +164,104 @@
     public void create(int fileId) throws HyracksDataException {
         treeLatch.writeLock().lock();
         try {
-            if (created) {
-                return;
-            }
-
             ITreeIndexFrame leafFrame = leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
             ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame = freePageManager.getMetaDataFrameFactory().createFrame();
+            freePageManager.open(fileId);
             freePageManager.init(metaFrame, rootPage);
 
             // initialize root page
             ICachedPage rootNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rootPage), true);
-            incrementPins();
 
             rootNode.acquireWriteLatch();
-            incrementWriteLatchesAcquired();
             try {
                 leafFrame.setPage(rootNode);
                 leafFrame.initBuffer((byte) 0);
             } finally {
                 rootNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-                incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
                 bufferCache.unpin(rootNode);
-                incrementUnpins();
             }
-            currentLevel = 0;
-
-            created = true;
         } finally {
             treeLatch.writeLock().unlock();
         }
     }
 
+    @Override
     public void open(int fileId) {
         this.fileId = fileId;
+        freePageManager.open(fileId);
     }
 
+    @Override
     public void close() {
         fileId = -1;
+        freePageManager.close();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFileId() {
+        return fileId;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IBufferCache getBufferCache() {
+        return bufferCache;
     }
 
     private RTreeOpContext createOpContext() {
         return new RTreeOpContext((IRTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame(),
                 (IRTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame(), freePageManager.getMetaDataFrameFactory()
-                        .createFrame(), 8);
+                        .createFrame(), cmpFactories, 8);
     }
 
-    private void insert(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexOpContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+    private void insert(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexOpContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
         RTreeOpContext ctx = (RTreeOpContext) ictx;
         ctx.reset();
         ctx.setTuple(tuple);
         ctx.splitKey.reset();
-        ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple().setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
-        ctx.splitKey.getRightTuple().setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+        ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple().setFieldCount(cmpFactories.length);
+        ctx.splitKey.getRightTuple().setFieldCount(cmpFactories.length);
 
-        int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
+        int maxFieldPos = cmpFactories.length / 2;
         for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
             int j = maxFieldPos + i;
-            int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
+            int c = ctx.cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
                     tuple.getFieldLength(i), tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j));
             if (c > 0) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("The low key point has larger coordinates than the high key point.");
             }
         }
+        try {
+            ICachedPage leafNode = findLeaf(ctx);
 
-        ICachedPage leafNode = findLeaf(ctx);
+            int pageId = ctx.pathList.getLastPageId();
+            ctx.pathList.moveLast();
+            insertTuple(leafNode, pageId, ctx.getTuple(), ctx, true);
 
-        int pageId = ctx.pathList.getLastPageId();
-        ctx.pathList.moveLast();
-        insertTuple(leafNode, pageId, ctx.getTuple(), ctx, true);
+            while (true) {
+                if (ctx.splitKey.getLeftPageBuffer() != null) {
+                    updateParentForInsert(ctx);
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            for (int i = ctx.NSNUpdates.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                ICachedPage node = ctx.NSNUpdates.get(i);
+                ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(node);
+                ctx.interiorFrame.setPageNsn(incrementGlobalNsn());
+            }
 
-        while (true) {
-            if (ctx.splitKey.getLeftPageBuffer() != null) {
-                updateParentForInsert(ctx);
-            } else {
-                break;
+            for (int i = ctx.LSNUpdates.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                ICachedPage node = ctx.LSNUpdates.get(i);
+                ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(node);
+                ctx.interiorFrame.setPageLsn(incrementGlobalNsn());
+                node.releaseWriteLatch();
+                bufferCache.unpin(node);
             }
         }
-
-        leafNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-        incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
-        bufferCache.unpin(leafNode);
-        incrementUnpins();
     }
 
-    public ICachedPage findLeaf(RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
+    private ICachedPage findLeaf(RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
         int pageId = rootPage;
         boolean writeLatched = false;
         boolean readLatched = false;
@@ -303,20 +275,16 @@
             while (true) {
                 if (!writeLatched) {
                     node = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, pageId), false);
-                    incrementPins();
                     ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(node);
                     isLeaf = ctx.interiorFrame.isLeaf();
                     if (isLeaf) {
                         node.acquireWriteLatch();
                         writeLatched = true;
-                        incrementWriteLatchesAcquired();
 
                         if (!ctx.interiorFrame.isLeaf()) {
                             node.releaseWriteLatch();
                             writeLatched = false;
-                            incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
                             bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                            incrementUnpins();
                             continue;
                         }
                     } else {
@@ -326,7 +294,6 @@
                         // tuple.
                         node.acquireReadLatch();
                         readLatched = true;
-                        incrementReadLatchesAcquired();
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -337,15 +304,11 @@
                     if (writeLatched) {
                         node.releaseWriteLatch();
                         writeLatched = false;
-                        incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
                         bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                        incrementUnpins();
                     } else {
                         node.releaseReadLatch();
                         readLatched = false;
-                        incrementReadLatchesReleased();
                         bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                        incrementUnpins();
                     }
 
                     pageId = ctx.pathList.getLastPageId();
@@ -361,43 +324,53 @@
 
                 if (!isLeaf) {
                     // findBestChild must be called *before* getBestChildPageId
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.findBestChild(ctx.getTuple(), cmp);
+                    boolean enlarementIsNeeded = ctx.interiorFrame.findBestChild(ctx.getTuple(), ctx.cmp);
                     int childPageId = ctx.interiorFrame.getBestChildPageId();
 
-                    if (!writeLatched) {
-                        node.releaseReadLatch();
-                        readLatched = false;
-                        incrementReadLatchesReleased();
-                        // TODO: do we need to un-pin and pin again?
+                    // check if enlargement is needed
+                    // boolean enlarementIsNeeded =
+                    // ctx.interiorFrame.checkEnlargement(ctx.getTuple(),
+                    // ctx.cmp);
+                    if (enlarementIsNeeded) {
+                        if (!writeLatched) {
+                            node.releaseReadLatch();
+                            readLatched = false;
+                            // TODO: do we need to un-pin and pin again?
+                            bufferCache.unpin(node);
+
+                            node = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, pageId), false);
+                            node.acquireWriteLatch();
+                            writeLatched = true;
+                            ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(node);
+
+                            if (ctx.interiorFrame.getPageLsn() != pageLsn) {
+                                // The page was changed while we unlocked it;
+                                // thus,
+                                // retry (re-choose best child)
+
+                                ctx.pathList.moveLast();
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        // We don't need to reset the frameTuple because it is
+                        // already pointing to the best child
+                        ctx.interiorFrame.enlarge(ctx.getTuple(), ctx.cmp);
+
+                        node.releaseWriteLatch();
+                        writeLatched = false;
                         bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                        incrementUnpins();
-
-                        node = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, pageId), false);
-                        incrementPins();
-                        node.acquireWriteLatch();
-                        writeLatched = true;
-                        incrementWriteLatchesAcquired();
-                        ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(node);
-
-                        if (ctx.interiorFrame.getPageLsn() != pageLsn) {
-                            // The page was changed while we unlocked it; thus,
-                            // retry (re-choose best child)
-
-                            ctx.pathList.moveLast();
-                            continue;
+                    } else {
+                        if (readLatched) {
+                            node.releaseReadLatch();
+                            readLatched = false;
+                            bufferCache.unpin(node);
+                        } else if (writeLatched) {
+                            node.releaseWriteLatch();
+                            writeLatched = false;
+                            bufferCache.unpin(node);
                         }
                     }
 
-                    // We don't need to reset the frameTuple because it is
-                    // already pointing to the best child
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.enlarge(ctx.getTuple(), cmp);
-
-                    node.releaseWriteLatch();
-                    writeLatched = false;
-                    incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
-                    bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                    incrementUnpins();
-
                     pageId = childPageId;
                     parentLsn = pageLsn;
                 } else {
@@ -411,22 +384,18 @@
                 if (readLatched) {
                     node.releaseReadLatch();
                     readLatched = false;
-                    incrementReadLatchesReleased();
                     bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                    incrementUnpins();
                 } else if (writeLatched) {
                     node.releaseWriteLatch();
                     writeLatched = false;
-                    incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
                     bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                    incrementUnpins();
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
     private void insertTuple(ICachedPage node, int pageId, ITupleReference tuple, RTreeOpContext ctx, boolean isLeaf)
-            throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+            throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
         FrameOpSpaceStatus spaceStatus;
         if (!isLeaf) {
             spaceStatus = ctx.interiorFrame.hasSpaceInsert(tuple);
@@ -438,13 +407,10 @@
             case SUFFICIENT_CONTIGUOUS_SPACE: {
                 if (!isLeaf) {
                     ctx.interiorFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
-                    incrementGlobalNsn();
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.setPageLsn(getGlobalNsn());
                 } else {
                     ctx.leafFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
-                    incrementGlobalNsn();
-                    ctx.leafFrame.setPageLsn(getGlobalNsn());
                 }
+                ctx.LSNUpdates.add(node);
                 ctx.splitKey.reset();
                 break;
             }
@@ -453,14 +419,11 @@
                 if (!isLeaf) {
                     ctx.interiorFrame.compact();
                     ctx.interiorFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
-                    incrementGlobalNsn();
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.setPageLsn(getGlobalNsn());
                 } else {
                     ctx.leafFrame.compact();
                     ctx.leafFrame.insert(tuple, -1);
-                    incrementGlobalNsn();
-                    ctx.leafFrame.setPageLsn(getGlobalNsn());
                 }
+                ctx.LSNUpdates.add(node);
                 ctx.splitKey.reset();
                 break;
             }
@@ -468,164 +431,124 @@
             case INSUFFICIENT_SPACE: {
                 int rightPageId = freePageManager.getFreePage(ctx.metaFrame);
                 ICachedPage rightNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rightPageId), true);
-                incrementPins();
                 rightNode.acquireWriteLatch();
-                incrementWriteLatchesAcquired();
 
-                try {
-                    IRTreeFrame rightFrame;
-                    numOfPages++; // debug
-                    if (!isLeaf) {
-                        splitsByLevel[ctx.interiorFrame.getLevel()]++; // debug
-                        rightFrame = (IRTreeFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
-                        rightFrame.setPage(rightNode);
-                        rightFrame.initBuffer((byte) ctx.interiorFrame.getLevel());
-                        ctx.interiorFrame.split(rightFrame, tuple, ctx.splitKey);
-                        ctx.interiorFrame.setRightPage(rightPageId);
-                        rightFrame.setPageNsn(ctx.interiorFrame.getPageNsn());
-                        incrementGlobalNsn();
-                        long newNsn = getGlobalNsn();
-                        rightFrame.setPageLsn(newNsn);
-                        ctx.interiorFrame.setPageNsn(newNsn);
-                        ctx.interiorFrame.setPageLsn(newNsn);
-                    } else {
-                        splitsByLevel[0]++; // debug
-                        rightFrame = (IRTreeFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
-                        rightFrame.setPage(rightNode);
-                        rightFrame.initBuffer((byte) 0);
-                        ctx.leafFrame.split(rightFrame, tuple, ctx.splitKey);
-                        ctx.leafFrame.setRightPage(rightPageId);
-                        rightFrame.setPageNsn(ctx.leafFrame.getPageNsn());
-                        incrementGlobalNsn();
-                        long newNsn = getGlobalNsn();
-                        rightFrame.setPageLsn(newNsn);
-                        ctx.leafFrame.setPageNsn(newNsn);
-                        ctx.leafFrame.setPageLsn(newNsn);
-                    }
-                    ctx.splitKey.setPages(pageId, rightPageId);
-                    if (pageId == rootPage) {
-                        rootSplits++; // debug
-                        splitsByLevel[currentLevel]++;
-                        currentLevel++;
+                IRTreeFrame rightFrame;
+                if (!isLeaf) {
+                    rightFrame = (IRTreeFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
+                    rightFrame.setPage(rightNode);
+                    rightFrame.initBuffer((byte) ctx.interiorFrame.getLevel());
+                    rightFrame.setRightPage(ctx.interiorFrame.getRightPage());
+                    ctx.interiorFrame.split(rightFrame, tuple, ctx.splitKey);
+                    ctx.interiorFrame.setRightPage(rightPageId);
+                    ctx.NSNUpdates.add(rightNode);
+                    ctx.LSNUpdates.add(rightNode);
+                    ctx.NSNUpdates.add(node);
+                    ctx.LSNUpdates.add(node);
+                } else {
+                    rightFrame = (IRTreeFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
+                    rightFrame.setPage(rightNode);
+                    rightFrame.initBuffer((byte) 0);
+                    rightFrame.setRightPage(ctx.interiorFrame.getRightPage());
+                    ctx.leafFrame.split(rightFrame, tuple, ctx.splitKey);
+                    ctx.leafFrame.setRightPage(rightPageId);
+                    ctx.NSNUpdates.add(rightNode);
+                    ctx.LSNUpdates.add(rightNode);
+                    ctx.NSNUpdates.add(node);
+                    ctx.LSNUpdates.add(node);
+                }
+                ctx.splitKey.setPages(pageId, rightPageId);
+                if (pageId == rootPage) {
+                    int newLeftId = freePageManager.getFreePage(ctx.metaFrame);
+                    ICachedPage newLeftNode = bufferCache
+                            .pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, newLeftId), true);
+                    newLeftNode.acquireWriteLatch();
 
-                        int newLeftId = freePageManager.getFreePage(ctx.metaFrame);
-                        ICachedPage newLeftNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, newLeftId),
-                                true);
-                        incrementPins();
-                        newLeftNode.acquireWriteLatch();
-                        incrementWriteLatchesAcquired();
-                        try {
-                            // copy left child to new left child
-                            System.arraycopy(node.getBuffer().array(), 0, newLeftNode.getBuffer().array(), 0,
-                                    newLeftNode.getBuffer().capacity());
+                    // copy left child to new left child
+                    System.arraycopy(node.getBuffer().array(), 0, newLeftNode.getBuffer().array(), 0, newLeftNode
+                            .getBuffer().capacity());
 
-                            // initialize new root (leftNode becomes new root)
-                            ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(node);
-                            ctx.interiorFrame.initBuffer((byte) (ctx.interiorFrame.getLevel() + 1));
+                    // initialize new root (leftNode becomes new root)
+                    ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(node);
+                    ctx.interiorFrame.initBuffer((byte) (ctx.interiorFrame.getLevel() + 1));
 
-                            ctx.splitKey.setLeftPage(newLeftId);
+                    ctx.splitKey.setLeftPage(newLeftId);
+                    ctx.interiorFrame.insert(ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple(), -1);
+                    ctx.interiorFrame.insert(ctx.splitKey.getRightTuple(), -1);
 
-                            ctx.interiorFrame.insert(ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple(), -1);
-                            ctx.interiorFrame.insert(ctx.splitKey.getRightTuple(), -1);
+                    ctx.NSNUpdates.remove(ctx.NSNUpdates.size() - 1);
+                    ctx.LSNUpdates.remove(ctx.LSNUpdates.size() - 1);
 
-                            incrementGlobalNsn();
-                            long newNsn = getGlobalNsn();
-                            ctx.interiorFrame.setPageLsn(newNsn);
-                            ctx.interiorFrame.setPageNsn(newNsn);
-                        } finally {
-                            newLeftNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-                            incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
-                            bufferCache.unpin(newLeftNode);
-                            incrementUnpins();
-                        }
+                    ctx.NSNUpdates.add(newLeftNode);
+                    ctx.LSNUpdates.add(newLeftNode);
 
-                        ctx.splitKey.reset();
-                    }
-                } finally {
-                    rightNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-                    incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
-                    bufferCache.unpin(rightNode);
-                    incrementUnpins();
+                    ctx.NSNUpdates.add(node);
+                    ctx.LSNUpdates.add(node);
+
+                    ctx.splitKey.reset();
                 }
                 break;
             }
         }
     }
 
-    public void updateParentForInsert(RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+    private void updateParentForInsert(RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
         boolean writeLatched = false;
         int parentId = ctx.pathList.getLastPageId();
         ICachedPage parentNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, parentId), false);
-        incrementPins();
         parentNode.acquireWriteLatch();
         writeLatched = true;
-        incrementWriteLatchesAcquired();
         ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(parentNode);
         boolean foundParent = true;
 
-        try {
-
-            if (ctx.interiorFrame.getPageLsn() != ctx.pathList.getLastPageLsn()) {
-                foundParent = false;
-                while (true) {
-                    if (ctx.interiorFrame.findTupleByPointer(ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple(), cmp) != -1) {
-                        // found the parent
-                        foundParent = true;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    int rightPage = ctx.interiorFrame.getRightPage();
-                    parentNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-                    writeLatched = false;
-                    incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
-                    bufferCache.unpin(parentNode);
-                    incrementUnpins();
-
-                    if (rightPage == -1) {
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    parentId = rightPage;
-                    parentNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, parentId), false);
-                    incrementPins();
-                    parentNode.acquireWriteLatch();
-                    writeLatched = true;
-                    incrementWriteLatchesAcquired();
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(parentNode);
+        if (ctx.interiorFrame.getPageLsn() != ctx.pathList.getLastPageLsn()) {
+            foundParent = false;
+            while (true) {
+                if (ctx.interiorFrame.findTupleByPointer(ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple(), ctx.cmp) != -1) {
+                    // found the parent
+                    foundParent = true;
+                    break;
                 }
-            }
-            if (foundParent) {
-                ctx.interiorFrame.adjustKey(ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple(), -1, cmp);
-                insertTuple(parentNode, parentId, ctx.splitKey.getRightTuple(), ctx, ctx.interiorFrame.isLeaf());
-                ctx.pathList.moveLast();
-
+                int rightPage = ctx.interiorFrame.getRightPage();
                 parentNode.releaseWriteLatch();
                 writeLatched = false;
-                incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
                 bufferCache.unpin(parentNode);
-                incrementUnpins();
-                return;
-            }
 
-        } finally {
-            if (writeLatched) {
-                parentNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-                writeLatched = false;
-                incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
-                bufferCache.unpin(parentNode);
-                incrementUnpins();
+                if (rightPage == -1) {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                parentId = rightPage;
+                parentNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, parentId), false);
+                parentNode.acquireWriteLatch();
+                writeLatched = true;
+                ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(parentNode);
             }
         }
-        // very rare situation when the there is a root split, do an
-        // exhaustive
-        // breadth-first traversal looking for the parent tuple
 
-        ctx.pathList.clear();
+        if (foundParent) {
+            try {
+                ctx.interiorFrame.adjustKey(ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple(), -1, ctx.cmp);
+            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+                if (writeLatched) {
+                    parentNode.releaseWriteLatch();
+                    writeLatched = false;
+                    bufferCache.unpin(parentNode);
+                }
+                throw e;
+            }
+            insertTuple(parentNode, parentId, ctx.splitKey.getRightTuple(), ctx, ctx.interiorFrame.isLeaf());
+            ctx.pathList.moveLast();
+            return;
+
+        }
+
         ctx.traverseList.clear();
         findPath(ctx);
         updateParentForInsert(ctx);
     }
 
-    public void findPath(RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
+    private void findPath(RTreeOpContext ctx) throws TreeIndexException, HyracksDataException {
         boolean readLatched = false;
         int pageId = rootPage;
         int parentIndex = -1;
@@ -640,10 +563,8 @@
                 parentIndex = ctx.traverseList.getFirstPageIndex();
 
                 node = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, pageId), false);
-                incrementPins();
                 node.acquireReadLatch();
                 readLatched = true;
-                incrementReadLatchesAcquired();
                 ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(node);
                 pageLsn = ctx.interiorFrame.getPageLsn();
                 pageIndex = ctx.traverseList.first();
@@ -651,47 +572,51 @@
 
                 ctx.traverseList.moveFirst();
 
+                if (ctx.interiorFrame.isLeaf()) {
+                    throw new TreeIndexException("Error: Failed to re-find parent of a page in the tree.");
+                }
+
+                if (pageId != rootPage) {
+                    parentLsn = ctx.traverseList.getPageLsn(ctx.traverseList.getPageIndex(pageIndex));
+                }
                 if (pageId != rootPage && parentLsn < ctx.interiorFrame.getPageNsn()) {
                     int rightPage = ctx.interiorFrame.getRightPage();
                     if (rightPage != -1) {
-                        ctx.traverseList.add(rightPage, -1, parentIndex);
+                        ctx.traverseList.addFirst(rightPage, -1, parentIndex);
                     }
                 }
-                parentLsn = pageLsn;
 
-                if (ctx.interiorFrame.findTupleByPointer(ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple(), ctx.traverseList, pageIndex, cmp) != -1) {
+                if (ctx.interiorFrame.findTupleByPointer(ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple(), ctx.traverseList, pageIndex,
+                        ctx.cmp) != -1) {
+                    ctx.pathList.clear();
                     fillPath(ctx, pageIndex);
                     return;
                 }
                 node.releaseReadLatch();
                 readLatched = false;
-                incrementReadLatchesReleased();
                 bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                incrementUnpins();
             }
         } finally {
             if (readLatched) {
                 node.releaseReadLatch();
                 readLatched = false;
-                incrementReadLatchesReleased();
                 bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                incrementUnpins();
             }
         }
     }
 
-    public void fillPath(RTreeOpContext ctx, int pageIndex) {
+    private void fillPath(RTreeOpContext ctx, int pageIndex) {
         if (pageIndex != -1) {
             fillPath(ctx, ctx.traverseList.getPageIndex(pageIndex));
             ctx.pathList.add(ctx.traverseList.getPageId(pageIndex), ctx.traverseList.getPageLsn(pageIndex), -1);
         }
     }
 
-    public void delete(ITupleReference tuple, RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+    private void delete(ITupleReference tuple, RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
         ctx.reset();
         ctx.setTuple(tuple);
         ctx.splitKey.reset();
-        ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple().setFieldCount(cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+        ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple().setFieldCount(cmpFactories.length);
 
         int tupleIndex = findTupleToDelete(ctx);
 
@@ -700,113 +625,12 @@
             ctx.pathList.moveLast();
             deleteTuple(pageId, tupleIndex, ctx);
 
-            while (true) {
-                if (ctx.splitKey.getLeftPageBuffer() != null) {
-                    updateParentForDelete(ctx);
-                } else {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-
             ctx.leafFrame.getPage().releaseWriteLatch();
-            incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
             bufferCache.unpin(ctx.leafFrame.getPage());
-            incrementUnpins();
         }
     }
 
-    public void updateParentForDelete(RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
-        boolean writeLatched = false;
-        int parentId = ctx.pathList.getLastPageId();
-        ICachedPage parentNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, parentId), false);
-        incrementPins();
-        parentNode.acquireWriteLatch();
-        writeLatched = true;
-        incrementWriteLatchesAcquired();
-        ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(parentNode);
-        boolean foundParent = true;
-        int tupleIndex = -1;
-
-        try {
-            if (ctx.interiorFrame.getPageLsn() != ctx.pathList.getLastPageLsn()) {
-                foundParent = false;
-                while (true) {
-                    tupleIndex = ctx.interiorFrame.findTupleByPointer(ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple(), cmp);
-                    if (tupleIndex != -1) {
-                        // found the parent
-                        foundParent = true;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    int rightPage = ctx.interiorFrame.getRightPage();
-                    parentNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-                    writeLatched = false;
-                    incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
-                    bufferCache.unpin(parentNode);
-                    incrementUnpins();
-
-                    if (rightPage == -1) {
-                        break;
-                    }
-
-                    parentId = rightPage;
-                    parentNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, parentId), false);
-                    incrementPins();
-                    parentNode.acquireWriteLatch();
-                    writeLatched = true;
-                    incrementWriteLatchesAcquired();
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(parentNode);
-                }
-            }
-            if (foundParent) {
-                if (tupleIndex == -1) {
-                    tupleIndex = ctx.interiorFrame.findTupleByPointer(ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple(), cmp);
-                }
-                boolean recomputeMBR = ctx.interiorFrame.recomputeMBR(ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple(), tupleIndex, cmp);
-
-                if (recomputeMBR) {
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.adjustKey(ctx.splitKey.getLeftTuple(), tupleIndex, cmp);
-                    ctx.pathList.moveLast();
-
-                    incrementGlobalNsn();
-                    ctx.interiorFrame.setPageLsn(getGlobalNsn());
-
-                    ctx.splitKey.reset();
-                    if (!ctx.pathList.isEmpty()) {
-                        ctx.interiorFrame.computeMBR(ctx.splitKey);
-                        ctx.splitKey.setLeftPage(parentId);
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    ctx.pathList.moveLast();
-                    ctx.splitKey.reset();
-                }
-
-                parentNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-                writeLatched = false;
-                incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
-                bufferCache.unpin(parentNode);
-                incrementUnpins();
-                return;
-            }
-        } finally {
-            if (writeLatched) {
-                parentNode.releaseWriteLatch();
-                writeLatched = false;
-                incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
-                bufferCache.unpin(parentNode);
-                incrementUnpins();
-            }
-        }
-
-        // very rare situation when the there is a root split, do an exhaustive
-        // breadth-first traversal looking for the parent tuple
-
-        ctx.pathList.clear();
-        ctx.traverseList.clear();
-        findPath(ctx);
-        updateParentForDelete(ctx);
-    }
-
-    public int findTupleToDelete(RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
+    private int findTupleToDelete(RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
         boolean writeLatched = false;
         boolean readLatched = false;
         boolean succeed = false;
@@ -821,10 +645,8 @@
                 int pageIndex = ctx.pathList.getLastPageIndex();
                 ctx.pathList.moveLast();
                 node = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, pageId), false);
-                incrementPins();
                 node.acquireReadLatch();
                 readLatched = true;
-                incrementReadLatchesAcquired();
                 ctx.interiorFrame.setPage(node);
                 boolean isLeaf = ctx.interiorFrame.isLeaf();
                 long pageLsn = ctx.interiorFrame.getPageLsn();
@@ -843,7 +665,7 @@
 
                 if (!isLeaf) {
                     for (int i = 0; i < ctx.interiorFrame.getTupleCount(); i++) {
-                        int childPageId = ctx.interiorFrame.getChildPageIdIfIntersect(ctx.tuple, i, cmp);
+                        int childPageId = ctx.interiorFrame.getChildPageIdIfIntersect(ctx.tuple, i, ctx.cmp);
                         if (childPageId != -1) {
                             ctx.traverseList.add(childPageId, -1, pageIndex);
                             ctx.pathList.add(childPageId, pageLsn, ctx.traverseList.size() - 1);
@@ -851,35 +673,29 @@
                     }
                 } else {
                     ctx.leafFrame.setPage(node);
-                    int tupleIndex = ctx.leafFrame.findTupleIndex(ctx.tuple, cmp);
+                    int tupleIndex = ctx.leafFrame.findTupleIndex(ctx.tuple, ctx.cmp);
                     if (tupleIndex != -1) {
 
                         node.releaseReadLatch();
                         readLatched = false;
-                        incrementReadLatchesReleased();
                         bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                        incrementUnpins();
 
                         node = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, pageId), false);
-                        incrementPins();
                         node.acquireWriteLatch();
                         writeLatched = true;
-                        incrementWriteLatchesAcquired();
                         ctx.leafFrame.setPage(node);
 
                         if (ctx.leafFrame.getPageLsn() != pageLsn) {
                             // The page was changed while we unlocked it
 
-                            tupleIndex = ctx.leafFrame.findTupleIndex(ctx.tuple, cmp);
+                            tupleIndex = ctx.leafFrame.findTupleIndex(ctx.tuple, ctx.cmp);
                             if (tupleIndex == -1) {
                                 ctx.traverseList.add(pageId, -1, parentIndex);
                                 ctx.pathList.add(pageId, parentLsn, ctx.traverseList.size() - 1);
 
                                 node.releaseWriteLatch();
                                 writeLatched = false;
-                                incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
                                 bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                                incrementUnpins();
                                 continue;
                             } else {
                                 ctx.pathList.clear();
@@ -897,64 +713,55 @@
                 }
                 node.releaseReadLatch();
                 readLatched = false;
-                incrementReadLatchesReleased();
                 bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                incrementUnpins();
             }
         } finally {
             if (!succeed) {
                 if (readLatched) {
                     node.releaseReadLatch();
                     readLatched = false;
-                    incrementReadLatchesReleased();
                     bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                    incrementUnpins();
                 } else if (writeLatched) {
                     node.releaseWriteLatch();
                     writeLatched = false;
-                    incrementWriteLatchesReleased();
                     bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                    incrementUnpins();
                 }
             }
         }
         return -1;
     }
 
-    public void deleteTuple(int pageId, int tupleIndex, RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
-        ctx.leafFrame.delete(tupleIndex, cmp);
-        incrementGlobalNsn();
-        ctx.leafFrame.setPageLsn(getGlobalNsn());
-
-        // if the page is empty, just leave it there for future inserts
-        if (pageId != rootPage && ctx.leafFrame.getTupleCount() > 0) {
-            ctx.leafFrame.computeMBR(ctx.splitKey);
-            ctx.splitKey.setLeftPage(pageId);
-        }
+    private void deleteTuple(int pageId, int tupleIndex, RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
+        ctx.leafFrame.delete(tupleIndex, ctx.cmp);
+        ctx.leafFrame.setPageLsn(incrementGlobalNsn());
     }
 
-    private void search(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, ISearchPredicate searchPred, RTreeOpContext ctx)  throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
-    	ctx.reset();
+    private void search(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, ISearchPredicate searchPred, RTreeOpContext ctx)
+            throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+        ctx.reset();
         ctx.cursor = cursor;
 
         cursor.setBufferCache(bufferCache);
         cursor.setFileId(fileId);
         ctx.cursorInitialState.setRootPage(rootPage);
-        ctx.cursor.open(ctx.cursorInitialState, (SearchPredicate)searchPred);
+        ctx.cursor.open(ctx.cursorInitialState, (SearchPredicate) searchPred);
     }
 
+    @Override
     public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getInteriorFrameFactory() {
         return interiorFrameFactory;
     }
 
+    @Override
     public ITreeIndexFrameFactory getLeafFrameFactory() {
         return leafFrameFactory;
     }
 
-    public MultiComparator getCmp() {
-        return cmp;
+    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
+        return cmpFactories;
     }
 
+    @Override
     public IFreePageManager getFreePageManager() {
         return freePageManager;
     }
@@ -963,20 +770,37 @@
         throw new UnsupportedOperationException("RTree Update not implemented.");
     }
 
+    public boolean isEmptyTree(IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame) throws HyracksDataException {
+        ICachedPage rootNode = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, rootPage), false);
+        rootNode.acquireReadLatch();
+        try {
+            leafFrame.setPage(rootNode);
+            if (leafFrame.getLevel() == 0 && leafFrame.getTupleCount() == 0) {
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            rootNode.releaseReadLatch();
+            bufferCache.unpin(rootNode);
+        }
+    }
+
     public final class BulkLoadContext implements IIndexBulkLoadContext {
 
         public ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor;
 
         public BulkLoadContext(float fillFactor, IRTreeFrame leafFrame, IRTreeFrame interiorFrame,
                 ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame) throws HyracksDataException {
-        	indexAccessor = createAccessor();
+            indexAccessor = createAccessor();
         }
     }
 
     @Override
     public IIndexBulkLoadContext beginBulkLoad(float fillFactor) throws HyracksDataException {
-        if (loaded) {
-            throw new HyracksDataException("Trying to bulk-load RTree but RTree has already been loaded.");
+        IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IRTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
+        if (!isEmptyTree(leafFrame)) {
+            throw new HyracksDataException("Trying to Bulk-load a non-empty RTree.");
         }
 
         BulkLoadContext ctx = new BulkLoadContext(fillFactor, (IRTreeFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame(),
@@ -988,7 +812,7 @@
     @Override
     public void bulkLoadAddTuple(ITupleReference tuple, IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
         try {
-        	((BulkLoadContext) ictx).indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
+            ((BulkLoadContext) ictx).indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
         } catch (Exception e) {
             throw new HyracksDataException("BulkLoad Error");
         }
@@ -996,13 +820,15 @@
 
     @Override
     public void endBulkLoad(IIndexBulkLoadContext ictx) throws HyracksDataException {
-        loaded = true;
     }
 
     private void diskOrderScan(ITreeIndexCursor icursor, RTreeOpContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
         TreeDiskOrderScanCursor cursor = (TreeDiskOrderScanCursor) icursor;
         ctx.reset();
 
+        MultiComparator cmp = MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
+        SearchPredicate searchPred = new SearchPredicate(null, cmp);
+
         int currentPageId = rootPage + 1;
         int maxPageId = freePageManager.getMaxPage(ctx.metaFrame);
 
@@ -1014,7 +840,7 @@
             cursor.setCurrentPageId(currentPageId);
             cursor.setMaxPageId(maxPageId);
             ctx.cursorInitialState.setPage(page);
-            cursor.open(ctx.cursorInitialState, diskOrderScanPredicate);
+            cursor.open(ctx.cursorInitialState, searchPred);
         } catch (Exception e) {
             page.releaseReadLatch();
             bufferCache.unpin(page);
@@ -1036,23 +862,23 @@
     public IndexType getIndexType() {
         return IndexType.RTREE;
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-	public ITreeIndexAccessor createAccessor() {
-    	return new RTreeAccessor(this);
-	}
-    
-    private class RTreeAccessor implements ITreeIndexAccessor {
+    public ITreeIndexAccessor createAccessor() {
+        return new RTreeAccessor(this);
+    }
+
+    public class RTreeAccessor implements ITreeIndexAccessor {
         private RTree rtree;
         private RTreeOpContext ctx;
-        
+
         public RTreeAccessor(RTree rtree) {
             this.rtree = rtree;
             this.ctx = rtree.createOpContext();
         }
-        
+
         @Override
-        public void insert(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+        public void insert(ITupleReference tuple) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
             ctx.reset(IndexOp.INSERT);
             rtree.insert(tuple, ctx);
         }
@@ -1070,6 +896,12 @@
         }
 
         @Override
+        public ITreeIndexCursor createSearchCursor() {
+            return new RTreeSearchCursor((IRTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame(),
+                    (IRTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame());
+        }
+
+        @Override
         public void search(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, ISearchPredicate searchPred) throws HyracksDataException,
                 TreeIndexException {
             ctx.reset(IndexOp.SEARCH);
@@ -1077,9 +909,18 @@
         }
 
         @Override
+        public ITreeIndexCursor createDiskOrderScanCursor() {
+            return new TreeDiskOrderScanCursor(leafFrameFactory.createFrame());
+        }
+
+        @Override
         public void diskOrderScan(ITreeIndexCursor cursor) throws HyracksDataException {
             ctx.reset(IndexOp.DISKORDERSCAN);
             rtree.diskOrderScan(cursor, ctx);
         }
+
+        public RTreeOpContext getOpContext() {
+            return ctx;
+        }
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTreeOpContext.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTreeOpContext.java
index c258377..6683444 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTreeOpContext.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTreeOpContext.java
@@ -15,73 +15,85 @@
 
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls;
 
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexOpContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.IndexOp;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
 
-public final class RTreeOpContext implements IIndexOpContext {
-	public final IRTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame;
-	public final IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame;
-	public IndexOp op;
-	public ITreeIndexCursor cursor;
-	public RTreeCursorInitialState cursorInitialState;
-	public ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame;
-	public RTreeSplitKey splitKey;
-	public ITupleReference tuple;
-	public PathList pathList; // used to record the pageIds and pageLsns
-								// of the visited pages
-	public PathList traverseList; // used for traversing the tree
-	private static final int initTraverseListSize = 100;
+public class RTreeOpContext implements IIndexOpContext {
+    private static final int INITIAL_TRAVERSE_LIST_SIZE = 100;
+    public final MultiComparator cmp;
+    public final IRTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame;
+    public final IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame;
+    public IndexOp op;
+    public ITreeIndexCursor cursor;
+    public RTreeCursorInitialState cursorInitialState;
+    public ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame;
+    public RTreeSplitKey splitKey;
+    public ITupleReference tuple;
+    // Used to record the pageIds and pageLsns of the visited pages.
+    public PathList pathList;
+    // Used for traversing the tree.
+    public PathList traverseList;
 
-	public RTreeOpContext(IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame,
-			IRTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame,
-			ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame, int treeHeightHint) {
-		this.interiorFrame = interiorFrame;
-		this.leafFrame = leafFrame;
-		this.metaFrame = metaFrame;
-		pathList = new PathList(treeHeightHint, treeHeightHint);
-	}
+    public ArrayList<ICachedPage> NSNUpdates;
+    public ArrayList<ICachedPage> LSNUpdates;
 
-	public ITupleReference getTuple() {
-		return tuple;
-	}
+    public RTreeOpContext(IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame, IRTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame,
+            ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories, int treeHeightHint) {
+        this.cmp = MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
+        this.interiorFrame = interiorFrame;
+        this.leafFrame = leafFrame;
+        this.metaFrame = metaFrame;
+        pathList = new PathList(treeHeightHint, treeHeightHint);
+        NSNUpdates = new ArrayList<ICachedPage>();
+        LSNUpdates = new ArrayList<ICachedPage>();
+    }
 
-	public void setTuple(ITupleReference tuple) {
-		this.tuple = tuple;
-	}
+    public ITupleReference getTuple() {
+        return tuple;
+    }
 
-	public void reset() {
-		if (pathList != null) {
-			pathList.clear();
-		}
-		if (traverseList != null) {
-			traverseList.clear();
-		}
-	}
+    public void setTuple(ITupleReference tuple) {
+        this.tuple = tuple;
+    }
 
-	@Override
-	public void reset(IndexOp newOp) {
-		if (op != null && newOp == op) {
-			return;
-		}
-		if (op != IndexOp.SEARCH && op != IndexOp.DISKORDERSCAN) {
-			if (splitKey == null) {
-				splitKey = new RTreeSplitKey(interiorFrame.getTupleWriter()
-						.createTupleReference(), interiorFrame.getTupleWriter()
-						.createTupleReference());
-			}
-			if (traverseList == null) {
-				traverseList = new PathList(initTraverseListSize,
-						initTraverseListSize);
-			}
-		}
-		if (cursorInitialState == null) {
-			cursorInitialState = new RTreeCursorInitialState(pathList, 1);
-		}
-		this.op = newOp;
-	}
+    public void reset() {
+        if (pathList != null) {
+            pathList.clear();
+        }
+        if (traverseList != null) {
+            traverseList.clear();
+        }
+        NSNUpdates.clear();
+        LSNUpdates.clear();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reset(IndexOp newOp) {
+        if (op != null && newOp == op) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (op != IndexOp.SEARCH && op != IndexOp.DISKORDERSCAN) {
+            if (splitKey == null) {
+                splitKey = new RTreeSplitKey(interiorFrame.getTupleWriter().createTupleReference(), interiorFrame
+                        .getTupleWriter().createTupleReference());
+            }
+            if (traverseList == null) {
+                traverseList = new PathList(INITIAL_TRAVERSE_LIST_SIZE, INITIAL_TRAVERSE_LIST_SIZE);
+            }
+        }
+        if (cursorInitialState == null) {
+            cursorInitialState = new RTreeCursorInitialState(pathList, 1);
+        }
+        this.op = newOp;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTreeSearchCursor.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTreeSearchCursor.java
index e65f1d4..0b1722c 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTreeSearchCursor.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/RTreeSearchCursor.java
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
     private SearchPredicate pred;
     private PathList pathList;
     private int rootPage;
-    ITupleReference searchKey;
+    private ITupleReference searchKey;
 
     private int tupleIndex = 0;
     private int tupleIndexInc = 0;
@@ -49,9 +49,6 @@
     private ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple;
     private boolean readLatched = false;
 
-    private int pin = 0;
-    private int unpin = 0;
-
     public RTreeSearchCursor(IRTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame, IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame) {
         this.interiorFrame = interiorFrame;
         this.leafFrame = leafFrame;
@@ -59,7 +56,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void close() throws Exception {
+    public void close() throws HyracksDataException {
         if (readLatched) {
             page.releaseReadLatch();
             bufferCache.unpin(page);
@@ -80,12 +77,11 @@
         return page;
     }
 
-    public boolean fetchNextLeafPage() throws HyracksDataException {
+    private boolean fetchNextLeafPage() throws HyracksDataException {
         boolean succeed = false;
         if (readLatched) {
             page.releaseReadLatch();
             bufferCache.unpin(page);
-            unpin++;
             readLatched = false;
         }
 
@@ -94,7 +90,6 @@
             long parentLsn = pathList.getLastPageLsn();
             pathList.moveLast();
             ICachedPage node = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(fileId, pageId), false);
-            pin++;
             node.acquireReadLatch();
             readLatched = true;
             try {
@@ -112,12 +107,20 @@
                 }
 
                 if (!isLeaf) {
-                    for (int i = 0; i < interiorFrame.getTupleCount(); i++) {
-                        int childPageId = interiorFrame.getChildPageIdIfIntersect(searchKey, i, cmp);
-                        if (childPageId != -1) {
+                    if (searchKey != null) {
+                        for (int i = 0; i < interiorFrame.getTupleCount(); i++) {
+                            int childPageId = interiorFrame.getChildPageIdIfIntersect(searchKey, i, cmp);
+                            if (childPageId != -1) {
+                                pathList.add(childPageId, pageLsn, -1);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        for (int i = 0; i < interiorFrame.getTupleCount(); i++) {
+                            int childPageId = interiorFrame.getChildPageId(i);
                             pathList.add(childPageId, pageLsn, -1);
                         }
                     }
+
                 } else {
                     page = node;
                     leafFrame.setPage(page);
@@ -131,7 +134,6 @@
                         node.releaseReadLatch();
                         readLatched = false;
                         bufferCache.unpin(node);
-                        unpin++;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean hasNext() throws Exception {
+    public boolean hasNext() throws HyracksDataException {
         if (page == null) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -153,7 +155,13 @@
 
         do {
             for (int i = tupleIndex; i < leafFrame.getTupleCount(); i++) {
-                if (leafFrame.intersect(searchKey, i, cmp)) {
+                if (searchKey != null) {
+                    if (leafFrame.intersect(searchKey, i, cmp)) {
+                        frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leafFrame, i);
+                        tupleIndexInc = i + 1;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                } else {
                     frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(leafFrame, i);
                     tupleIndexInc = i + 1;
                     return true;
@@ -164,7 +172,7 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void next() throws Exception {
+    public void next() throws HyracksDataException {
         tupleIndex = tupleIndexInc;
     }
 
@@ -185,14 +193,17 @@
         cmp = pred.getLowKeyComparator();
         searchKey = pred.getSearchKey();
 
-        int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
-        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
-            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
-            int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(searchKey.getFieldData(i), searchKey.getFieldStart(i),
-                    searchKey.getFieldLength(i), searchKey.getFieldData(j), searchKey.getFieldStart(j),
-                    searchKey.getFieldLength(j));
-            if (c > 0) {
-                throw new IllegalArgumentException("The low key point has larger coordinates than the high key point.");
+        if (searchKey != null) {
+            int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+                int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+                int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(searchKey.getFieldData(i), searchKey.getFieldStart(i),
+                        searchKey.getFieldLength(i), searchKey.getFieldData(j), searchKey.getFieldStart(j),
+                        searchKey.getFieldLength(j));
+                if (c > 0) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                            "The low key point has larger coordinates than the high key point.");
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -220,8 +231,8 @@
         this.fileId = fileId;
     }
 
-	@Override
-	public boolean exclusiveLatchNodes() {
-		return false;
-	}
+    @Override
+    public boolean exclusiveLatchNodes() {
+        return false;
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/UnorderedSlotManager.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/UnorderedSlotManager.java
index 260cdea..a2dcb6d 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/UnorderedSlotManager.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/impls/UnorderedSlotManager.java
@@ -24,105 +24,100 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMFrame;
 
 public class UnorderedSlotManager extends AbstractSlotManager {
-	
-	@Override
-	public int findTupleIndex(ITupleReference searchKey,
-			ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple, MultiComparator multiCmp,
-			FindTupleMode mode, FindTupleNoExactMatchPolicy matchPolicy) {
 
-		int maxFieldPos = multiCmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
-		for (int i = 0; i < frame.getTupleCount(); i++) {
-			frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, i);
+    @Override
+    public int findTupleIndex(ITupleReference searchKey, ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple, MultiComparator multiCmp,
+            FindTupleMode mode, FindTupleNoExactMatchPolicy matchPolicy) {
+        if (searchKey.getFieldCount() == frameTuple.getFieldCount()) {
+            int maxFieldPos = multiCmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
+            for (int i = 0; i < frame.getTupleCount(); i++) {
+                frameTuple.resetByTupleIndex(frame, i);
 
-			boolean foundTuple = true;
-			for (int j = 0; j < maxFieldPos; j++) {
-				int k = maxFieldPos + j;
-				int c1 = multiCmp.getComparators()[j].compare(
-						frameTuple.getFieldData(j),
-						frameTuple.getFieldStart(j),
-						frameTuple.getFieldLength(j),
-						searchKey.getFieldData(j), searchKey.getFieldStart(j),
-						searchKey.getFieldLength(j));
+                boolean foundTuple = true;
+                for (int j = 0; j < maxFieldPos; j++) {
+                    int k = maxFieldPos + j;
+                    int c1 = multiCmp.getComparators()[j].compare(frameTuple.getFieldData(j),
+                            frameTuple.getFieldStart(j), frameTuple.getFieldLength(j), searchKey.getFieldData(j),
+                            searchKey.getFieldStart(j), searchKey.getFieldLength(j));
 
-				if (c1 != 0) {
-					foundTuple = false;
-					break;
-				}
-				int c2 = multiCmp.getComparators()[k].compare(
-						frameTuple.getFieldData(k),
-						frameTuple.getFieldStart(k),
-						frameTuple.getFieldLength(k),
-						searchKey.getFieldData(k), searchKey.getFieldStart(k),
-						searchKey.getFieldLength(k));
-				if (c2 != 0) {
-					foundTuple = false;
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-			int remainingFieldCount = frameTuple.getFieldCount()
-					- multiCmp.getKeyFieldCount();
-			for (int j = multiCmp.getKeyFieldCount(); j < multiCmp
-					.getKeyFieldCount() + remainingFieldCount; j++) {
-				if (!compareField(searchKey, frameTuple, j)) {
-					foundTuple = false;
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-			if (foundTuple) {
-				return i;
-			}
-		}
-		return -1;
-	}
+                    if (c1 != 0) {
+                        foundTuple = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    int c2 = multiCmp.getComparators()[k].compare(frameTuple.getFieldData(k),
+                            frameTuple.getFieldStart(k), frameTuple.getFieldLength(k), searchKey.getFieldData(k),
+                            searchKey.getFieldStart(k), searchKey.getFieldLength(k));
+                    if (c2 != 0) {
+                        foundTuple = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                int remainingFieldCount = frameTuple.getFieldCount() - multiCmp.getKeyFieldCount();
+                for (int j = multiCmp.getKeyFieldCount(); j < multiCmp.getKeyFieldCount() + remainingFieldCount; j++) {
+                    if (!compareField(searchKey, frameTuple, j)) {
+                        foundTuple = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (foundTuple) {
+                    return i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
 
-	public boolean compareField(ITupleReference searchKey,
-			ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple, int fIdx) {
-		int searchKeyFieldLength = searchKey.getFieldLength(fIdx);
-		int frameTupleFieldLength = frameTuple.getFieldLength(fIdx);
+    private boolean compareField(ITupleReference searchKey, ITreeIndexTupleReference frameTuple, int fIdx) {
+        int searchKeyFieldLength = searchKey.getFieldLength(fIdx);
+        int frameTupleFieldLength = frameTuple.getFieldLength(fIdx);
 
-		if (searchKeyFieldLength != frameTupleFieldLength) {
-			return false;
-		}
+        if (searchKeyFieldLength != frameTupleFieldLength) {
+            return false;
+        }
 
-		for (int i = 0; i < searchKeyFieldLength; i++) {
-			if (searchKey.getFieldData(fIdx)[i + searchKey.getFieldStart(fIdx)] != frameTuple
-					.getFieldData(fIdx)[i + frameTuple.getFieldStart(fIdx)]) {
-				return false;
-			}
-		}
-		return true;
-	}
+        for (int i = 0; i < searchKeyFieldLength; i++) {
+            if (searchKey.getFieldData(fIdx)[i + searchKey.getFieldStart(fIdx)] != frameTuple.getFieldData(fIdx)[i
+                    + frameTuple.getFieldStart(fIdx)]) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
 
-	@Override
-	public int insertSlot(int tupleIndex, int tupleOff) {
-		int slotOff = getSlotEndOff() - slotSize;
-		setSlot(slotOff, tupleOff);
-		return slotOff;
-	}
+    @Override
+    public int insertSlot(int tupleIndex, int tupleOff) {
+        int slotOff = getSlotEndOff() - slotSize;
+        setSlot(slotOff, tupleOff);
+        return slotOff;
+    }
 
-	public void modifySlot(int slotOff, int tupleOff) {
-		setSlot(slotOff, tupleOff);
-	}
+    public void modifySlot(int slotOff, int tupleOff) {
+        setSlot(slotOff, tupleOff);
+    }
 
-	public void deleteEmptySlots() {
-		int slotOff = getSlotStartOff();
-		while (slotOff >= getSlotEndOff()) {
-			if (frame.getBuffer().getInt(slotOff) == -1) {
-				while (frame.getBuffer().getInt(getSlotEndOff()) == -1) {
-					((RTreeNSMFrame) frame)
-							.setTupleCount(frame.getTupleCount() - 1);
-				}
-				if (slotOff > getSlotEndOff()) {
-					System.arraycopy(frame.getBuffer().array(),
-							getSlotEndOff(), frame.getBuffer().array(),
-							slotOff, slotSize);
-					((RTreeNSMFrame) frame)
-							.setTupleCount(frame.getTupleCount() - 1);
-				} else {
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-			slotOff -= slotSize;
-		}
-	}
+    public void deleteSlot(int slotOff) {
+        System.arraycopy(frame.getBuffer().array(), getSlotEndOff(), frame.getBuffer().array(), slotOff + slotSize,
+                slotSize);
+    }
+
+    public void deleteEmptySlots() {
+        int slotOff = getSlotStartOff();
+        while (frame.getTupleCount() > 0) {
+            while (frame.getBuffer().getInt(getSlotEndOff()) == -1) {
+                ((RTreeNSMFrame) frame).setTupleCount(frame.getTupleCount() - 1);
+                if (frame.getTupleCount() == 0) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (frame.getTupleCount() == 0 || slotOff <= getSlotEndOff()) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if (frame.getBuffer().getInt(slotOff) == -1) {
+                modifySlot(slotOff, frame.getBuffer().getInt(getSlotEndOff()));
+                ((RTreeNSMFrame) frame).setTupleCount(frame.getTupleCount() - 1);
+            }
+            slotOff -= slotSize;
+
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9108d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest extends AbstractRTreeTestDriver {
+
+    private final RTreeTestUtils rTreeTestUtils;
+    private final int bulkLoadRounds;
+
+    public AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest(int bulkLoadRounds) {
+        this.bulkLoadRounds = bulkLoadRounds;
+        this.rTreeTestUtils = new RTreeTestUtils();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key) throws Exception {
+        AbstractRTreeTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+        for (int i = 0; i < bulkLoadRounds; i++) {
+            // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first
+            // one to determine which field types to generate.
+            if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+                rTreeTestUtils.bulkLoadIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+            } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof DoubleSerializerDeserializer) {
+                rTreeTestUtils.bulkLoadDoubleTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+            }
+
+            rTreeTestUtils.checkScan(ctx);
+            rTreeTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(ctx);
+            rTreeTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, key);
+        }
+        ctx.getIndex().close();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getTestOpName() {
+        return "BulkLoad";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeDeleteTest.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeDeleteTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..245178a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeDeleteTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class AbstractRTreeDeleteTest extends AbstractRTreeTestDriver {
+
+    private final RTreeTestUtils rTreeTestUtils;
+
+    private static final int numInsertRounds = 2;
+    private static final int numDeleteRounds = 2;
+
+    public AbstractRTreeDeleteTest() {
+        this.rTreeTestUtils = new RTreeTestUtils();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key) throws Exception {
+        AbstractRTreeTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+        for (int i = 0; i < numInsertRounds; i++) {
+            // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first
+            // one to determine which field types to generate.
+            if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+                rTreeTestUtils.insertIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+            } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof DoubleSerializerDeserializer) {
+                rTreeTestUtils.insertDoubleTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+            }
+            int numTuplesPerDeleteRound = (int) Math
+                    .ceil((float) ctx.getCheckTuples().size() / (float) numDeleteRounds);
+            for (int j = 0; j < numDeleteRounds; j++) {
+                rTreeTestUtils.deleteTuples(ctx, numTuplesPerDeleteRound, getRandom());
+                rTreeTestUtils.checkScan(ctx);
+                rTreeTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(ctx);
+                rTreeTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, key);
+            }
+        }
+        ctx.getIndex().close();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getTestOpName() {
+        return "Delete";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeExamplesTest.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeExamplesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c472b70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeExamplesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,567 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.accessors.PointableBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.DoublePointable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.IntegerPointable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.TreeDiskOrderScanCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class AbstractRTreeExamplesTest {
+    protected static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(AbstractRTreeExamplesTest.class.getName());
+    protected final Random rnd = new Random(50);
+
+    protected abstract ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories) throws TreeIndexException;
+
+    protected abstract int getIndexFileId();
+
+    /**
+     * Two Dimensions Example.
+     * 
+     * Create an RTree index of two dimensions, where they keys are of type
+     * integer, and the payload is two integer values. Fill index with random
+     * values using insertions (not bulk load). Perform scans and range search.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void twoDimensionsExample() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Fixed-Length Key,Value Example.");
+        }
+
+        // Declare fields.
+        int fieldCount = 6;
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
+        typeTraits[0] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[1] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[2] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[3] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[4] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[5] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        // Declare field serdes.
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // Declare RTree keys.
+        int rtreeKeyFieldCount = 4;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[rtreeKeyFieldCount];
+        rtreeCmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[2] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[3] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        // Declare BTree keys, this will only be used for LSMRTree
+        int btreeKeyFieldCount = 6;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[btreeKeyFieldCount];
+        btreeCmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[2] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[3] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[4] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[5] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        // create value providers
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                rtreeCmpFactories.length, IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories);
+        treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
+        treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Inserting into tree...");
+        }
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = treeIndex.createAccessor();
+        int numInserts = 10000;
+        for (int i = 0; i < numInserts; i++) {
+            int p1x = rnd.nextInt();
+            int p1y = rnd.nextInt();
+            int p2x = rnd.nextInt();
+            int p2y = rnd.nextInt();
+
+            int pk1 = 5;
+            int pk2 = 10;
+
+            TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(tb, tuple, Math.min(p1x, p2x), Math.min(p1y, p2y), Math.max(p1x, p2x),
+                    Math.max(p1y, p2y), pk1, pk2);
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Inserting " + i + " " + Math.min(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.min(p1y, p2y) + " "
+                            + Math.max(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.max(p1y, p2y) + ", " + pk1 + ", " + pk2);
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
+            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+            }
+        }
+        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info(numInserts + " inserts in " + (end - start) + "ms");
+        }
+
+        scan(indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
+        diskOrderScan(indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
+
+        // Build key.
+        ArrayTupleBuilder keyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(rtreeKeyFieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference key = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(keyTb, key, -1000, -1000, 1000, 1000);
+
+        rangeSearch(rtreeCmpFactories, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes, key);
+
+        treeIndex.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Two Dimensions Example.
+     * 
+     * Create an RTree index of three dimensions, where they keys are of type
+     * double, and the payload is one double value. Fill index with random
+     * values using insertions (not bulk load). Perform scans and range search.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void threeDimensionsExample() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Fixed-Length Key,Value Example.");
+        }
+
+        // Declare fields.
+        int fieldCount = 7;
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
+        typeTraits[0] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[1] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[2] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[3] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[4] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[5] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[6] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        // Declare field serdes.
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // Declare RTree keys.
+        int rtreeKeyFieldCount = 6;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[rtreeKeyFieldCount];
+        rtreeCmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[2] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[3] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[4] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[5] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+
+        // Declare RTree keys.
+        int btreeKeyFieldCount = 7;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[btreeKeyFieldCount];
+        btreeCmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[2] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[3] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[4] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[5] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[6] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+
+        // create value providers
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                rtreeCmpFactories.length, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+
+        int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories);
+        treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
+        treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Inserting into tree...");
+        }
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = treeIndex.createAccessor();
+        int numInserts = 10000;
+        for (int i = 0; i < numInserts; i++) {
+            double p1x = rnd.nextDouble();
+            double p1y = rnd.nextDouble();
+            double p1z = rnd.nextDouble();
+            double p2x = rnd.nextDouble();
+            double p2y = rnd.nextDouble();
+            double p2z = rnd.nextDouble();
+
+            double pk = 5.0;
+
+            TupleUtils.createDoubleTuple(tb, tuple, Math.min(p1x, p2x), Math.min(p1y, p2y), Math.min(p1z, p2z),
+                    Math.max(p1x, p2x), Math.max(p1y, p2y), Math.max(p1z, p2z), pk);
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Inserting " + i + " " + Math.min(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.min(p1y, p2y) + " "
+                            + Math.min(p1z, p2z) + " " + Math.max(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.max(p1y, p2y) + " "
+                            + Math.max(p1z, p2z) + ", " + pk);
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
+            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+            }
+        }
+        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info(numInserts + " inserts in " + (end - start) + "ms");
+        }
+
+        scan(indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
+        diskOrderScan(indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
+
+        // Build key.
+        ArrayTupleBuilder keyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(rtreeKeyFieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference key = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        TupleUtils.createDoubleTuple(keyTb, key, -1000.0, -1000.0, -1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0);
+
+        rangeSearch(rtreeCmpFactories, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes, key);
+
+        treeIndex.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deletion Example.
+     * 
+     * Create an RTree index of two dimensions, where they keys are of type
+     * integer, and the payload is one integer value. Fill index with random
+     * values using insertions, then delete entries one-by-one. Repeat procedure
+     * a few times on same RTree.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void deleteExample() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Deletion Example");
+        }
+
+        // Declare fields.
+        int fieldCount = 5;
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
+        typeTraits[0] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[1] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[2] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[3] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[4] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+
+        // Declare RTree keys.
+        int rtreeKeyFieldCount = 4;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[rtreeKeyFieldCount];
+        rtreeCmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[2] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[3] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        // Declare BTree keys.
+        int btreeKeyFieldCount = 5;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[btreeKeyFieldCount];
+        btreeCmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[2] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[3] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[4] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        // create value providers
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                rtreeCmpFactories.length, IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories);
+        treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
+        treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
+
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = treeIndex.createAccessor();
+
+        int runs = 3;
+        for (int run = 0; run < runs; run++) {
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                LOGGER.info("Deletion example run: " + (run + 1) + "/" + runs);
+                LOGGER.info("Inserting into tree...");
+            }
+
+            int numInserts = 10000;
+            int[] p1xs = new int[numInserts];
+            int[] p1ys = new int[numInserts];
+            int[] p2xs = new int[numInserts];
+            int[] p2ys = new int[numInserts];
+            int[] pks = new int[numInserts];
+            int insDone = 0;
+
+            int[] insDoneCmp = new int[numInserts];
+            for (int i = 0; i < numInserts; i++) {
+                int p1x = rnd.nextInt();
+                int p1y = rnd.nextInt();
+                int p2x = rnd.nextInt();
+                int p2y = rnd.nextInt();
+                int pk = 5;
+
+                p1xs[i] = Math.min(p1x, p2x);
+                p1ys[i] = Math.min(p1y, p2y);
+                p2xs[i] = Math.max(p1x, p2x);
+                p2ys[i] = Math.max(p1y, p2y);
+                pks[i] = pk;
+
+                TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(tb, tuple, Math.min(p1x, p2x), Math.min(p1y, p2y), Math.max(p1x, p2x),
+                        Math.max(p1y, p2y), pk);
+                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                    if (i % 1000 == 0) {
+                        LOGGER.info("Inserting " + i);
+                    }
+                }
+                try {
+                    indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
+                } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+                }
+                insDoneCmp[i] = insDone;
+            }
+
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                LOGGER.info("Deleting from tree...");
+            }
+            int delDone = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < numInserts; i++) {
+                TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(tb, tuple, p1xs[i], p1ys[i], p2xs[i], p2ys[i], pks[i]);
+                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                    if (i % 1000 == 0) {
+                        LOGGER.info("Deleting " + i);
+                    }
+                }
+                try {
+                    indexAccessor.delete(tuple);
+                    delDone++;
+                } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+                }
+                if (insDoneCmp[i] != delDone) {
+                    if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                        LOGGER.info("INCONSISTENT STATE, ERROR IN DELETION EXAMPLE.");
+                        LOGGER.info("INSDONECMP: " + insDoneCmp[i] + " " + delDone);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (insDone != delDone) {
+                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                    LOGGER.info("ERROR! INSDONE: " + insDone + " DELDONE: " + delDone);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        treeIndex.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bulk load example.
+     * 
+     * Load a tree with 10,000 tuples.
+     * 
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void bulkLoadExample() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Bulk load example");
+        }
+        // Declare fields.
+        int fieldCount = 5;
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
+        typeTraits[0] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[1] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[2] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[3] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[4] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+
+        // Declare field serdes.
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // Declare RTree keys.
+        int rtreeKeyFieldCount = 4;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[rtreeKeyFieldCount];
+        rtreeCmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[2] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        rtreeCmpFactories[3] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        // Declare BTree keys.
+        int btreeKeyFieldCount = 5;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[btreeKeyFieldCount];
+        btreeCmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[2] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[3] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        btreeCmpFactories[4] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        // create value providers
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                rtreeCmpFactories.length, IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        int indexFileId = getIndexFileId();
+        ITreeIndex treeIndex = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories);
+        treeIndex.create(indexFileId);
+        treeIndex.open(indexFileId);
+
+        // Load records.
+        int numInserts = 10000;
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Bulk loading " + numInserts + " tuples");
+        }
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        IIndexBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = treeIndex.beginBulkLoad(0.7f);
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < numInserts; i++) {
+            int p1x = rnd.nextInt();
+            int p1y = rnd.nextInt();
+            int p2x = rnd.nextInt();
+            int p2y = rnd.nextInt();
+
+            int pk = 5;
+
+            TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(tb, tuple, Math.min(p1x, p2x), Math.min(p1y, p2y), Math.max(p1x, p2x),
+                    Math.max(p1y, p2y), pk);
+            treeIndex.bulkLoadAddTuple(tuple, bulkLoadCtx);
+        }
+
+        treeIndex.endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx);
+        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info(numInserts + " tuples loaded in " + (end - start) + "ms");
+        }
+
+        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = treeIndex.createAccessor();
+
+        // Build key.
+        ArrayTupleBuilder keyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(rtreeKeyFieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference key = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(keyTb, key, -1000, -1000, 1000, 1000);
+
+        rangeSearch(rtreeCmpFactories, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes, key);
+
+        treeIndex.close();
+    }
+
+    private void scan(ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes) throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Scan:");
+        }
+        ITreeIndexCursor scanCursor = indexAccessor.createSearchCursor();
+        SearchPredicate nullPred = new SearchPredicate(null, null);
+        indexAccessor.search(scanCursor, nullPred);
+        try {
+            while (scanCursor.hasNext()) {
+                scanCursor.next();
+                ITupleReference frameTuple = scanCursor.getTuple();
+                String rec = TupleUtils.printTuple(frameTuple, fieldSerdes);
+                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                    LOGGER.info(rec);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            scanCursor.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void diskOrderScan(ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes)
+            throws Exception {
+        try {
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                LOGGER.info("Disk-Order Scan:");
+            }
+            TreeDiskOrderScanCursor diskOrderCursor = (TreeDiskOrderScanCursor) indexAccessor
+                    .createDiskOrderScanCursor();
+            indexAccessor.diskOrderScan(diskOrderCursor);
+            try {
+                while (diskOrderCursor.hasNext()) {
+                    diskOrderCursor.next();
+                    ITupleReference frameTuple = diskOrderCursor.getTuple();
+                    String rec = TupleUtils.printTuple(frameTuple, fieldSerdes);
+                    if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                        LOGGER.info(rec);
+                    }
+                }
+            } finally {
+                diskOrderCursor.close();
+            }
+        } catch (UnsupportedOperationException e) {
+            // Ignore exception because some indexes, e.g. the LSMRTree, don't
+            // support disk-order scan.
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                LOGGER.info("Ignoring disk-order scan since it's not supported.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void rangeSearch(IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories, ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor,
+            ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, ITupleReference key) throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            String kString = TupleUtils.printTuple(key, fieldSerdes);
+            LOGGER.info("Range-Search using key: " + kString);
+        }
+        ITreeIndexCursor rangeCursor = indexAccessor.createSearchCursor();
+        MultiComparator cmp = RTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(cmpFactories, key);
+        SearchPredicate rangePred = new SearchPredicate(key, cmp);
+        indexAccessor.search(rangeCursor, rangePred);
+        try {
+            while (rangeCursor.hasNext()) {
+                rangeCursor.next();
+                ITupleReference frameTuple = rangeCursor.getTuple();
+                String rec = TupleUtils.printTuple(frameTuple, fieldSerdes);
+                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                    LOGGER.info(rec);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            rangeCursor.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeInsertTest.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeInsertTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f24ee8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeInsertTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Tests the RTree insert operation with integer and double fields using various
+ * numbers of dimensions and payload fields.
+ * 
+ * Each tests first fills an RTree with randomly generated tuples. We compare
+ * the following operations against expected results: 1. RTree scan. 3.
+ * Disk-order scan. 4. Range search.
+ * 
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class AbstractRTreeInsertTest extends AbstractRTreeTestDriver {
+
+    private final RTreeTestUtils rTreeTestUtils;
+
+    public AbstractRTreeInsertTest() {
+        this.rTreeTestUtils = new RTreeTestUtils();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key) throws Exception {
+        AbstractRTreeTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+        // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first one
+        // to determine which field types to generate.
+        if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+            rTreeTestUtils.insertIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+        } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof DoubleSerializerDeserializer) {
+            rTreeTestUtils.insertDoubleTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+        }
+
+        rTreeTestUtils.checkScan(ctx);
+        rTreeTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(ctx);
+        rTreeTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, key);
+        ctx.getIndex().close();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getTestOpName() {
+        return "Insert";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02e6158
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.DoublePointable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.IntegerPointable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.SerdeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestWorkloadConf;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TreeIndexMultiThreadTestDriver;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest {
+
+    protected final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest.class.getName());
+
+    // Machine-specific number of threads to use for testing.
+    protected final int REGULAR_NUM_THREADS = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
+    // Excessive number of threads for testing.
+    protected final int EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() * 4;
+    protected final int NUM_OPERATIONS = 10000;
+
+    protected ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> workloadConfs = getTestWorkloadConf();
+
+    protected abstract void setUp() throws HyracksException;
+
+    protected abstract void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException;
+
+    protected abstract ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories) throws TreeIndexException;
+
+    protected abstract int getFileId();
+
+    protected abstract ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory getWorkerFactory();
+
+    protected abstract ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> getTestWorkloadConf();
+
+    protected abstract String getIndexTypeName();
+
+    protected static float[] getUniformOpProbs(TestOperation[] ops) {
+        float[] opProbs = new float[ops.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < ops.length; i++) {
+            opProbs[i] = 1.0f / (float) ops.length;
+        }
+        return opProbs;
+    }
+
+    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, int numThreads,
+            TestWorkloadConf conf, String dataMsg) throws HyracksException, InterruptedException, TreeIndexException {
+        setUp();
+
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            String indexTypeName = getIndexTypeName();
+            LOGGER.info(indexTypeName + " MultiThread Test:\nData: " + dataMsg + "; Threads: " + numThreads
+                    + "; Workload: " + conf.toString() + ".");
+        }
+
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes);
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes, numKeys);
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes,
+                fieldSerdes.length);
+
+        ITreeIndex index = createTreeIndex(typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories);
+        ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory workerFactory = getWorkerFactory();
+
+        // 4 batches per thread.
+        int batchSize = (NUM_OPERATIONS / numThreads) / 4;
+
+        TreeIndexMultiThreadTestDriver driver = new TreeIndexMultiThreadTestDriver(index, workerFactory, fieldSerdes,
+                conf.ops, conf.opProbs);
+        driver.init(getFileId());
+        long[] times = driver.run(numThreads, 1, NUM_OPERATIONS, batchSize);
+        driver.deinit();
+
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("RTree MultiThread Test Time: " + times[0] + "ms");
+        }
+
+        tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void twoDimensionsInt() throws InterruptedException, HyracksException, TreeIndexException {
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        int numKeys = 4;
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                numKeys, IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        String dataMsg = "Two Dimensions Of Integer Values";
+
+        for (TestWorkloadConf conf : workloadConfs) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, REGULAR_NUM_THREADS, conf, dataMsg);
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS, conf, dataMsg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    //@Test
+    public void fourDimensionsDouble() throws InterruptedException, HyracksException, TreeIndexException {
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        int numKeys = 8;
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                numKeys, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+
+        String dataMsg = "Four Dimensions Of Double Values";
+
+        for (TestWorkloadConf conf : workloadConfs) {
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, REGULAR_NUM_THREADS, conf, dataMsg);
+            runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, EXCESSIVE_NUM_THREADS, conf, dataMsg);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeTestContext.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeTestContext.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa9be1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeTestContext.java
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TreeIndexTestContext;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class AbstractRTreeTestContext extends TreeIndexTestContext<RTreeCheckTuple> {
+    private final ArrayList<RTreeCheckTuple> checkTuples = new ArrayList<RTreeCheckTuple>();
+
+    public AbstractRTreeTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, ITreeIndex treeIndex) {
+        super(fieldSerdes, treeIndex);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Collection<RTreeCheckTuple> getCheckTuples() {
+        return checkTuples;
+    }
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeTestDriver.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeTestDriver.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0467039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/AbstractRTreeTestDriver.java
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.DoublePointable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.IntegerPointable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class AbstractRTreeTestDriver {
+    protected final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(AbstractRTreeTestDriver.class.getName());
+
+    protected static final int numTuplesToInsert = 10000;
+
+    protected abstract AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception;
+
+    protected abstract Random getRandom();
+
+    protected abstract void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key) throws Exception;
+
+    protected abstract String getTestOpName();
+
+    @Test
+    public void twoDimensionsInt() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("RTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two Dimensions With Integer Keys.");
+        }
+
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        int numKeys = 4;
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                numKeys, IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        // Range search, the rectangle bottom left coordinates are -1000, -1000
+        // and the top right coordinates are 1000, 1000
+        ITupleReference key = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(-1000, -1000, 1000, 1000);
+
+        runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, key);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void twoDimensionsDouble() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("RTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two Dimensions With Double Keys.");
+        }
+
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        int numKeys = 4;
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                numKeys, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        // Range search, the rectangle bottom left coordinates are -1000.0,
+        // -1000.0 and the top right coordinates are 1000.0, 1000.0
+        ITupleReference key = TupleUtils.createDoubleTuple(-1000.0, -1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0);
+
+        runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, key);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fourDimensionsDouble() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("RTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Four Dimensions With Double Keys.");
+        }
+
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        int numKeys = 8;
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                numKeys, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
+        // Range search, the rectangle bottom left coordinates are -1000.0,
+        // -1000.0, -1000.0, -1000.0 and the top right coordinates are 1000.0,
+        // 1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0
+        ITupleReference key = TupleUtils.createDoubleTuple(-1000.0, -1000.0, -1000.0, -1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0, 1000.0,
+                1000.0);
+
+        runTest(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys, key);
+
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/RTreeCheckTuple.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/RTreeCheckTuple.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02c3efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/RTreeCheckTuple.java
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.CheckTuple;
+
+@SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
+public class RTreeCheckTuple<T> extends CheckTuple {
+
+    public RTreeCheckTuple(int numFields, int numKeys) {
+        super(numFields, numKeys);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        RTreeCheckTuple<T> other = (RTreeCheckTuple<T>) o;
+        for (int i = 0; i < tuple.length; i++) {
+            int cmp = tuple[i].compareTo(other.get(i));
+            if (cmp != 0) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public boolean intersect(T o) {
+        RTreeCheckTuple<T> other = (RTreeCheckTuple<T>) o;
+        int maxFieldPos = numKeys / 2;
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            int cmp = tuple[i].compareTo(other.get(j));
+            if (cmp > 0) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            cmp = tuple[j].compareTo(other.get(i));
+            if (cmp < 0) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/RTreeTestUtils.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/RTreeTestUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66cd3e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/tests/RTreeTestUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ISearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.CheckTuple;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.ITreeIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TreeIndexTestUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class RTreeTestUtils extends TreeIndexTestUtils {
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(RTreeTestUtils.class.getName());
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    // Create a new ArrayList containing the elements satisfying the search key
+    public ArrayList<RTreeCheckTuple> getRangeSearchExpectedResults(ArrayList<RTreeCheckTuple> checkTuples,
+            RTreeCheckTuple key) {
+        ArrayList<RTreeCheckTuple> expectedResult = new ArrayList<RTreeCheckTuple>();
+        Iterator<RTreeCheckTuple> iter = checkTuples.iterator();
+        while (iter.hasNext()) {
+            RTreeCheckTuple t = iter.next();
+            if (t.intersect(key)) {
+                expectedResult.add(t);
+            }
+        }
+        return expectedResult;
+    }
+
+    public void checkRangeSearch(ITreeIndexTestContext ictx, ITupleReference key) throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Testing Range Search.");
+        }
+        AbstractRTreeTestContext ctx = (AbstractRTreeTestContext) ictx;
+        MultiComparator cmp = RTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(ctx.getComparatorFactories(), key);
+
+        ITreeIndexCursor searchCursor = ctx.getIndexAccessor().createSearchCursor();
+        SearchPredicate searchPred = new SearchPredicate(key, cmp);
+        ctx.getIndexAccessor().search(searchCursor, searchPred);
+
+        // Get the subset of elements from the expected set within given key
+        // range.
+        RTreeCheckTuple keyCheck = (RTreeCheckTuple) createCheckTupleFromTuple(key, ctx.getFieldSerdes(),
+                cmp.getKeyFieldCount());
+
+        ArrayList<RTreeCheckTuple> expectedResult = null;
+
+        expectedResult = getRangeSearchExpectedResults((ArrayList<RTreeCheckTuple>) ctx.getCheckTuples(), keyCheck);
+        checkExpectedResults(searchCursor, expectedResult, ctx.getFieldSerdes(), ctx.getKeyFieldCount(), null);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void insertDoubleTuples(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
+        int fieldCount = ctx.getFieldCount();
+        int numKeyFields = ctx.getKeyFieldCount();
+        double[] fieldValues = new double[ctx.getFieldCount()];
+        // Scale range of values according to number of keys.
+        // For example, for 2 keys we want the square root of numTuples, for 3
+        // keys the cube root of numTuples, etc.
+        double maxValue = Math.ceil(Math.pow(numTuples, 1.0 / (double) numKeyFields));
+        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
+            // Set keys.
+            setDoubleKeyFields(fieldValues, numKeyFields, maxValue, rnd);
+            // Set values.
+            for (int j = numKeyFields; j < fieldCount; j++) {
+                fieldValues[j] = j;
+            }
+            TupleUtils.createDoubleTuple(ctx.getTupleBuilder(), ctx.getTuple(), fieldValues);
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                if ((i + 1) % (numTuples / Math.min(10, numTuples)) == 0) {
+                    LOGGER.info("Inserting Tuple " + (i + 1) + "/" + numTuples);
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                ctx.getIndexAccessor().insert(ctx.getTuple());
+                ctx.insertCheckTuple(createDoubleCheckTuple(fieldValues, ctx.getKeyFieldCount()), ctx.getCheckTuples());
+            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+                // We set expected values only after insertion succeeds because
+                // we
+                // ignore duplicate keys.
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setDoubleKeyFields(double[] fieldValues, int numKeyFields, double maxValue, Random rnd) {
+        int maxFieldPos = numKeyFields / 2;
+        for (int j = 0; j < maxFieldPos; j++) {
+            int k = maxFieldPos + j;
+            double firstValue = rnd.nextDouble() % maxValue;
+            double secondValue;
+            do {
+                secondValue = rnd.nextDouble() % maxValue;
+            } while (secondValue < firstValue);
+            fieldValues[j] = firstValue;
+            fieldValues[k] = secondValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    protected CheckTuple createDoubleCheckTuple(double[] fieldValues, int numKeyFields) {
+        RTreeCheckTuple<Double> checkTuple = new RTreeCheckTuple<Double>(fieldValues.length, numKeyFields);
+        for (double v : fieldValues) {
+            checkTuple.add(v);
+        }
+        return checkTuple;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void bulkLoadDoubleTuples(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
+        int fieldCount = ctx.getFieldCount();
+        int numKeyFields = ctx.getKeyFieldCount();
+        double[] fieldValues = new double[ctx.getFieldCount()];
+        double maxValue = Math.ceil(Math.pow(numTuples, 1.0 / (double) numKeyFields));
+        Collection<CheckTuple> tmpCheckTuples = createCheckTuplesCollection();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
+            // Set keys.
+            setDoubleKeyFields(fieldValues, numKeyFields, maxValue, rnd);
+            // Set values.
+            for (int j = numKeyFields; j < fieldCount; j++) {
+                fieldValues[j] = j;
+            }
+
+            // Set expected values.
+            ctx.insertCheckTuple(createDoubleCheckTuple(fieldValues, ctx.getKeyFieldCount()), tmpCheckTuples);
+        }
+        bulkLoadCheckTuples(ctx, tmpCheckTuples);
+
+        // Add tmpCheckTuples to ctx check tuples for comparing searches.
+        for (CheckTuple checkTuple : tmpCheckTuples) {
+            ctx.insertCheckTuple(checkTuple, ctx.getCheckTuples());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void checkExpectedResults(ITreeIndexCursor cursor, Collection checkTuples,
+            ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int keyFieldCount, Iterator<CheckTuple> checkIter) throws Exception {
+        int actualCount = 0;
+        try {
+            while (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                cursor.next();
+                ITupleReference tuple = cursor.getTuple();
+                RTreeCheckTuple checkTuple = (RTreeCheckTuple) createCheckTupleFromTuple(tuple, fieldSerdes,
+                        keyFieldCount);
+                if (!checkTuples.contains(checkTuple)) {
+                    fail("Scan or range search returned unexpected answer: " + checkTuple.toString());
+                }
+                actualCount++;
+            }
+            if (actualCount < checkTuples.size()) {
+                fail("Scan or range search returned fewer answers than expected.\nExpected: " + checkTuples.size()
+                        + "\nActual  : " + actualCount);
+            }
+            if (actualCount > checkTuples.size()) {
+                fail("Scan or range search returned more answers than expected.\nExpected: " + checkTuples.size()
+                        + "\nActual  : " + actualCount);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            cursor.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected CheckTuple createCheckTuple(int numFields, int numKeyFields) {
+        return new RTreeCheckTuple(numFields, numKeyFields);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ISearchPredicate createNullSearchPredicate() {
+        return new SearchPredicate(null, null);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @Override
+    protected CheckTuple createIntCheckTuple(int[] fieldValues, int numKeyFields) {
+        RTreeCheckTuple<Integer> checkTuple = new RTreeCheckTuple<Integer>(fieldValues.length, numKeyFields);
+        for (int v : fieldValues) {
+            checkTuple.add(v);
+        }
+        return checkTuple;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void setIntKeyFields(int[] fieldValues, int numKeyFields, int maxValue, Random rnd) {
+        int maxFieldPos = numKeyFields / 2;
+        for (int j = 0; j < maxFieldPos; j++) {
+            int k = maxFieldPos + j;
+            int firstValue = rnd.nextInt() % maxValue;
+            int secondValue;
+            do {
+                secondValue = rnd.nextInt() % maxValue;
+            } while (secondValue < firstValue);
+            fieldValues[j] = firstValue;
+            fieldValues[k] = secondValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Collection createCheckTuplesCollection() {
+        return new ArrayList<RTreeCheckTuple>();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ArrayTupleBuilder createDeleteTupleBuilder(ITreeIndexTestContext ctx) {
+        return new ArrayTupleBuilder(ctx.getFieldCount());
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected boolean checkDiskOrderScanResult(ITupleReference tuple, CheckTuple checkTuple, ITreeIndexTestContext ctx) throws HyracksDataException {
+    	return ctx.getCheckTuples().contains(checkTuple);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/util/RTreeUtils.java b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/util/RTreeUtils.java
index 74e4840..6f5d36f 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/util/RTreeUtils.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-am-rtree/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/util/RTreeUtils.java
@@ -15,11 +15,55 @@
 
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util;
 
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.api.IPointableFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.data.PointablePrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 
 public class RTreeUtils {
+    public static RTree createRTree(IBufferCache bufferCache, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) {
+
+        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
+                valueProviderFactories);
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
+                valueProviderFactories);
+        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
+
+        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, 0, metaFrameFactory);
+        RTree rtree = new RTree(bufferCache, typeTraits.length, cmpFactories, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory,
+                leafFrameFactory);
+        return rtree;
+    }
+
+    // Creates a new MultiComparator by constructing new IBinaryComparators.
+    public static MultiComparator getSearchMultiComparator(IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories,
+            ITupleReference searchKey) {
+        if (searchKey == null || cmpFactories.length == searchKey.getFieldCount()) {
+            return MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
+        }
+        IBinaryComparator[] newCmps = new IBinaryComparator[searchKey.getFieldCount()];
+        for (int i = 0; i < searchKey.getFieldCount(); i++) {
+            newCmps[i] = cmpFactories[i].createBinaryComparator();
+        }
+        return new MultiComparator(newCmps);
+    }
+
     public static IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(int len, IPointableFactory pf) {
         IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] pvpfs = new IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[len];
         for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
@@ -27,4 +71,4 @@
         }
         return pvpfs;
     }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/BufferCache.java b/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/BufferCache.java
index a5584e0..bbe5ba6 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/BufferCache.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/BufferCache.java
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  */
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache;
 
+import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -37,7 +38,8 @@
     private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(BufferCache.class.getName());
     private static final int MAP_FACTOR = 2;
 
-    private static final int MAX_VICTIMIZATION_TRY_COUNT = 3;
+    //private static final int MAX_VICTIMIZATION_TRY_COUNT = 3;
+    private static final int MAX_VICTIMIZATION_TRY_COUNT = 1000000;
 
     private final int maxOpenFiles;
 
@@ -94,8 +96,11 @@
         }
 
         // check whether file has been created and opened
-        int fileId = BufferedFileHandle.getFileId(dpid);
-        BufferedFileHandle fInfo = fileInfoMap.get(fileId);
+        int fileId = BufferedFileHandle.getFileId(dpid);        
+        BufferedFileHandle fInfo = null;
+        synchronized(fileInfoMap) {
+        	fInfo = fileInfoMap.get(fileId);
+        }
         if (fInfo == null) {
             throw new HyracksDataException("pin called on a fileId " + fileId + " that has not been created.");
         } else if (fInfo.getReferenceCount() <= 0) {
@@ -134,10 +139,11 @@
 
         CachedPage cPage = findPage(dpid, newPage);
         if (cPage == null) {
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                LOGGER.info(dumpState());
+            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+                LOGGER.fine(dumpState());
             }
-            throw new HyracksDataException("Failed to pin page because all pages are pinned.");
+            throw new HyracksDataException("Failed to pin page " + BufferedFileHandle.getFileId(dpid) + ":"
+                    + BufferedFileHandle.getPageId(dpid) + " because all pages are pinned.");
         }
         if (!newPage) {
             if (!cPage.valid) {
@@ -380,6 +386,9 @@
 
     private void write(CachedPage cPage) throws HyracksDataException {
         BufferedFileHandle fInfo = getFileInfo(cPage);
+        if(fInfo.fileHasBeenDeleted()){
+            return;
+        }
         cPage.buffer.position(0);
         cPage.buffer.limit(pageSize);
         ioManager.syncWrite(fInfo.getFileHandle(), (long) BufferedFileHandle.getPageId(cPage.dpid) * pageSize,
@@ -505,37 +514,56 @@
             setPriority(MAX_PRIORITY);
         }
 
+        public void cleanPage(CachedPage cPage, boolean force) {
+        	if (cPage.dirty.get()) {
+        		boolean proceed = false;
+        		if (force) {        			
+        			cPage.latch.writeLock().lock();
+        			proceed = true;
+        		} else {        			
+        			proceed = cPage.latch.readLock().tryLock();
+        		}
+                if (proceed) {
+                	try {
+                		// Make sure page is still dirty.
+                    	if (!cPage.dirty.get()) {
+                    		return;
+                    	}
+                        boolean cleaned = true;
+                        try {
+                            write(cPage);
+                        } catch (HyracksDataException e) {
+                            cleaned = false;
+                        }
+                        if (cleaned) {                           	                        	
+                        	cPage.dirty.set(false);
+                        	cPage.pinCount.decrementAndGet();
+                        	synchronized (cleanNotification) {
+                        		++cleanCount;
+                        		cleanNotification.notify();
+                        	}
+                        }
+                    } finally {
+                        if (force) {
+                        	cPage.latch.writeLock().unlock();
+                        } else {
+                        	cPage.latch.readLock().unlock();
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (shutdownStart) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                            "Cache closed, but unable to acquire read lock on dirty page: " + cPage.dpid);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
         @Override
         public synchronized void run() {
             try {
                 while (true) {
-                    for (int i = 0; i < numPages; ++i) {
-                        CachedPage cPage = cachedPages[i];
-                        if (cPage.dirty.get()) {
-                            if (cPage.latch.readLock().tryLock()) {
-                                try {
-                                    boolean cleaned = true;
-                                    try {
-                                        write(cPage);
-                                    } catch (HyracksDataException e) {
-                                        cleaned = false;
-                                    }
-                                    if (cleaned) {
-                                        cPage.dirty.set(false);
-                                        cPage.pinCount.decrementAndGet();
-                                        synchronized (cleanNotification) {
-                                            ++cleanCount;
-                                            cleanNotification.notifyAll();
-                                        }
-                                    }
-                                } finally {
-                                    cPage.latch.readLock().unlock();
-                                }
-                            } else if (shutdownStart) {
-                                throw new IllegalStateException(
-                                        "Cache closed, but unable to acquire read lock on dirty page: " + cPage.dpid);
-                            }
-                        }
+                    for (int i = 0; i < numPages; ++i) {                        
+                    	CachedPage cPage = cachedPages[i];
+                        cleanPage(cPage, false);
                     }
                     if (shutdownStart) {
                         break;
@@ -555,7 +583,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public void close() {
-        closed = true;
+    	closed = true;
         synchronized (cleanerThread) {
             cleanerThread.shutdownStart = true;
             cleanerThread.notifyAll();
@@ -604,7 +632,7 @@
             fInfo = fileInfoMap.get(fileId);
             if (fInfo == null) {
 
-                // map is full, make room by removing cleaning up unreferenced files
+                // map is full, make room by cleaning up unreferenced files
                 boolean unreferencedFileFound = true;
                 while (fileInfoMap.size() >= maxOpenFiles && unreferencedFileFound) {
                     unreferencedFileFound = false;
@@ -675,7 +703,7 @@
     private boolean invalidateIfFileIdMatch(int fileId, CachedPage cPage, boolean flushDirtyPages)
             throws HyracksDataException {
         if (BufferedFileHandle.getFileId(cPage.dpid) == fileId) {
-            int pinCount;
+            int pinCount = -1;
             if (cPage.dirty.get()) {
                 if (flushDirtyPages) {
                     write(cPage);
@@ -686,7 +714,7 @@
                 pinCount = cPage.pinCount.get();
             }
             if (pinCount != 0) {
-                throw new IllegalStateException("Page is pinned and file is being closed");
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Page is pinned and file is being closed. Pincount is: " + pinCount);
             }
             cPage.invalidate();
             return true;
@@ -698,8 +726,11 @@
     public void closeFile(int fileId) throws HyracksDataException {
         if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
             LOGGER.info("Closing file: " + fileId + " in cache: " + this);
-            LOGGER.info(dumpState());
         }
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {            
+            LOGGER.fine(dumpState());
+        }
+        
         synchronized (fileInfoMap) {
             BufferedFileHandle fInfo = fileInfoMap.get(fileId);
             if (fInfo == null) {
@@ -709,13 +740,40 @@
                 throw new HyracksDataException("Closed fileId: " + fileId + " more times than it was opened.");
             }
         }
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("Closed file: " + fileId + " in cache: " + this);
+        }
     }
 
     @Override
-    public synchronized void deleteFile(int fileId) throws HyracksDataException {
+    public void flushDirtyPage(ICachedPage page) throws HyracksDataException {
+    	// Assumes the caller has pinned the page.
+    	cleanerThread.cleanPage((CachedPage)page, true);
+    }
+	
+	@Override
+    public void force(int fileId, boolean metadata) throws HyracksDataException {
+    	BufferedFileHandle fInfo = null;
+    	synchronized (fileInfoMap) {
+    		fInfo = fileInfoMap.get(fileId);
+    		try {
+    			fInfo.getFileHandle().getFileChannel().force(metadata);
+    		} catch (IOException e) {
+    			throw new HyracksDataException(e);
+    		}
+    	}    	
+    }
+	
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void deleteFile(int fileId, boolean flushDirtyPages) throws HyracksDataException {
         if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
             LOGGER.info("Deleting file: " + fileId + " in cache: " + this);
         }
+        if (flushDirtyPages) {
+        	synchronized (fileInfoMap) {
+        		sweepAndFlush(fileId, flushDirtyPages);
+        	}
+        }
         synchronized (fileInfoMap) {
             BufferedFileHandle fInfo = null;
             try {
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/DebugBufferCache.java b/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/DebugBufferCache.java
index dc00df0..d610c7e 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/DebugBufferCache.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/DebugBufferCache.java
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void deleteFile(int fileId) throws HyracksDataException {
-        bufferCache.deleteFile(fileId);
+    public void deleteFile(int fileId, boolean flushDirtyPages) throws HyracksDataException {
+        bufferCache.deleteFile(fileId, flushDirtyPages);
         deleteFileCount.addAndGet(1);
     }
 
@@ -155,4 +155,14 @@
     public long getCloseFileCount() {
         return closeFileCount.get();
     }
+
+	@Override
+	public void flushDirtyPage(ICachedPage page) throws HyracksDataException {
+		bufferCache.flushDirtyPage(page);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void force(int fileId, boolean metadata) throws HyracksDataException {
+		bufferCache.force(fileId, metadata);
+	}
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/IBufferCache.java b/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/IBufferCache.java
index e82c01b..e8b407e 100644
--- a/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/IBufferCache.java
+++ b/hyracks-storage-common/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/buffercache/IBufferCache.java
@@ -24,14 +24,18 @@
 
     public void closeFile(int fileId) throws HyracksDataException;
 
-    public void deleteFile(int fileId) throws HyracksDataException;
-
+    public void deleteFile(int fileId, boolean flushDirtyPages) throws HyracksDataException;
+    
     public ICachedPage tryPin(long dpid) throws HyracksDataException;
 
     public ICachedPage pin(long dpid, boolean newPage) throws HyracksDataException;
 
     public void unpin(ICachedPage page) throws HyracksDataException;
 
+    public void flushDirtyPage(ICachedPage page) throws HyracksDataException;
+    
+    public void force(int fileId, boolean metadata) throws HyracksDataException;
+    
     public int getPageSize();
 
     public int getNumPages();
diff --git a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/test/support/TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.java b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/test/support/TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.java
index d006f42..ccbe862 100644
--- a/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/test/support/TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.java
+++ b/hyracks-test-support/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/test/support/TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.java
@@ -14,7 +14,15 @@
  */
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support;
 
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.IODeviceHandle;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.dataflow.IndexRegistry;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.BufferCache;
@@ -31,7 +39,8 @@
     private static IBufferCache bufferCache;
     private static IFileMapProvider fileMapProvider;
     private static IndexRegistry<IIndex> indexRegistry;
-
+    private static IOManager ioManager;
+    
     private static int pageSize;
     private static int numPages;
     private static int maxOpenFiles;
@@ -69,4 +78,13 @@
         }
         return indexRegistry;
     }
+    
+    public synchronized static IOManager getIOManager() throws HyracksException {
+    	if (ioManager == null) {
+    		List<IODeviceHandle> devices = new ArrayList<IODeviceHandle>();
+    		devices.add(new IODeviceHandle(new File(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir")), "iodev_test_wa"));
+    		ioManager = new IOManager(devices, Executors.newCachedThreadPool());
+    	}
+    	return ioManager;
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeBulkLoadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4ae180
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexBulkLoadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestHarness;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class BTreeBulkLoadTest extends OrderedIndexBulkLoadTest {
+
+    public BTreeBulkLoadTest() {
+        super(BTreeTestHarness.LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST, 1);
+    }
+
+    private final BTreeTestHarness harness = new BTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected OrderedIndexTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys,
+            BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception {
+        return BTreeTestContext.create(harness.getBufferCache(), harness.getBTreeFileId(), fieldSerdes, numKeys,
+                leafType);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeDeleteTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeDeleteTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8801c2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeDeleteTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexDeleteTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestHarness;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class BTreeDeleteTest extends OrderedIndexDeleteTest {
+
+    public BTreeDeleteTest() {
+        super(BTreeTestHarness.LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST);
+    }
+
+    private final BTreeTestHarness harness = new BTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected OrderedIndexTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys,
+            BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception {
+        return BTreeTestContext.create(harness.getBufferCache(), harness.getBTreeFileId(), fieldSerdes, numKeys,
+                leafType);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeExamplesTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeExamplesTest.java
index 5bb86b9..ba8cc03 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeExamplesTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeExamplesTest.java
@@ -15,610 +15,38 @@
 
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree;
 
-import java.util.Random;
-import java.util.logging.Level;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
 
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.accessors.PointableBinaryComparatorFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.IntegerPointable;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.UTF8StringPointable;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTreeRangeSearchCursor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.AbstractBTreeTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexExamplesTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestHarness;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeUtils;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.TreeDiskOrderScanCursor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 
-@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-public class BTreeExamplesTest extends AbstractBTreeTest {
+public class BTreeExamplesTest extends OrderedIndexExamplesTest {
+    private final BTreeTestHarness harness = new BTreeTestHarness();
 
-    /**
-     * Fixed-Length Key,Value Example.
-     * 
-     * Create a BTree with one fixed-length key field and one fixed-length value
-     * field. Fill BTree with random values using insertions (not bulk load).
-     * Perform scans and range search.
-     */
-    @Test
-    public void fixedLengthKeyValueExample() throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Fixed-Length Key,Value Example.");
-        }
-
-        // Declare fields.
-        int fieldCount = 2;
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
-        typeTraits[0] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[1] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        // Declare field serdes.
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-
-        // Declare keys.
-        int keyFieldCount = 1;
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[keyFieldCount];
-        cmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-
-        BTree btree = BTreeUtils
-                .createBTree(bufferCache, btreeFileId, typeTraits, cmps, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM);
-        btree.create(btreeFileId);
-        btree.open(btreeFileId);
-
-        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Inserting into tree...");
-        }
-        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
-        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = btree.createAccessor();
-        int numInserts = 10000;
-        for (int i = 0; i < numInserts; i++) {
-            int f0 = rnd.nextInt() % numInserts;
-            int f1 = 5;
-            TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(tb, tuple, f0, f1);
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("Inserting " + i + " : " + f0 + " " + f1);
-                }
-            }
-            try {
-                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
-            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
-            }
-        }
-        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info(numInserts + " inserts in " + (end - start) + "ms");
-        }
-
-        orderedScan(btree, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
-        diskOrderScan(btree, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
-
-        // Build low key.
-        ArrayTupleBuilder lowKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(keyFieldCount);
-        ArrayTupleReference lowKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(lowKeyTb, lowKey, -1000);
-
-        // Build high key.
-        ArrayTupleBuilder highKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(keyFieldCount);
-        ArrayTupleReference highKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(highKeyTb, highKey, 1000);
-
-        rangeSearch(btree, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes, lowKey, highKey);
-
-        btree.close();
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.setUp();
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Composite Key Example (Non-Unique B-Tree).
-     * 
-     * Create a BTree with two fixed-length key fields and one fixed-length
-     * value field. Fill BTree with random values using insertions (not bulk
-     * load) Perform scans and range search.
-     */
-    @Test
-    public void twoFixedLengthKeysOneFixedLengthValueExample() throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Composite Key Test");
-        }
-
-        // Declare fields.
-        int fieldCount = 3;
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
-        typeTraits[0] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[1] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[2] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        // Declare field serdes.
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-
-        // declare keys
-        int keyFieldCount = 2;
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[keyFieldCount];
-        cmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-        cmps[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-
-        BTree btree = BTreeUtils
-                .createBTree(bufferCache, btreeFileId, typeTraits, cmps, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM);
-        btree.create(btreeFileId);
-        btree.open(btreeFileId);
-
-        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Inserting into tree...");
-        }
-        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
-        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = btree.createAccessor();
-        int numInserts = 10000;
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
-            int f0 = rnd.nextInt() % 2000;
-            int f1 = rnd.nextInt() % 1000;
-            int f2 = 5;
-            TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(tb, tuple, f0, f1, f2);
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("Inserting " + i + " : " + f0 + " " + f1 + " " + f2);
-                }
-            }
-            try {
-                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
-            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
-            }
-        }
-        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info(numInserts + " inserts in " + (end - start) + "ms");
-        }
-
-        orderedScan(btree, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
-        diskOrderScan(btree, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
-
-        // Build low key.
-        ArrayTupleBuilder lowKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(1);
-        ArrayTupleReference lowKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(lowKeyTb, lowKey, -3);
-
-        // Build high key.
-        ArrayTupleBuilder highKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(1);
-        ArrayTupleReference highKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(highKeyTb, highKey, 3);
-
-        // Prefix-Range search in [-3, 3]
-        rangeSearch(btree, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes, lowKey, highKey);
-
-        btree.close();
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
     }
-
-    /**
-     * Variable-Length Example. Create a BTree with one variable-length key
-     * field and one variable-length value field. Fill BTree with random values
-     * using insertions (not bulk load) Perform ordered scans and range search.
-     */
-    @Test
-    public void varLenKeyValueExample() throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Variable-Length Key,Value Example");
-        }
-
-        // Declare fields.
-        int fieldCount = 2;
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
-        typeTraits[0] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[1] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        // Declare field serdes.
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-
-        // Declare keys.
-        int keyFieldCount = 1;
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[keyFieldCount];
-        cmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-
-        BTree btree = BTreeUtils
-                .createBTree(bufferCache, btreeFileId, typeTraits, cmps, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM);
-        btree.create(btreeFileId);
-        btree.open(btreeFileId);
-
-        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Inserting into tree...");
-        }
-        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
-        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = btree.createAccessor();
-        // Max string length to be generated.
-        int maxLength = 10;
-        int numInserts = 10000;
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
-            String f0 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
-            String f1 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
-            TupleUtils.createTuple(tb, tuple, fieldSerdes, f0, f1);
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("Inserting " + f0 + " " + f1);
-                }
-            }
-            try {
-                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
-            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
-            }
-        }
-        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info(numInserts + " inserts in " + (end - start) + "ms");
-        }
-
-        orderedScan(btree, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
-        diskOrderScan(btree, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
-
-        // Build low key.
-        ArrayTupleBuilder lowKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(1);
-        ArrayTupleReference lowKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        TupleUtils.createTuple(lowKeyTb, lowKey, fieldSerdes, "cbf");
-
-        // Build high key.
-        ArrayTupleBuilder highKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(1);
-        ArrayTupleReference highKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        TupleUtils.createTuple(highKeyTb, highKey, fieldSerdes, "cc7");
-
-        rangeSearch(btree, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes, lowKey, highKey);
-
-        btree.close();
+    
+    protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) throws TreeIndexException {
+        return BTreeUtils.createBTree(harness.getBufferCache(), typeTraits, cmpFactories,
+                BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM);
     }
-
-    /**
-     * Deletion Example.
-     * 
-     * Create a BTree with one variable-length key field and one variable-length
-     * value field. Fill B-tree with random values using insertions, then delete
-     * entries one-by-one. Repeat procedure a few times on same BTree.
-     */
-    @Test
-    public void deleteExample() throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Deletion Example");
-        }
-
-        // Declare fields.
-        int fieldCount = 2;
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
-        typeTraits[0] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[1] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        // Declare field serdes.
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-
-        // Declare keys.
-        int keyFieldCount = 1;
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[keyFieldCount];
-        cmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-
-        BTree btree = BTreeUtils
-                .createBTree(bufferCache, btreeFileId, typeTraits, cmps, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM);
-        btree.create(btreeFileId);
-        btree.open(btreeFileId);
-
-        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
-        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = btree.createAccessor();
-        // Max string length to be generated.
-        int runs = 3;
-        for (int run = 0; run < runs; run++) {
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                LOGGER.info("Deletion example run: " + (run + 1) + "/" + runs);
-                LOGGER.info("Inserting into tree...");
-            }
-            int maxLength = 10;
-            int ins = 10000;
-            String[] f0s = new String[ins];
-            String[] f1s = new String[ins];
-            int insDone = 0;
-            int[] insDoneCmp = new int[ins];
-            for (int i = 0; i < ins; i++) {
-                String f0 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
-                String f1 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
-                TupleUtils.createTuple(tb, tuple, fieldSerdes, f0, f1);
-                f0s[i] = f0;
-                f1s[i] = f1;
-                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                    if (i % 1000 == 0) {
-                        LOGGER.info("Inserting " + i);
-                    }
-                }
-                try {
-                    indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
-                    insDone++;
-                } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
-                }
-                insDoneCmp[i] = insDone;
-            }
-
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                LOGGER.info("Deleting from tree...");
-            }
-            int delDone = 0;
-            for (int i = 0; i < ins; i++) {
-                TupleUtils.createTuple(tb, tuple, fieldSerdes, f0s[i], f1s[i]);
-                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                    if (i % 1000 == 0) {
-                        LOGGER.info("Deleting " + i);
-                    }
-                }
-                try {
-                    indexAccessor.delete(tuple);
-                    delDone++;
-                } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
-                }
-                if (insDoneCmp[i] != delDone) {
-                    if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                        LOGGER.info("INCONSISTENT STATE, ERROR IN DELETION EXAMPLE.");
-                        LOGGER.info("INSDONECMP: " + insDoneCmp[i] + " " + delDone);
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (insDone != delDone) {
-                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                    LOGGER.info("ERROR! INSDONE: " + insDone + " DELDONE: " + delDone);
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        btree.close();
+    
+    protected int getIndexFileId() {
+        return harness.getBTreeFileId();
     }
-
-    /**
-     * Update example.
-     * 
-     * Create a BTree with one variable-length key field and one variable-length
-     * value field. Fill B-tree with random values using insertions, then update
-     * entries one-by-one. Repeat procedure a few times on same BTree.
-     */
-    @Test
-    public void updateExample() throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Update example");
-        }
-
-        // Declare fields.
-        int fieldCount = 2;
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
-        typeTraits[0] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[1] = UTF8StringPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        // Declare field serdes.
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-
-        // Declare keys.
-        int keyFieldCount = 1;
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[keyFieldCount];
-        cmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-
-        BTree btree = BTreeUtils
-                .createBTree(bufferCache, btreeFileId, typeTraits, cmps, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM);
-        btree.create(btreeFileId);
-        btree.open(btreeFileId);
-
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Inserting into tree...");
-        }
-        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = btree.createAccessor();
-        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
-        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        int maxLength = 10;
-        int ins = 10000;
-        String[] keys = new String[10000];
-        for (int i = 0; i < ins; i++) {
-            String f0 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
-            String f1 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
-            TupleUtils.createTuple(tb, tuple, fieldSerdes, f0, f1);
-            keys[i] = f0;
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("Inserting " + i);
-                }
-            }
-            try {
-                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
-            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
-            }
-        }
-        // Print before doing any updates.
-        orderedScan(btree, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
-
-        int runs = 3;
-        for (int run = 0; run < runs; run++) {
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                LOGGER.info("Update test run: " + (run + 1) + "/" + runs);
-                LOGGER.info("Updating BTree");
-            }
-            for (int i = 0; i < ins; i++) {
-                // Generate a new random value for f1.
-                String f1 = randomString(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % maxLength + 1, rnd);
-                TupleUtils.createTuple(tb, tuple, fieldSerdes, keys[i], f1);
-                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                    if (i % 1000 == 0) {
-                        LOGGER.info("UPDATING " + i);
-                    }
-                }
-                try {
-                    indexAccessor.update(tuple);
-                } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
-                }
-            }
-            // Do another scan after a round of updates.
-            orderedScan(btree, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes);
-        }
-        btree.close();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Bulk load example.
-     * 
-     * Load a tree with 100,000 tuples. BTree has a composite key to "simulate"
-     * non-unique index creation.
-     * 
-     */
-    @Test
-    public void bulkLoadExample() throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Bulk load example");
-        }
-        // Declare fields.
-        int fieldCount = 3;
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
-        typeTraits[0] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[1] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[2] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        // Declare field serdes.
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-
-        // declare keys
-        int keyFieldCount = 2;
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[keyFieldCount];
-        cmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-        cmps[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-
-        BTree btree = BTreeUtils
-                .createBTree(bufferCache, btreeFileId, typeTraits, cmps, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM);
-        btree.create(btreeFileId);
-        btree.open(btreeFileId);
-
-        // Load sorted records.
-        int ins = 100000;
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Bulk loading " + ins + " tuples");
-        }
-        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
-        IIndexBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = btree.beginBulkLoad(0.7f);
-        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
-        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        for (int i = 0; i < ins; i++) {
-            TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(tb, tuple, i, i, 5);
-            btree.bulkLoadAddTuple(tuple, bulkLoadCtx);
-        }
-        btree.endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx);
-        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info(ins + " tuples loaded in " + (end - start) + "ms");
-        }
-
-        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = btree.createAccessor();
-
-        // Build low key.
-        ArrayTupleBuilder lowKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(1);
-        ArrayTupleReference lowKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(lowKeyTb, lowKey, 44444);
-
-        // Build high key.
-        ArrayTupleBuilder highKeyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(1);
-        ArrayTupleReference highKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(highKeyTb, highKey, 44500);
-
-        // Prefix-Range search in [44444, 44500]
-        rangeSearch(btree, indexAccessor, fieldSerdes, lowKey, highKey);
-
-        btree.close();
-    }
-
-    private void orderedScan(BTree btree, ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes)
-            throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Ordered Scan:");
-        }
-        IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) btree.getLeafFrameFactory().createFrame();
-        ITreeIndexCursor scanCursor = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor(leafFrame, false);
-        RangePredicate nullPred = new RangePredicate(true, null, null, true, true, null, null);
-        indexAccessor.search(scanCursor, nullPred);
-        try {
-            while (scanCursor.hasNext()) {
-                scanCursor.next();
-                ITupleReference frameTuple = scanCursor.getTuple();
-                String rec = TupleUtils.printTuple(frameTuple, fieldSerdes);
-                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                    LOGGER.info(rec);
-                }
-            }
-        } finally {
-            scanCursor.close();
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void diskOrderScan(BTree btree, ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes)
-            throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Disk-Order Scan:");
-        }
-        IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) btree.getLeafFrameFactory().createFrame();
-        TreeDiskOrderScanCursor diskOrderCursor = new TreeDiskOrderScanCursor(leafFrame);
-        indexAccessor.diskOrderScan(diskOrderCursor);
-        try {
-            while (diskOrderCursor.hasNext()) {
-                diskOrderCursor.next();
-                ITupleReference frameTuple = diskOrderCursor.getTuple();
-                String rec = TupleUtils.printTuple(frameTuple, fieldSerdes);
-                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                    LOGGER.info(rec);
-                }
-            }
-        } finally {
-            diskOrderCursor.close();
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void rangeSearch(BTree btree, ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
-            ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey) throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            String lowKeyString = TupleUtils.printTuple(lowKey, fieldSerdes);
-            String highKeyString = TupleUtils.printTuple(highKey, fieldSerdes);
-            LOGGER.info("Range-Search in: [" + lowKeyString + ", " + highKeyString + "]");
-        }
-        IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) btree.getLeafFrameFactory().createFrame();
-        MultiComparator lowKeySearchCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(btree.getMultiComparator(), lowKey);
-        MultiComparator highKeySearchCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(btree.getMultiComparator(), highKey);
-        ITreeIndexCursor rangeCursor = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor(leafFrame, false);
-        RangePredicate rangePred = new RangePredicate(true, lowKey, highKey, true, true, lowKeySearchCmp,
-                highKeySearchCmp);
-        indexAccessor.search(rangeCursor, rangePred);
-        try {
-            while (rangeCursor.hasNext()) {
-                rangeCursor.next();
-                ITupleReference frameTuple = rangeCursor.getTuple();
-                String rec = TupleUtils.printTuple(frameTuple, fieldSerdes);
-                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                    LOGGER.info(rec);
-                }
-            }
-        } finally {
-            rangeCursor.close();
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static String randomString(int length, Random random) {
-        String s = Long.toHexString(Double.doubleToLongBits(random.nextDouble()));
-        StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
-        for (int i = 0; i < s.length() && i < length; i++) {
-            strBuilder.append(s.charAt(Math.abs(random.nextInt()) % s.length()));
-        }
-        return strBuilder.toString();
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeInsertTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeInsertTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8709360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeInsertTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexInsertTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestHarness;
+
+/**
+ * Tests the BTree insert operation with strings and integer fields using
+ * various numbers of key and payload fields.
+ * 
+ * Each tests first fills a BTree with randomly generated tuples. We compare the
+ * following operations against expected results: 1. Point searches for all
+ * tuples. 2. Ordered scan. 3. Disk-order scan. 4. Range search (and prefix
+ * search for composite keys).
+ * 
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class BTreeInsertTest extends OrderedIndexInsertTest {
+
+    public BTreeInsertTest() {
+        super(BTreeTestHarness.LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST);
+    }
+
+    private final BTreeTestHarness harness = new BTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected OrderedIndexTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys,
+            BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception {
+        return BTreeTestContext.create(harness.getBufferCache(), harness.getBTreeFileId(), fieldSerdes, numKeys,
+                leafType);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/RangeSearchCursorTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeSearchCursorTest.java
similarity index 78%
rename from hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/RangeSearchCursorTest.java
rename to hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeSearchCursorTest.java
index 4031e7f..5b039d1 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/RangeSearchCursorTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeSearchCursorTest.java
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManager;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.util.IndexUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 
-public class RangeSearchCursorTest extends AbstractBTreeTest {
+public class BTreeSearchCursorTest extends AbstractBTreeTest {
     // Declare fields
     int fieldCount = 2;
     ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
@@ -83,22 +83,23 @@
             LOGGER.info("TESTING RANGE SEARCH CURSOR ON UNIQUE INDEX");
         }
 
+        IBufferCache bufferCache = harness.getBufferCache();
+        int btreeFileId = harness.getBTreeFileId();
+        
         // declare keys
         int keyFieldCount = 1;
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[keyFieldCount];
         cmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
-        MultiComparator cmp = IndexUtils.createMultiComparator(cmpFactories);
-
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
 
         IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
         IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame = (IBTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
 
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, btreeFileId, 0, metaFrameFactory);
+        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, 0, metaFrameFactory);
 
-        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmp, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
+        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmpFactories, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
         btree.create(btreeFileId);
         btree.open(btreeFileId);
 
@@ -140,16 +141,10 @@
         int maxSearchKey = 100;
 
         // forward searches
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, true, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, false, true, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, false, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, true, false);
-
-        // backward searches
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, true, true, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, false, true, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, true, false, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, true, true, false);
+        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, false);
+        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, true, false);
+        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, false, false);
+        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, false);
 
         btree.close();
     }
@@ -160,23 +155,24 @@
             LOGGER.info("TESTING RANGE SEARCH CURSOR ON NONUNIQUE INDEX");
         }
 
+        IBufferCache bufferCache = harness.getBufferCache();
+        int btreeFileId = harness.getBTreeFileId();
+        
         // declare keys
         int keyFieldCount = 2;
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[keyFieldCount];
         cmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
         cmpFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
-        MultiComparator cmp = IndexUtils.createMultiComparator(cmpFactories);
-
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
 
         IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
         IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame = (IBTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
 
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, btreeFileId, 0, metaFrameFactory);
+        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, 0, metaFrameFactory);
 
-        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmp, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
+        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmpFactories, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
         btree.create(btreeFileId);
         btree.open(btreeFileId);
 
@@ -215,16 +211,10 @@
         int maxSearchKey = 100;
 
         // forward searches
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, true, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, false, true, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, false, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, true, false);
-
-        // backward searches
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, true, true, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, false, true, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, true, false, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, true, true, false);
+        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, false);
+        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, true, false);
+        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, false, false);
+        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, false);
 
         btree.close();
     }
@@ -235,23 +225,24 @@
             LOGGER.info("TESTING RANGE SEARCH CURSOR ON NONUNIQUE FIELD-PREFIX COMPRESSED INDEX");
         }
 
+        IBufferCache bufferCache = harness.getBufferCache();
+        int btreeFileId = harness.getBTreeFileId();
+        
         // declare keys
         int keyFieldCount = 2;
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[keyFieldCount];
         cmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
         cmpFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
-        MultiComparator cmp = IndexUtils.createMultiComparator(cmpFactories);
-
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
 
         IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
         IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame = (IBTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
 
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, btreeFileId, 0, metaFrameFactory);
+        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, 0, metaFrameFactory);
 
-        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmp, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
+        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmpFactories, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
         btree.create(btreeFileId);
         btree.open(btreeFileId);
 
@@ -290,22 +281,16 @@
         int maxSearchKey = 100;
 
         // forward searches
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, true, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, false, true, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, false, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, true, false);
-
-        // backward searches
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, true, true, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, false, true, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, true, false, false);
-        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, true, true, false);
+        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, false);
+        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, false, true, false);
+        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, false, false);
+        performSearches(keys, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, minSearchKey, maxSearchKey, true, true, false);
 
         btree.close();
     }
 
-    public RangePredicate createRangePredicate(int lk, int hk, boolean isForward, boolean lowKeyInclusive,
-            boolean highKeyInclusive, MultiComparator cmp) throws HyracksDataException {
+    public RangePredicate createRangePredicate(int lk, int hk, boolean lowKeyInclusive,
+            boolean highKeyInclusive) throws HyracksDataException {
 
         // create tuplereferences for search keys
         ITupleReference lowKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(lk);
@@ -315,13 +300,13 @@
         searchCmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
         MultiComparator searchCmp = new MultiComparator(searchCmps);
 
-        RangePredicate rangePred = new RangePredicate(isForward, lowKey, highKey, lowKeyInclusive, highKeyInclusive,
+        RangePredicate rangePred = new RangePredicate(lowKey, highKey, lowKeyInclusive, highKeyInclusive,
                 searchCmp, searchCmp);
         return rangePred;
     }
 
     public void getExpectedResults(ArrayList<Integer> expectedResults, ArrayList<Integer> keys, int lk, int hk,
-            boolean isForward, boolean lowKeyInclusive, boolean highKeyInclusive) {
+            boolean lowKeyInclusive, boolean highKeyInclusive) {
 
         // special cases
         if (lk == hk && (!lowKeyInclusive || !highKeyInclusive))
@@ -329,35 +314,21 @@
         if (lk > hk)
             return;
 
-        if (isForward) {
-            for (int i = 0; i < keys.size(); i++) {
-                if ((lk == keys.get(i) && lowKeyInclusive) || (hk == keys.get(i) && highKeyInclusive)) {
-                    expectedResults.add(keys.get(i));
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                if (lk < keys.get(i) && hk > keys.get(i)) {
-                    expectedResults.add(keys.get(i));
-                    continue;
-                }
+        for (int i = 0; i < keys.size(); i++) {
+            if ((lk == keys.get(i) && lowKeyInclusive) || (hk == keys.get(i) && highKeyInclusive)) {
+                expectedResults.add(keys.get(i));
+                continue;
             }
-        } else {
-            for (int i = keys.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-                if ((lk == keys.get(i) && lowKeyInclusive) || (hk == keys.get(i) && highKeyInclusive)) {
-                    expectedResults.add(keys.get(i));
-                    continue;
-                }
 
-                if (lk < keys.get(i) && hk > keys.get(i)) {
-                    expectedResults.add(keys.get(i));
-                    continue;
-                }
+            if (lk < keys.get(i) && hk > keys.get(i)) {
+                expectedResults.add(keys.get(i));
+                continue;
             }
         }
     }
 
     public boolean performSearches(ArrayList<Integer> keys, BTree btree, IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame,
-            IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame, int minKey, int maxKey, boolean isForward, boolean lowKeyInclusive,
+            IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame, int minKey, int maxKey, boolean lowKeyInclusive,
             boolean highKeyInclusive, boolean printExpectedResults) throws Exception {
 
         ArrayList<Integer> results = new ArrayList<Integer>();
@@ -373,8 +344,8 @@
                 int highKey = j;
 
                 ITreeIndexCursor rangeCursor = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor(leafFrame, false);
-                RangePredicate rangePred = createRangePredicate(lowKey, highKey, isForward, lowKeyInclusive,
-                        highKeyInclusive, btree.getMultiComparator());
+                RangePredicate rangePred = createRangePredicate(lowKey, highKey, lowKeyInclusive,
+                        highKeyInclusive);
                 ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = btree.createAccessor();
                 indexAccessor.search(rangeCursor, rangePred);
 
@@ -394,7 +365,7 @@
                     rangeCursor.close();
                 }
 
-                getExpectedResults(expectedResults, keys, lowKey, highKey, isForward, lowKeyInclusive, highKeyInclusive);
+                getExpectedResults(expectedResults, keys, lowKey, highKey, lowKeyInclusive, highKeyInclusive);
 
                 if (printExpectedResults) {
                     if (expectedResults.size() > 0) {
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/StatsTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeStatsTest.java
similarity index 91%
rename from hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/StatsTest.java
rename to hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeStatsTest.java
index 1ae80d6..75041ab 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/StatsTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeStatsTest.java
@@ -36,9 +36,7 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.util.IndexUtils;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.util.TreeIndexBufferCacheWarmup;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.util.TreeIndexStats;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.util.TreeIndexStatsGatherer;
@@ -47,11 +45,8 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestUtils;
 
-public class StatsTest extends AbstractBTreeTest {
-
-    // private static final int PAGE_SIZE = 256;
-    // private static final int NUM_PAGES = 10;
-    // private static final int PAGE_SIZE = 32768;
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class BTreeStatsTest extends AbstractBTreeTest {
     private static final int PAGE_SIZE = 4096;
     private static final int NUM_PAGES = 1000;
     private static final int MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
@@ -64,7 +59,7 @@
         TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(PAGE_SIZE, NUM_PAGES, MAX_OPEN_FILES);
         IBufferCache bufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
         IFileMapProvider fmp = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
-        FileReference file = new FileReference(new File(fileName));
+        FileReference file = new FileReference(new File(harness.getFileName()));
         bufferCache.createFile(file);
         int fileId = fmp.lookupFileId(file);
         bufferCache.openFile(fileId);
@@ -80,8 +75,6 @@
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[keyFieldCount];
         cmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
-        MultiComparator cmp = IndexUtils.createMultiComparator(cmpFactories);
-
         TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
@@ -91,9 +84,9 @@
         IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame = (IBTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
         ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame = metaFrameFactory.createFrame();
 
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, fileId, 0, metaFrameFactory);
+        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, 0, metaFrameFactory);
 
-        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmp, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
+        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmpFactories, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
         btree.create(fileId);
         btree.open(fileId);
 
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeTestDriver.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeTestDriver.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 1daa273..0000000
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeTestDriver.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree;
-
-import java.util.logging.Level;
-
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.AbstractBTreeTest;
-
-@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-public abstract class BTreeTestDriver extends AbstractBTreeTest {
-
-    protected static final int numTuplesToInsert = 10000;
-    
-    protected abstract void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType, ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, ITupleReference prefixLowKey, ITupleReference prefixHighKey) throws Exception;
-    protected abstract String getTestOpName();
-    
-    @Test
-    public void oneIntKeyAndValue() throws Exception {        
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("BTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With One Int Key And Value.");
-        }
-                
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-        // Range search in [-1000, 1000]
-        ITupleReference lowKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(-1000);
-        ITupleReference highKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(1000);
-        
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, 1, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM, lowKey, highKey, null, null);
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, 1, BTreeLeafFrameType.FIELD_PREFIX_COMPRESSED_NSM, lowKey, highKey, null, null);
-    }
-    
-    @Test
-    public void twoIntKeys() throws Exception {    
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("BTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two Int Keys.");
-        }
-        
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-        
-        // Range search in [50 0, 50 500]
-        ITupleReference lowKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(50, 0);
-        ITupleReference highKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(50, 500);
-        
-        // Prefix range search in [50, 50]
-        ITupleReference prefixLowKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(50);
-        ITupleReference prefixHighKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(50);
-        
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, 2, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM, lowKey, highKey, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey);
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, 2, BTreeLeafFrameType.FIELD_PREFIX_COMPRESSED_NSM, lowKey, highKey, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey);
-    }
-    
-    @Test
-    public void twoIntKeysAndValues() throws Exception {  
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("BTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two Int Keys And Values.");
-        }
-        
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-        
-        // Range search in [50 100, 100 100]
-        ITupleReference lowKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(-100, -100);
-        ITupleReference highKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(100, 100);
-        
-        // Prefix range search in [50, 50]
-        ITupleReference prefixLowKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(50);
-        ITupleReference prefixHighKey = TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(50);
-        
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, 2, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM, lowKey, highKey, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey);
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, 2, BTreeLeafFrameType.FIELD_PREFIX_COMPRESSED_NSM, lowKey, highKey, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey);
-    }        
-    
-    @Test
-    public void oneStringKeyAndValue() throws Exception {        
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("BTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With One String Key And Value.");
-        }
-        
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-        
-        // Range search in ["cbf", cc7"]
-        ITupleReference lowKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cbf");
-        ITupleReference highKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cc7");
-        
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, 1, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM, lowKey, highKey, null, null);
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, 1, BTreeLeafFrameType.FIELD_PREFIX_COMPRESSED_NSM, lowKey, highKey, null, null);
-    }
-    
-    @Test
-    public void twoStringKeys() throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("BTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two String Keys.");
-        }
-        
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-        
-        // Range search in ["cbf", "ddd", cc7", "eee"]
-        ITupleReference lowKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cbf", "ddd");
-        ITupleReference highKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cc7", "eee");
-        
-        // Prefix range search in ["cbf", cc7"]
-        ITupleReference prefixLowKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cbf");
-        ITupleReference prefixHighKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cc7");
-        
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, 2, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM, lowKey, highKey, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey);
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, 2, BTreeLeafFrameType.FIELD_PREFIX_COMPRESSED_NSM, lowKey, highKey, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey);
-    }
-    
-    @Test
-    public void twoStringKeysAndValues() throws Exception {      
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("BTree " + getTestOpName() + " Test With Two String Keys And Values.");
-        }
-        
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-        
-        // Range search in ["cbf", "ddd", cc7", "eee"]
-        ITupleReference lowKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cbf", "ddd");
-        ITupleReference highKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cc7", "eee");
-        
-        // Prefix range search in ["cbf", cc7"]
-        ITupleReference prefixLowKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cbf");
-        ITupleReference prefixHighKey = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, "cc7");
-        
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, 2, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM, lowKey, highKey, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey);
-        runTest(fieldSerdes, 2, BTreeLeafFrameType.FIELD_PREFIX_COMPRESSED_NSM, lowKey, highKey, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/UpdateSearchTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeUpdateSearchTest.java
similarity index 91%
rename from hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/UpdateSearchTest.java
rename to hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeUpdateSearchTest.java
index 5d43ae1..9b66d07 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/UpdateSearchTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeUpdateSearchTest.java
@@ -30,15 +30,18 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.util.IndexUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 
-public class UpdateSearchTest extends AbstractBTreeTest {
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class BTreeUpdateSearchTest extends AbstractBTreeTest {
 
     // Update scan test on fixed-length tuples.
     @Test
     public void test01() throws Exception {
+        IBufferCache bufferCache = harness.getBufferCache();
+        int btreeFileId = harness.getBTreeFileId();
+        
         // declare fields
         int fieldCount = 2;
         ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
@@ -50,8 +53,6 @@
         IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[keyFieldCount];
         cmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
-        MultiComparator cmp = IndexUtils.createMultiComparator(cmpFactories);
-
         ISerializerDeserializer[] recDescSers = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
                 IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
 
@@ -62,8 +63,8 @@
 
         IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
 
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, btreeFileId, 0, metaFrameFactory);
-        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmp, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
+        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, 0, metaFrameFactory);
+        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmpFactories, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
         btree.create(btreeFileId);
         btree.open(btreeFileId);
 
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@
         ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = btree.createAccessor();
 
         int numInserts = 10000;
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < numInserts; i++) {
             int f0 = rnd.nextInt() % 10000;
             int f1 = 5;
             TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(tb, insertTuple, f0, f1);
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@
         }
         // Set the cursor to X latch nodes.
         ITreeIndexCursor updateScanCursor = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor(leafFrame, true);
-        RangePredicate nullPred = new RangePredicate(true, null, null, true, true, null, null);
+        RangePredicate nullPred = new RangePredicate(null, null, true, true, null, null);
         indexAccessor.search(updateScanCursor, nullPred);
         try {
             while (updateScanCursor.hasNext()) {
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeUpdateTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeUpdateTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ec2dd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BTreeUpdateTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexUpdateTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestHarness;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class BTreeUpdateTest extends OrderedIndexUpdateTest {
+
+    public BTreeUpdateTest() {
+        super(BTreeTestHarness.LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST);
+    }
+
+    private final BTreeTestHarness harness = new BTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected OrderedIndexTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys,
+            BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception {
+        return BTreeTestContext.create(harness.getBufferCache(), harness.getBTreeFileId(), fieldSerdes, numKeys,
+                leafType);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BulkLoadTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 49d08a3..0000000
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/BulkLoadTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * you may obtain a copy of the License from
- * 
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- * 
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree;
-
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestContext;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestUtils;
-
-@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-public class BulkLoadTest extends BTreeTestDriver {
-    
-    @Override
-    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType, ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, ITupleReference prefixLowKey, ITupleReference prefixHighKey) throws Exception {
-        BTreeTestContext testCtx = BTreeTestUtils.createBTreeTestContext(bufferCache, btreeFileId, fieldSerdes, numKeys, leafType);
-
-        // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first one to determine which field types to generate.
-        if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
-            BTreeTestUtils.bulkLoadIntTuples(testCtx, numTuplesToInsert, rnd);
-        } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
-            BTreeTestUtils.bulkLoadStringTuples(testCtx, numTuplesToInsert, rnd);
-        }
-
-        BTreeTestUtils.checkPointSearches(testCtx);
-        BTreeTestUtils.checkOrderedScan(testCtx);
-        BTreeTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(testCtx);
-        BTreeTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(testCtx, lowKey, highKey, true, true);
-        if (prefixLowKey != null && prefixHighKey != null) {
-            BTreeTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(testCtx, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey, true, true);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    protected String getTestOpName() {
-        return "BulkLoad";
-    }
-}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/DeleteTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/DeleteTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 2157adb..0000000
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/DeleteTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * you may obtain a copy of the License from
- * 
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- * 
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree;
-
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestContext;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestUtils;
-
-@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-public class DeleteTest extends BTreeTestDriver {
-    
-    private static final int numInsertRounds = 3;
-    private static final int numDeleteRounds = 3;
-    
-    @Override
-    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType, ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, ITupleReference prefixLowKey, ITupleReference prefixHighKey) throws Exception {
-        BTreeTestContext testCtx = BTreeTestUtils.createBTreeTestContext(bufferCache, btreeFileId, fieldSerdes, numKeys, leafType);
-        for (int i = 0; i < numInsertRounds; i++) {
-            
-            // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first one to determine which field types to generate.
-            if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
-                BTreeTestUtils.insertIntTuples(testCtx, numTuplesToInsert, rnd);
-            } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
-                BTreeTestUtils.insertStringTuples(testCtx, numTuplesToInsert, rnd);
-            }
-            
-            int numTuplesPerDeleteRound = (int)Math.ceil((float)testCtx.checkTuples.size() / (float)numDeleteRounds);
-            for(int j = 0; j < numDeleteRounds; j++) {
-                BTreeTestUtils.deleteTuples(testCtx, numTuplesPerDeleteRound, rnd);
-                
-                BTreeTestUtils.checkPointSearches(testCtx);
-                BTreeTestUtils.checkOrderedScan(testCtx);
-                BTreeTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(testCtx);
-                BTreeTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(testCtx, lowKey, highKey, true, true);
-                if (prefixLowKey != null && prefixHighKey != null) {
-                    BTreeTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(testCtx, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey, true, true);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    protected String getTestOpName() {
-        return "Delete";
-    }
-}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/FieldPrefixNSMTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/FieldPrefixNSMTest.java
index e8aa00a..d61d16a 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/FieldPrefixNSMTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/FieldPrefixNSMTest.java
@@ -45,9 +45,11 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriter;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.util.TreeIndexUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.BufferedFileHandle;
 
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
 public class FieldPrefixNSMTest extends AbstractBTreeTest {
 
     private static final int PAGE_SIZE = 32768; // 32K
@@ -55,6 +57,10 @@
     private static final int MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
     private static final int HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
 
+    public FieldPrefixNSMTest() {        
+        super(PAGE_SIZE, NUM_PAGES, MAX_OPEN_FILES, HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE);
+    }
+    
     private ITupleReference createTuple(IHyracksTaskContext ctx, int f0, int f1, int f2, boolean print)
             throws HyracksDataException {
         if (print) {
@@ -67,7 +73,7 @@
         FrameTupleAppender appender = new FrameTupleAppender(ctx.getFrameSize());
         ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(3);
         DataOutput dos = tb.getDataOutput();
-
+        
         ISerializerDeserializer[] recDescSers = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
                 IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
         RecordDescriptor recDesc = new RecordDescriptor(recDescSers);
@@ -92,8 +98,8 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void test01() throws Exception {
-
+    public void test01() throws Exception {        
+        
         // declare fields
         int fieldCount = 3;
         ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
@@ -116,6 +122,9 @@
         Random rnd = new Random();
         rnd.setSeed(50);
 
+        IBufferCache bufferCache = harness.getBufferCache();
+        int btreeFileId = harness.getBTreeFileId();
+        IHyracksTaskContext ctx = harness.getHyracksTaskContext();
         ICachedPage page = bufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(btreeFileId, 0), false);
         try {
 
@@ -213,20 +222,4 @@
             bufferCache.unpin(page);
         }
     }
-
-    public int getPageSize() {
-        return PAGE_SIZE;
-    }
-
-    public int getNumPages() {
-        return NUM_PAGES;
-    }
-
-    public int getHyracksFrameSize() {
-        return HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE;
-    }
-
-    public int getMaxOpenFiles() {
-        return MAX_OPEN_FILES;
-    }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/InsertTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/InsertTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index fa3f895..0000000
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/InsertTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * you may obtain a copy of the License from
- * 
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- * 
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree;
-
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestContext;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestUtils;
-
-/**
- * Tests the BTree insert operation with strings and integer fields using
- * various numbers of key and payload fields.
- * 
- * Each tests first fills a BTree with randomly generated tuples.
- * We compare the following operations against expected results:
- * 1. Point searches for all tuples.
- * 2. Ordered scan.
- * 3. Disk-order scan.
- * 4. Range search (and prefix search for composite keys).
- * 
- */
-@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-public class InsertTest extends BTreeTestDriver {        
-    @Override
-    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType, ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, ITupleReference prefixLowKey, ITupleReference prefixHighKey) throws Exception {
-        BTreeTestContext testCtx = BTreeTestUtils.createBTreeTestContext(bufferCache, btreeFileId, fieldSerdes, numKeys, leafType);
-        // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first one to determine which field types to generate.
-        if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
-            BTreeTestUtils.insertIntTuples(testCtx, numTuplesToInsert, rnd);
-        } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
-            BTreeTestUtils.insertStringTuples(testCtx, numTuplesToInsert, rnd);
-        }
-        
-        BTreeTestUtils.checkPointSearches(testCtx);
-        BTreeTestUtils.checkOrderedScan(testCtx);
-        BTreeTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(testCtx);
-                
-        BTreeTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(testCtx, lowKey, highKey, true, true);
-        if (prefixLowKey != null && prefixHighKey != null) {
-            BTreeTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(testCtx, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey, true, true);
-        }
-        testCtx.btree.close();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    protected String getTestOpName() {
-        return "Insert";
-    }
-}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/StorageManagerTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/StorageManagerTest.java
index ac4133d..9ec64b5 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/StorageManagerTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/StorageManagerTest.java
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree;
 
-import java.io.File;
 import java.util.LinkedList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Random;
@@ -24,21 +23,13 @@
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.AbstractBTreeTest;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.BufferedFileHandle;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.sync.LatchType;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
 
-public class StorageManagerTest extends AbstractBTreeTest {
-    private static final int PAGE_SIZE = 256;
-    private static final int NUM_PAGES = 10;
-    private static final int MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
-    private static final int HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 32768;
-
+public class StorageManagerTest extends AbstractBTreeTest {	
     public class PinnedLatchedPage {
         public final ICachedPage page;
         public final LatchType latch;
@@ -258,38 +249,11 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void oneThreadOneFileTest() throws Exception {
-        TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(PAGE_SIZE, NUM_PAGES, MAX_OPEN_FILES);
-        IBufferCache bufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
-        IFileMapProvider fmp = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
-        FileReference file = new FileReference(new File(fileName));
-        bufferCache.createFile(file);
-        int fileId = fmp.lookupFileId(file);
-        bufferCache.openFile(fileId);
-
-        Thread worker = new Thread(new FileAccessWorker(0, bufferCache, FileAccessType.FTA_UNLATCHED, fileId, 10, 10,
-                100, 10, 0));
-
+    public void oneThreadOneFileTest() throws Exception { 
+		Thread worker = new Thread(new FileAccessWorker(0,
+				harness.getBufferCache(), FileAccessType.FTA_UNLATCHED,
+				harness.getBTreeFileId(), 10, 10, 100, 10, 0));
         worker.start();
-
         worker.join();
-
-        bufferCache.close();
-    }
-    
-    public int getPageSize() {
-        return PAGE_SIZE;
-    }
-    
-    public int getNumPages() {
-        return NUM_PAGES;
-    }
-    
-    public int getHyracksFrameSize() {
-        return HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE;
-    }
-    
-    public int getMaxOpenFiles() {
-        return MAX_OPEN_FILES;
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/UpdateTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/UpdateTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index b40539f..0000000
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/UpdateTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * you may obtain a copy of the License from
- * 
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- * 
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree;
-
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestContext;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestUtils;
-
-@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-public class UpdateTest extends BTreeTestDriver {
-    private static final int numUpdateRounds = 3;
-    
-    @Override
-    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType, ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, ITupleReference prefixLowKey, ITupleReference prefixHighKey) throws Exception {
-        // This is a noop because we can only update non-key fields.
-        if (fieldSerdes.length == numKeys) {
-            return;
-        }
-        
-        BTreeTestContext testCtx = BTreeTestUtils.createBTreeTestContext(bufferCache, btreeFileId, fieldSerdes, numKeys, leafType);
-
-        // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first one to determine which field types to generate.
-        if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
-            BTreeTestUtils.insertIntTuples(testCtx, numTuplesToInsert, rnd);
-        } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
-            BTreeTestUtils.insertStringTuples(testCtx, numTuplesToInsert, rnd);
-        }
-
-        int numTuplesPerDeleteRound = (int)Math.ceil((float)testCtx.checkTuples.size() / (float)numUpdateRounds);
-        for(int j = 0; j < numUpdateRounds; j++) {
-            BTreeTestUtils.updateTuples(testCtx, numTuplesPerDeleteRound, rnd);
-
-            BTreeTestUtils.checkPointSearches(testCtx);
-            BTreeTestUtils.checkOrderedScan(testCtx);
-            BTreeTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(testCtx);
-            BTreeTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(testCtx, lowKey, highKey, true, true);
-            if (prefixLowKey != null && prefixHighKey != null) {
-                BTreeTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(testCtx, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey, true, true);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    protected String getTestOpName() {
-        return "Update";
-    }
-}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/multithread/BTreeMultiThreadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/multithread/BTreeMultiThreadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6493719
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/multithread/BTreeMultiThreadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.multithread;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestWorkloadConf;
+
+public class BTreeMultiThreadTest extends OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest {
+
+    private BTreeTestHarness harness = new BTreeTestHarness();
+    
+    private BTreeTestWorkerFactory workerFactory = new BTreeTestWorkerFactory();
+    
+    @Override
+    protected void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) throws TreeIndexException {
+        return BTreeUtils.createBTree(harness.getBufferCache(), typeTraits, cmpFactories, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory getWorkerFactory() {
+        return workerFactory;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> getTestWorkloadConf() {
+        ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> workloadConfs = new ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf>();
+        
+        // Insert only workload.
+        TestOperation[] insertOnlyOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertOnlyOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertOnlyOps)));
+        
+        // Inserts mixed with point searches and scans.
+        TestOperation[] insertSearchOnlyOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.POINT_SEARCH, TestOperation.SCAN, TestOperation.DISKORDER_SCAN };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertSearchOnlyOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertSearchOnlyOps)));
+        
+        // Inserts, updates, and deletes.        
+        TestOperation[] insertDeleteUpdateOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE, TestOperation.UPDATE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertDeleteUpdateOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertDeleteUpdateOps)));
+        
+        // All operations mixed.
+        TestOperation[] allOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE, TestOperation.UPDATE, TestOperation.POINT_SEARCH, TestOperation.SCAN, TestOperation.DISKORDER_SCAN };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(allOps, getUniformOpProbs(allOps)));
+        
+        return workloadConfs;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int getFileId() {
+        return harness.getBTreeFileId();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getIndexTypeName() {
+        return "BTree";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/multithread/BTreeTestWorker.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/multithread/BTreeTestWorker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5fe582
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/multithread/BTreeTestWorker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.multithread;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeDuplicateKeyException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeNonExistentKeyException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeNotUpdateableException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+
+public class BTreeTestWorker extends AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker {
+    
+    private final BTree btree;
+    private final int numKeyFields;
+    private final ArrayTupleBuilder deleteTb;
+    private final ArrayTupleReference deleteTuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+    
+    public BTreeTestWorker(DataGenThread dataGen, TestOperationSelector opSelector, ITreeIndex index, int numBatches) {
+        super(dataGen, opSelector, index, numBatches);
+        btree = (BTree) index;
+        numKeyFields = btree.getComparatorFactories().length;
+        deleteTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(numKeyFields);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void performOp(ITupleReference tuple, TestOperation op) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {        
+        BTree.BTreeAccessor accessor = (BTree.BTreeAccessor) indexAccessor;
+        ITreeIndexCursor searchCursor = accessor.createSearchCursor();
+        ITreeIndexCursor diskOrderScanCursor = accessor.createDiskOrderScanCursor();
+        MultiComparator cmp = accessor.getOpContext().cmp;
+        RangePredicate rangePred = new RangePredicate(tuple, tuple, true, true, cmp, cmp);
+        
+        switch (op) {
+            case INSERT:
+                try {
+                    accessor.insert(tuple);
+                } catch (BTreeDuplicateKeyException e) {
+                    // Ignore duplicate keys, since we get random tuples.
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case DELETE:
+                // Create a tuple reference with only key fields.
+                deleteTb.reset();
+                for (int i = 0; i < numKeyFields; i++) {
+                    deleteTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+                }
+                deleteTuple.reset(deleteTb.getFieldEndOffsets(), deleteTb.getByteArray());
+                try {
+                    accessor.delete(deleteTuple);
+                } catch (BTreeNonExistentKeyException e) {
+                    // Ignore non-existant keys, since we get random tuples.
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case UPDATE: 
+                try {
+                    accessor.update(tuple);
+                } catch (BTreeNonExistentKeyException e) {
+                    // Ignore non-existant keys, since we get random tuples.
+                } catch (BTreeNotUpdateableException e) {
+                    // Ignore not updateable exception due to numKeys == numFields.
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case POINT_SEARCH: 
+                searchCursor.reset();
+                rangePred.setLowKey(tuple, true);
+                rangePred.setHighKey(tuple, true);
+                accessor.search(searchCursor, rangePred);
+                consumeCursorTuples(searchCursor);
+                break;
+                
+            case SCAN:
+                searchCursor.reset();
+                rangePred.setLowKey(null, true);
+                rangePred.setHighKey(null, true);
+                accessor.search(searchCursor, rangePred);
+                consumeCursorTuples(searchCursor);
+                break;
+                
+            case DISKORDER_SCAN:
+                diskOrderScanCursor.reset();
+                accessor.diskOrderScan(diskOrderScanCursor);
+                consumeCursorTuples(diskOrderScanCursor);
+                break;                            
+            
+            default:
+                throw new HyracksDataException("Op " + op.toString() + " not supported.");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void consumeCursorTuples(ITreeIndexCursor cursor) throws HyracksDataException {
+        try {
+            while(cursor.hasNext()) {
+                cursor.next();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            cursor.close();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/multithread/BTreeTestWorkerFactory.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/multithread/BTreeTestWorkerFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e954aba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/multithread/BTreeTestWorkerFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.multithread;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector;
+
+public class BTreeTestWorkerFactory implements ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory {
+    @Override
+    public AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker create(DataGenThread dataGen, TestOperationSelector opSelector,
+            ITreeIndex index, int numBatches) {
+        return new BTreeTestWorker(dataGen, opSelector, index, numBatches);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/AbstractBTreeTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/AbstractBTreeTest.java
index 9630a1b..f4eca1b 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/AbstractBTreeTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/AbstractBTreeTest.java
@@ -1,76 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util;
 
-import java.io.File;
-import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
-import java.util.Date;
-import java.util.Random;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestUtils;
 
 public abstract class AbstractBTreeTest {
-    protected static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(AbstractBTreeTest.class.getName());
-    public static final long RANDOM_SEED = 50;
-    
-    private static final int PAGE_SIZE = 256;
-    private static final int NUM_PAGES = 10;
-    private static final int MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
-    private static final int HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
-        
-    protected IHyracksTaskContext ctx; 
-    protected IBufferCache bufferCache;
-    protected int btreeFileId;
-    
-    protected final Random rnd = new Random();
-    protected final static SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("ddMMyy-hhmmssSS");
-    protected final static String tmpDir = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");
-    protected final static String sep = System.getProperty("file.separator");
-    protected String fileName;   
-    
-    @Before
-    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
-        fileName = tmpDir + sep + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
-        ctx = TestUtils.create(getHyracksFrameSize());
-        TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(getPageSize(), getNumPages(), getMaxOpenFiles());
-        bufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
-        IFileMapProvider fmp = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
-        FileReference file = new FileReference(new File(fileName));
-        bufferCache.createFile(file);
-        btreeFileId = fmp.lookupFileId(file);
-        bufferCache.openFile(btreeFileId);
-        rnd.setSeed(RANDOM_SEED);
+	protected final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(BTreeTestHarness.class.getName());
+	protected final BTreeTestHarness harness;
+	
+	public AbstractBTreeTest() {
+		harness = new BTreeTestHarness();
     }
     
-    @After
+    public AbstractBTreeTest(int pageSize, int numPages, int maxOpenFiles, int hyracksFrameSize) {
+    	harness = new BTreeTestHarness(pageSize, numPages, maxOpenFiles, hyracksFrameSize);
+    }
+	
+	@Before
+	public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+		harness.setUp();
+    }
+	
+	@After
     public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
-        bufferCache.closeFile(btreeFileId);
-        bufferCache.close();
-        File f = new File(fileName);
-        f.deleteOnExit();
-    }
-    
-    public int getPageSize() {
-        return PAGE_SIZE;
-    }
-    
-    public int getNumPages() {
-        return NUM_PAGES;
-    }
-    
-    public int getHyracksFrameSize() {
-        return HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE;
-    }
-    
-    public int getMaxOpenFiles() {
-        return MAX_OPEN_FILES;
+		harness.tearDown();
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestContext.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestContext.java
index f1b03c1..5eabd09 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestContext.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestContext.java
@@ -15,49 +15,42 @@
 
 package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util;
 
-import java.util.TreeSet;
-
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeInteriorFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.SerdeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
 
 @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-public final class BTreeTestContext {
-    public final ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes;
-    public final IBufferCache bufferCache;
-    public final BTree btree;
-    public final IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame;
-    public final IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame;
-    public final ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame;
-    public final ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder;
-    public final ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
-    public final TreeSet<CheckTuple> checkTuples = new TreeSet<CheckTuple>();
-    public final ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor;
-
-    public BTreeTestContext(IBufferCache bufferCache, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, BTree btree,
-            IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame, IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame, ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame,
-            ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor) {
-        this.bufferCache = bufferCache;
-        this.fieldSerdes = fieldSerdes;
-        this.btree = btree;
-        this.leafFrame = leafFrame;
-        this.interiorFrame = interiorFrame;
-        this.metaFrame = metaFrame;
-        this.indexAccessor = indexAccessor;
-        this.tupleBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldSerdes.length);
+public class BTreeTestContext extends OrderedIndexTestContext {
+    
+    public BTreeTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, ITreeIndex treeIndex) {
+        super(fieldSerdes, treeIndex);
     }
 
-    public int getFieldCount() {
-        return fieldSerdes.length;
-    }
-
+    @Override
     public int getKeyFieldCount() {
-        return btree.getMultiComparator().getKeyFieldCount();
+        BTree btree = (BTree) treeIndex;
+        return btree.getComparatorFactories().length;
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+    
+    @Override
+    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
+        BTree btree = (BTree) treeIndex;
+        return btree.getComparatorFactories();
+    }
+    
+    public static BTreeTestContext create(IBufferCache bufferCache, int btreeFileId, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeyFields, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception {        
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes);
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes, numKeyFields);
+        BTree btree = BTreeUtils.createBTree(bufferCache, typeTraits, cmpFactories, leafType);
+        btree.create(btreeFileId);
+        btree.open(btreeFileId);
+        BTreeTestContext testCtx = new BTreeTestContext(fieldSerdes, btree);
+        return testCtx;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestHarness.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestHarness.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59bd31d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestHarness.java
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestUtils;
+
+public class BTreeTestHarness {    
+    public static final BTreeLeafFrameType[] LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST = new BTreeLeafFrameType[] {
+        BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM, BTreeLeafFrameType.FIELD_PREFIX_COMPRESSED_NSM };
+    
+    private static final long RANDOM_SEED = 50;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_NUM_PAGES = 100;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+    
+    protected final int pageSize;
+    protected final int numPages;
+    protected final int maxOpenFiles;
+    protected final int hyracksFrameSize;
+        
+    protected IHyracksTaskContext ctx; 
+    protected IBufferCache bufferCache;
+    protected int btreeFileId;
+    
+    protected final Random rnd = new Random();
+    protected final SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("ddMMyy-hhmmssSS");
+    protected final String tmpDir = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");
+    protected final String sep = System.getProperty("file.separator");
+    protected String fileName;
+    
+    public BTreeTestHarness() {
+    	this.pageSize = DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE;
+    	this.numPages = DEFAULT_NUM_PAGES;
+    	this.maxOpenFiles = DEFAULT_MAX_OPEN_FILES;
+    	this.hyracksFrameSize = DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE;
+    }
+    
+    public BTreeTestHarness(int pageSize, int numPages, int maxOpenFiles, int hyracksFrameSize) {
+    	this.pageSize = pageSize;
+    	this.numPages = numPages;
+    	this.maxOpenFiles = maxOpenFiles;
+    	this.hyracksFrameSize = hyracksFrameSize;
+    }
+    
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        fileName = tmpDir + sep + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
+        ctx = TestUtils.create(getHyracksFrameSize());
+        TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(pageSize, numPages, maxOpenFiles);
+        bufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
+        IFileMapProvider fmp = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
+        FileReference file = new FileReference(new File(fileName));
+        bufferCache.createFile(file);
+        btreeFileId = fmp.lookupFileId(file);
+        bufferCache.openFile(btreeFileId);
+        rnd.setSeed(RANDOM_SEED);
+    }
+    
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        bufferCache.closeFile(btreeFileId);
+        bufferCache.close();
+        File f = new File(fileName);
+        f.deleteOnExit();
+    }
+    
+    public IHyracksTaskContext getHyracksTaskContext() {
+    	return ctx;
+    }
+    
+    public IBufferCache getBufferCache() {
+    	return bufferCache;
+    }
+    
+    public int getBTreeFileId() {
+    	return btreeFileId;
+    }
+    
+    public String getFileName() {
+        return fileName;
+    }
+    
+    public Random getRandom() {
+    	return rnd;
+    }
+    
+    public int getPageSize() {
+        return pageSize;
+    }
+    
+    public int getNumPages() {
+        return numPages;
+    }
+    
+    public int getHyracksFrameSize() {
+        return hyracksFrameSize;
+    }
+    
+    public int getMaxOpenFiles() {
+        return maxOpenFiles;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestUtils.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestUtils.java
deleted file mode 100644
index b5186b0..0000000
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/btree/util/BTreeTestUtils.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,505 +0,0 @@
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util;
-
-import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
-
-import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
-import java.io.DataInput;
-import java.io.DataInputStream;
-import java.io.DataOutput;
-import java.util.Iterator;
-import java.util.NavigableSet;
-import java.util.Random;
-import java.util.TreeSet;
-import java.util.logging.Level;
-import java.util.logging.Logger;
-
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.SerdeUtils;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeInteriorFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.api.IBTreeLeafFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeDuplicateKeyException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTreeRangeSearchCursor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.PageAllocationException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.TreeDiskOrderScanCursor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
-
-@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-public class BTreeTestUtils {
-    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(BTreeTestUtils.class.getName());    
-    
-    public static BTreeTestContext createBTreeTestContext(IBufferCache bufferCache, int btreeFileId, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeyFields, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception {        
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes, fieldSerdes.length);
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparators(fieldSerdes, numKeyFields);
-        
-        BTree btree = BTreeUtils.createBTree(bufferCache, btreeFileId, typeTraits, cmps, leafType);
-        btree.create(btreeFileId);
-        btree.open(btreeFileId);
-        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = btree.createAccessor();
-        
-        IBTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IBTreeLeafFrame) btree.getLeafFrameFactory().createFrame();
-        IBTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame = (IBTreeInteriorFrame) btree.getInteriorFrameFactory().createFrame();
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame = btree.getFreePageManager().getMetaDataFrameFactory().createFrame();
-        BTreeTestContext testCtx = new BTreeTestContext(bufferCache, fieldSerdes, btree, leafFrame, interiorFrame, metaFrame, indexAccessor);
-        return testCtx;
-    }
-    
-    private static void compareActualAndExpected(ITupleReference actual, CheckTuple expected, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes) throws HyracksDataException {
-        for (int i = 0; i < fieldSerdes.length; i++) {
-            ByteArrayInputStream inStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(
-                    actual.getFieldData(i), actual.getFieldStart(i),
-                    actual.getFieldLength(i));
-            DataInput dataIn = new DataInputStream(inStream);
-            Object actualObj = fieldSerdes[i].deserialize(dataIn);            
-            if (!actualObj.equals(expected.get(i))) {
-                fail("Actual and expected fields do not match.\nExpected: " + expected.get(i) + "\nActual  : " + actualObj);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-    private static CheckTuple createCheckTupleFromTuple(ITupleReference tuple, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys) throws HyracksDataException {
-        CheckTuple checkTuple = new CheckTuple(fieldSerdes.length, numKeys);
-        int fieldCount = Math.min(fieldSerdes.length, tuple.getFieldCount());
-        for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++) {
-            ByteArrayInputStream inStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(
-                    tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
-                    tuple.getFieldLength(i));
-            DataInput dataIn = new DataInputStream(inStream);
-            Comparable fieldObj = (Comparable)fieldSerdes[i].deserialize(dataIn);
-            checkTuple.add(fieldObj);
-        }
-        return checkTuple;
-    }
-    
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-    private static void createTupleFromCheckTuple(CheckTuple checkTuple, ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder, ArrayTupleReference tuple, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes) throws HyracksDataException {
-        int fieldCount = tupleBuilder.getFieldEndOffsets().length; 
-        DataOutput dos = tupleBuilder.getDataOutput();
-        tupleBuilder.reset();
-        for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++) {
-            fieldSerdes[i].serialize(checkTuple.get(i), dos);
-            tupleBuilder.addFieldEndOffset();
-        }
-        tuple.reset(tupleBuilder.getFieldEndOffsets(), tupleBuilder.getByteArray());
-    }
-    
-    public static void checkOrderedScan(BTreeTestContext testCtx) throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Testing Ordered Scan.");
-        }
-        ITreeIndexCursor scanCursor = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor(testCtx.leafFrame, false);
-        RangePredicate nullPred = new RangePredicate(true, null, null, true, true, null, null);
-        testCtx.indexAccessor.search(scanCursor, nullPred);
-        Iterator<CheckTuple> checkIter = testCtx.checkTuples.iterator();
-        int actualCount = 0;
-        try {
-            while (scanCursor.hasNext()) {
-                if (!checkIter.hasNext()) {
-                    fail("Ordered scan returned more answers than expected.\nExpected: " + testCtx.checkTuples.size());
-                }
-                scanCursor.next();
-                CheckTuple expectedTuple = checkIter.next();
-                ITupleReference tuple = scanCursor.getTuple();
-                compareActualAndExpected(tuple, expectedTuple, testCtx.fieldSerdes);
-                actualCount++;
-            }
-            if (actualCount < testCtx.checkTuples.size()) {
-                fail("Ordered scan returned fewer answers than expected.\nExpected: " + testCtx.checkTuples.size() + "\nActual  : " + actualCount);
-            }
-        } finally {
-            scanCursor.close();
-        }
-    }
-    
-    public static void checkDiskOrderScan(BTreeTestContext testCtx) throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Testing Disk-Order Scan.");
-        }
-        ITreeIndexCursor diskOrderCursor = new TreeDiskOrderScanCursor(testCtx.leafFrame);
-        testCtx.indexAccessor.diskOrderScan(diskOrderCursor);
-        int actualCount = 0;        
-        try {
-            while (diskOrderCursor.hasNext()) {
-                diskOrderCursor.next();
-                ITupleReference tuple = diskOrderCursor.getTuple();
-                CheckTuple checkTuple = createCheckTupleFromTuple(tuple, testCtx.fieldSerdes, testCtx.btree.getMultiComparator().getKeyFieldCount());
-                if (!testCtx.checkTuples.contains(checkTuple)) {
-                    fail("Disk-order scan returned unexpected answer: " + checkTuple.toString());
-                }
-                actualCount++;
-            }
-            if (actualCount < testCtx.checkTuples.size()) {
-                fail("Disk-order scan returned fewer answers than expected.\nExpected: " + testCtx.checkTuples.size() + "\nActual  : " + actualCount);
-            }
-            if (actualCount > testCtx.checkTuples.size()) {
-                fail("Disk-order scan returned more answers than expected.\nExpected: " + testCtx.checkTuples.size() + "\nActual  : " + actualCount);
-            }
-        } finally {
-            diskOrderCursor.close();
-        }
-    }
-    
-    public static void checkRangeSearch(BTreeTestContext testCtx, ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, boolean lowKeyInclusive, boolean highKeyInclusive) throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Testing Range Search.");
-        }
-        MultiComparator lowKeyCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(testCtx.btree.getMultiComparator(), lowKey);
-        MultiComparator highKeyCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(testCtx.btree.getMultiComparator(), highKey);
-        ITreeIndexCursor searchCursor = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor(testCtx.leafFrame, false);
-        RangePredicate rangePred = new RangePredicate(true, lowKey, highKey, lowKeyInclusive, highKeyInclusive, lowKeyCmp, highKeyCmp);
-        testCtx.indexAccessor.search(searchCursor, rangePred);
-        // Get the subset of elements from the expected set within given key range.
-        CheckTuple lowKeyCheck = createCheckTupleFromTuple(lowKey, testCtx.fieldSerdes, lowKeyCmp.getKeyFieldCount());
-        CheckTuple highKeyCheck = createCheckTupleFromTuple(highKey, testCtx.fieldSerdes, highKeyCmp.getKeyFieldCount());
-        NavigableSet<CheckTuple> expectedSubset = null;
-        if (lowKeyCmp.getKeyFieldCount() < testCtx.btree.getMultiComparator().getKeyFieldCount() || 
-                highKeyCmp.getKeyFieldCount() < testCtx.btree.getMultiComparator().getKeyFieldCount()) {
-            // Searching on a key prefix (low key or high key or both).
-            expectedSubset = getPrefixExpectedSubset(testCtx.checkTuples, lowKeyCheck, highKeyCheck);
-        } else {
-            // Searching on all key fields.
-            expectedSubset = testCtx.checkTuples.subSet(lowKeyCheck, lowKeyInclusive, highKeyCheck, highKeyInclusive);
-        }
-        Iterator<CheckTuple> checkIter = expectedSubset.iterator();
-        int actualCount = 0;
-        try {
-            while (searchCursor.hasNext()) {
-                if (!checkIter.hasNext()) {
-                    fail("Range search returned more answers than expected.\nExpected: " + expectedSubset.size());
-                }
-                searchCursor.next();
-                CheckTuple expectedTuple = checkIter.next();
-                ITupleReference tuple = searchCursor.getTuple();
-                compareActualAndExpected(tuple, expectedTuple, testCtx.fieldSerdes);
-                actualCount++;
-            }
-            if (actualCount < expectedSubset.size()) {
-                fail("Range search returned fewer answers than expected.\nExpected: " + expectedSubset.size() + "\nActual  : " + actualCount);
-            }
-        } finally {
-            searchCursor.close();
-        }
-    }
-    
-    public static void checkPointSearches(BTreeTestContext testCtx) throws Exception {
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("Testing Point Searches On All Expected Keys.");
-        }
-        ITreeIndexCursor searchCursor = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor(testCtx.leafFrame, false);
-        
-        ArrayTupleBuilder lowKeyBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(testCtx.btree.getMultiComparator().getKeyFieldCount());
-        ArrayTupleReference lowKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        ArrayTupleBuilder highKeyBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(testCtx.btree.getMultiComparator().getKeyFieldCount());
-        ArrayTupleReference highKey = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        RangePredicate rangePred = new RangePredicate(true, lowKey, highKey, true, true, null, null);
-
-        // Iterate through expected tuples, and perform a point search in the BTree to verify the tuple can be reached.
-        for (CheckTuple checkTuple : testCtx.checkTuples) {
-            createTupleFromCheckTuple(checkTuple, lowKeyBuilder, lowKey, testCtx.fieldSerdes);
-            createTupleFromCheckTuple(checkTuple, highKeyBuilder, highKey, testCtx.fieldSerdes);
-            MultiComparator lowKeyCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(testCtx.btree.getMultiComparator(), lowKey);
-            MultiComparator highKeyCmp = BTreeUtils.getSearchMultiComparator(testCtx.btree.getMultiComparator(), highKey);
-                        
-            rangePred.setLowKey(lowKey, true);
-            rangePred.setHighKey(highKey, true);
-            rangePred.setLowKeyComparator(lowKeyCmp);
-            rangePred.setHighKeyComparator(highKeyCmp);
-            
-            testCtx.indexAccessor.search(searchCursor, rangePred);
-            
-            try {
-                // We expect exactly one answer.
-                if (searchCursor.hasNext()) {
-                    searchCursor.next();
-                    ITupleReference tuple = searchCursor.getTuple();
-                    compareActualAndExpected(tuple, checkTuple, testCtx.fieldSerdes);
-                }
-                if (searchCursor.hasNext()) {
-                    fail("Point search returned more than one answer.");
-                }
-            } finally {
-                searchCursor.close();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-    // Create a new TreeSet containing the elements satisfying the prefix search.
-    // Implementing prefix search by changing compareTo() in CheckTuple does not work.
-    public static TreeSet<CheckTuple> getPrefixExpectedSubset(TreeSet<CheckTuple> checkTuples, CheckTuple lowKey, CheckTuple highKey) {
-        TreeSet<CheckTuple> expectedSubset = new TreeSet<CheckTuple>();
-        Iterator<CheckTuple> iter = checkTuples.iterator();
-        while(iter.hasNext()) {
-            CheckTuple t = iter.next();
-            boolean geLowKey = true;
-            boolean leHighKey = true;
-            for (int i = 0; i < lowKey.getNumKeys(); i++) {
-                if (t.get(i).compareTo(lowKey.get(i)) < 0) {
-                    geLowKey = false;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            for (int i = 0; i < highKey.getNumKeys(); i++) {
-                if (t.get(i).compareTo(highKey.get(i)) > 0) {
-                    leHighKey = false;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (geLowKey && leHighKey) {
-                expectedSubset.add(t);
-            }
-        }
-        return expectedSubset;
-    }
-    
-    public static void insertIntTuples(BTreeTestContext testCtx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
-        int fieldCount = testCtx.getFieldCount();
-        int numKeyFields = testCtx.getKeyFieldCount();
-        int[] tupleValues = new int[testCtx.getFieldCount()];
-        // Scale range of values according to number of keys. 
-        // For example, for 2 keys we want the square root of numTuples, for 3 keys the cube root of numTuples, etc.        
-        int maxValue = (int)Math.ceil(Math.pow(numTuples, 1.0/(double)numKeyFields));
-        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
-            // Set keys.
-            for (int j = 0; j < numKeyFields; j++) {
-                tupleValues[j] = rnd.nextInt() % maxValue;
-            }
-            // Set values.
-            for (int j = numKeyFields; j < fieldCount; j++) {
-                tupleValues[j] = j;
-            }
-            TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(testCtx.tupleBuilder, testCtx.tuple, tupleValues);
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if ((i + 1) % (numTuples / Math.min(10, numTuples)) == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("Inserting Tuple " + (i + 1) + "/" + numTuples);
-                }
-            }
-            try {
-                testCtx.indexAccessor.insert(testCtx.tuple);
-                // Set expected values. Do this only after insertion succeeds because we ignore duplicate keys.
-                CheckTuple<Integer> checkTuple = new CheckTuple<Integer>(fieldCount, numKeyFields);
-                for(int v : tupleValues) {
-                    checkTuple.add(v);
-                }
-                testCtx.checkTuples.add(checkTuple);
-            } catch (BTreeDuplicateKeyException e) {
-                // Ignore duplicate key insertions.
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    
-    public static void insertStringTuples(BTreeTestContext testCtx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
-        int fieldCount = testCtx.getFieldCount();
-        int numKeyFields = testCtx.getKeyFieldCount();
-        Object[] tupleValues = new Object[fieldCount];
-        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if ((i + 1) % (numTuples / Math.min(10, numTuples)) == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("Inserting Tuple " + (i + 1) + "/" + numTuples);
-                }
-            }
-            // Set keys.
-            for (int j = 0; j < numKeyFields; j++) {
-                int length = (Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % 10) + 1;
-                tupleValues[j] = getRandomString(length, rnd);
-            }
-            // Set values.
-            for (int j = numKeyFields; j < fieldCount; j++) {
-                tupleValues[j] = getRandomString(5, rnd);
-            }
-            TupleUtils.createTuple(testCtx.tupleBuilder, testCtx.tuple, testCtx.fieldSerdes, tupleValues);
-            try {
-                testCtx.indexAccessor.insert(testCtx.tuple);
-                // Set expected values. Do this only after insertion succeeds because we ignore duplicate keys.
-                CheckTuple<String> checkTuple = new CheckTuple<String>(fieldCount, numKeyFields);
-                for(Object v : tupleValues) {
-                    checkTuple.add((String)v);
-                }
-                testCtx.checkTuples.add(checkTuple);
-            } catch (BTreeDuplicateKeyException e) {
-                // Ignore duplicate key insertions.
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static void bulkLoadIntTuples(BTreeTestContext testCtx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
-        int fieldCount = testCtx.getFieldCount();
-        int numKeyFields = testCtx.getKeyFieldCount();
-        int[] tupleValues = new int[testCtx.getFieldCount()];
-        int maxValue = (int)Math.ceil(Math.pow(numTuples, 1.0/(double)numKeyFields));
-        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
-            // Set keys.
-            for (int j = 0; j < numKeyFields; j++) {
-                tupleValues[j] = rnd.nextInt() % maxValue;
-            }
-            // Set values.
-            for (int j = numKeyFields; j < fieldCount; j++) {
-                tupleValues[j] = j;
-            }
-            
-            // Set expected values. We also use these as the pre-sorted stream for bulk loading.
-            CheckTuple<Integer> checkTuple = new CheckTuple<Integer>(fieldCount, numKeyFields);
-            for(int v : tupleValues) {
-                checkTuple.add(v);
-            }            
-            testCtx.checkTuples.add(checkTuple);
-        }
-        
-        bulkLoadCheckTuples(testCtx, numTuples);
-    }
-    
-    public static void bulkLoadStringTuples(BTreeTestContext testCtx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
-        int fieldCount = testCtx.getFieldCount();
-        int numKeyFields = testCtx.getKeyFieldCount();
-        String[] tupleValues = new String[fieldCount];
-        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
-            // Set keys.
-            for (int j = 0; j < numKeyFields; j++) {
-                int length = (Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % 10) + 1;
-                tupleValues[j] = getRandomString(length, rnd);
-            }
-            // Set values.
-            for (int j = numKeyFields; j < fieldCount; j++) {
-                tupleValues[j] = getRandomString(5, rnd);
-            }
-            // Set expected values. We also use these as the pre-sorted stream for bulk loading.
-            CheckTuple<String> checkTuple = new CheckTuple<String>(fieldCount, numKeyFields);
-            for(String v : tupleValues) {
-                checkTuple.add(v);
-            }            
-            testCtx.checkTuples.add(checkTuple);
-        }
-        
-        bulkLoadCheckTuples(testCtx, numTuples);
-    }
-    
-    private static void bulkLoadCheckTuples(BTreeTestContext testCtx, int numTuples) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
-        int fieldCount = testCtx.getFieldCount();
-        ArrayTupleBuilder tupleBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
-        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        // Perform bulk load.
-        IIndexBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = testCtx.btree.beginBulkLoad(0.7f);
-        int c = 1;
-        for (CheckTuple checkTuple : testCtx.checkTuples) {
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if (c % (numTuples / 10) == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("Bulk Loading Tuple " + c + "/" + numTuples);
-                }
-            }
-            createTupleFromCheckTuple(checkTuple, tupleBuilder, tuple, testCtx.fieldSerdes);
-            testCtx.btree.bulkLoadAddTuple(tuple, bulkLoadCtx);
-            c++;
-        }
-        testCtx.btree.endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx);
-    }
-    
-    public static void deleteTuples(BTreeTestContext testCtx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
-        ArrayTupleBuilder deleteTupleBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(testCtx.btree.getMultiComparator().getKeyFieldCount());
-        ArrayTupleReference deleteTuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        int numCheckTuples = testCtx.checkTuples.size();        
-        // Copy CheckTuple references into array, so we can randomly pick from there.
-        CheckTuple[] checkTuples = new CheckTuple[numCheckTuples];
-        int idx = 0;
-        for (CheckTuple checkTuple : testCtx.checkTuples) {
-            checkTuples[idx++] = checkTuple;
-        }
-        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples && numCheckTuples > 0; i++) {
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if ((i + 1) % (numTuples / Math.min(10, numTuples)) == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("Deleting Tuple " + (i + 1) + "/" + numTuples);
-                }
-            }
-            int checkTupleIdx = Math.abs(rnd.nextInt() % numCheckTuples);
-            CheckTuple checkTuple = checkTuples[checkTupleIdx];            
-            createTupleFromCheckTuple(checkTuple, deleteTupleBuilder, deleteTuple, testCtx.fieldSerdes);          
-            testCtx.indexAccessor.delete(deleteTuple);
-            
-            // Remove check tuple from expected results.
-            testCtx.checkTuples.remove(checkTuple);
-            
-            // Swap with last "valid" CheckTuple.
-            CheckTuple tmp = checkTuples[numCheckTuples - 1];
-            checkTuples[numCheckTuples - 1] = checkTuple;
-            checkTuples[checkTupleIdx] = tmp;
-            numCheckTuples--;
-        }
-    }
-    
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-    public static void updateTuples(BTreeTestContext testCtx, int numTuples, Random rnd) throws Exception {
-        int fieldCount = testCtx.btree.getFieldCount();
-        int keyFieldCount = testCtx.btree.getMultiComparator().getKeyFieldCount();
-        // This is a noop because we can only update non-key fields.
-        if (fieldCount == keyFieldCount) {
-            return;
-        }
-        ArrayTupleBuilder updateTupleBuilder = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
-        ArrayTupleReference updateTuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
-        int numCheckTuples = testCtx.checkTuples.size();
-        // Copy CheckTuple references into array, so we can randomly pick from there.
-        CheckTuple[] checkTuples = new CheckTuple[numCheckTuples];
-        int idx = 0;
-        for (CheckTuple checkTuple : testCtx.checkTuples) {
-            checkTuples[idx++] = checkTuple;
-        }
-        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples && numCheckTuples > 0; i++) {
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if ((i + 1) % (numTuples / Math.min(10, numTuples)) == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("Updating Tuple " + (i + 1) + "/" + numTuples);
-                }
-            }
-            int checkTupleIdx = Math.abs(rnd.nextInt() % numCheckTuples);
-            CheckTuple checkTuple = checkTuples[checkTupleIdx];
-            // Update check tuple's non-key fields.
-            for (int j = keyFieldCount; j < fieldCount; j++) {
-                Comparable newValue = getRandomUpdateValue(testCtx.fieldSerdes[j], rnd);
-                checkTuple.set(j, newValue);
-            }
-            
-            createTupleFromCheckTuple(checkTuple, updateTupleBuilder, updateTuple, testCtx.fieldSerdes);            
-            testCtx.indexAccessor.update(updateTuple);
-            
-            // Swap with last "valid" CheckTuple.
-            CheckTuple tmp = checkTuples[numCheckTuples - 1];
-            checkTuples[numCheckTuples - 1] = checkTuple;
-            checkTuples[checkTupleIdx] = tmp;
-            numCheckTuples--;
-        }
-    }
-    
-    private static Comparable getRandomUpdateValue(ISerializerDeserializer serde, Random rnd) {
-        if (serde instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
-            return Integer.valueOf(rnd.nextInt());
-        } else if (serde instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
-            return getRandomString(10, rnd);
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-    
-    public static String getRandomString(int length, Random rnd) {
-        String s = Long.toHexString(Double.doubleToLongBits(rnd.nextDouble()));
-        StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder();
-        for (int i = 0; i < s.length() && i < length; i++) {
-            strBuilder.append(s.charAt(Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % s.length()));
-        }
-        return strBuilder.toString();
-    }
-}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/AbstractInvIndexSearchTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/AbstractInvIndexSearchTest.java
index 7b6bd9f..4dba14a 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/AbstractInvIndexSearchTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/AbstractInvIndexSearchTest.java
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameTupleAccessor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.invertedindex.api.IInvertedIndexResultCursor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.invertedindex.impls.InvertedIndex;
@@ -86,8 +85,7 @@
 
     // declare btree keys
     protected int btreeKeyFieldCount = 1;
-    protected IBinaryComparator[] btreeBinCmps = new IBinaryComparator[btreeKeyFieldCount];
-    protected MultiComparator btreeCmp = new MultiComparator(btreeBinCmps);
+    protected IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[btreeKeyFieldCount];
 
     // btree frame factories
     protected TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(btreeTypeTraits);
@@ -112,8 +110,7 @@
     protected ITypeTraits[] invListTypeTraits = new ITypeTraits[invListFields];
 
     protected int invListKeys = 1;
-    protected IBinaryComparator[] invListBinCmps = new IBinaryComparator[invListKeys];
-    protected MultiComparator invListCmp = new MultiComparator(invListBinCmps);
+    protected IBinaryComparatorFactory[] invListCmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[invListKeys];
 
     protected InvertedIndex invIndex;
 
@@ -169,11 +166,11 @@
         btreeFileId = fmp.lookupFileId(btreeFile);
         bufferCache.openFile(btreeFileId);
 
-        btreeBinCmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
+        btreeCmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY);
 
-        freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, btreeFileId, 0, metaFrameFactory);
+        freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, 0, metaFrameFactory);
 
-        btree = new BTree(bufferCache, btreeTypeTraits.length, btreeCmp, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory,
+        btree = new BTree(bufferCache, btreeTypeTraits.length, btreeCmpFactories, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory,
                 leafFrameFactory);
         btree.create(btreeFileId);
         btree.open(btreeFileId);
@@ -185,9 +182,9 @@
         bufferCache.openFile(invListsFileId);
 
         invListTypeTraits[0] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        invListBinCmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
+        invListCmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
-        invIndex = new InvertedIndex(bufferCache, btree, invListTypeTraits, invListCmp);
+        invIndex = new InvertedIndex(bufferCache, btree, invListTypeTraits, invListCmpFactories);
         invIndex.open(invListsFileId);
 
         rnd.setSeed(50);
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/BulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/BulkLoadTest.java
index 93934ed..8a40a29 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/BulkLoadTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/BulkLoadTest.java
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameTupleAccessor;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
@@ -109,10 +109,8 @@
 
         // declare btree keys
         int keyFieldCount = 1;
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[keyFieldCount];
-        cmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-
-        MultiComparator btreeCmp = new MultiComparator(cmps);
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[keyFieldCount];
+        cmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(UTF8StringPointable.FACTORY);
 
         TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(btreeTypeTraits);
         ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
@@ -121,9 +119,9 @@
 
         ITreeIndexFrame leafFrame = leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
 
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, btreeFileId, 0, metaFrameFactory);
+        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, 0, metaFrameFactory);
 
-        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, btreeTypeTraits.length, btreeCmp, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory,
+        BTree btree = new BTree(bufferCache, btreeTypeTraits.length, cmpFactories, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory,
                 leafFrameFactory);
         btree.create(btreeFileId);
         btree.open(btreeFileId);
@@ -133,12 +131,10 @@
         invListTypeTraits[0] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
 
         int invListKeys = 1;
-        IBinaryComparator[] invListBinCmps = new IBinaryComparator[invListKeys];
-        invListBinCmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] invListCmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[invListKeys];
+        invListCmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
 
-        MultiComparator invListCmp = new MultiComparator(invListBinCmps);
-
-        InvertedIndex invIndex = new InvertedIndex(bufferCache, btree, invListTypeTraits, invListCmp);
+        InvertedIndex invIndex = new InvertedIndex(bufferCache, btree, invListTypeTraits, invListCmpFactories);
         invIndex.open(invListsFileId);
 
         Random rnd = new Random();
@@ -216,7 +212,8 @@
 
         ITreeIndexCursor btreeCursor = new BTreeRangeSearchCursor((IBTreeLeafFrame) leafFrame, false);
         FrameTupleReference searchKey = new FrameTupleReference();
-        RangePredicate btreePred = new RangePredicate(true, searchKey, searchKey, true, true, btreeCmp, btreeCmp);
+        MultiComparator btreeCmp = MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
+        RangePredicate btreePred = new RangePredicate(searchKey, searchKey, true, true, btreeCmp, btreeCmp);
 
         IInvertedListCursor invListCursor = new FixedSizeElementInvertedListCursor(bufferCache, invListsFileId,
                 invListTypeTraits);
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/SearchPerfTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/SearchPerfTest.java
index 1299fcb..38b8bfa 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/SearchPerfTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/SearchPerfTest.java
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.PageAllocationException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.invertedindex.api.IInvertedIndexSearchModifier;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.invertedindex.api.IInvertedListBuilder;
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@
 		loadData();
 	}
 
-	public void loadData() throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+	public void loadData() throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
 		tokens.add("compilers");
 		tokens.add("computer");
 		tokens.add("databases");
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/SearchTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/SearchTest.java
index eb2b39c..d99329f 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/SearchTest.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/invertedindex/SearchTest.java
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ByteArrayAccessibleOutputStream;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.PageAllocationException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.invertedindex.api.IInvertedIndexSearchModifier;
 import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.invertedindex.api.IInvertedListBuilder;
@@ -52,9 +52,15 @@
 	protected List<String> firstNames = new ArrayList<String>();
 	protected List<String> lastNames = new ArrayList<String>();
 
+	protected IBinaryComparator[] btreeBinCmps;
+	
 	@Before
 	public void start() throws Exception {
 		super.start();
+		btreeBinCmps = new IBinaryComparator[btreeCmpFactories.length];
+		for (int i = 0; i < btreeCmpFactories.length; i++) {
+			btreeBinCmps[i] = btreeCmpFactories[i].createBinaryComparator();
+		}
 		tokenFactory = new UTF8NGramTokenFactory();
 		tokenizer = new NGramUTF8StringBinaryTokenizer(3, false, true, false,
 				tokenFactory);
@@ -130,7 +136,7 @@
 		}
 	}
 
-	public void loadData() throws IOException, TreeIndexException, PageAllocationException {
+	public void loadData() throws IOException, TreeIndexException {
 		List<TokenIdPair> pairs = new ArrayList<TokenIdPair>();
 		// generate pairs for subsequent sorting and bulk-loading
 		int id = 0;
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/pom.xml b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbc02c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+  <groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  <artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test</artifactId>
+  <version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+
+  <parent>
+    <groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+    <artifactId>hyracks-tests</artifactId>
+    <version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  </parent>
+
+  <build>
+    <plugins>
+      <plugin>
+        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+        <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
+        <version>2.0.2</version>
+        <configuration>
+          <source>1.6</source>
+          <target>1.6</target>
+        </configuration>
+      </plugin>
+    </plugins>
+  </build>
+  <dependencies>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>junit</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
+  		<version>4.8.1</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>test</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-control-nc</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency>  	
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-test-support</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>test</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+</project>
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeBulkLoadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5dee899
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexBulkLoadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestHarness;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMBTreeBulkLoadTest extends OrderedIndexBulkLoadTest {
+
+    public LSMBTreeBulkLoadTest() {
+        super(LSMBTreeTestHarness.LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST, 1);
+    }
+
+    private final LSMBTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMBTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected OrderedIndexTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys,
+            BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception {
+        return LSMBTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
+                harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes,
+                numKeys, harness.getFileId());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeDeleteTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeDeleteTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c1190a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeDeleteTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexDeleteTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestHarness;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMBTreeDeleteTest extends OrderedIndexDeleteTest {
+
+    public LSMBTreeDeleteTest() {
+        super(LSMBTreeTestHarness.LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST);
+    }
+
+    private final LSMBTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMBTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected OrderedIndexTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys,
+            BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception {
+        return LSMBTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
+                harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes,
+                numKeys, harness.getFileId());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeExamplesTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeExamplesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e34a0f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeExamplesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexExamplesTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeUtils;
+
+public class LSMBTreeExamplesTest extends OrderedIndexExamplesTest {
+	private final LSMBTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMBTreeTestHarness();
+	
+	@Override
+	protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits,
+			IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) throws TreeIndexException {
+		return LSMBTreeUtils.createLSMTree(harness.getMemBufferCache(),
+				harness.getMemFreePageManager(), harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(),
+				harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(),
+				typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected int getIndexFileId() {
+		return harness.getFileId();
+	}
+
+	@Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeInsertTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeInsertTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68560de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeInsertTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexInsertTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestHarness;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMBTreeInsertTest extends OrderedIndexInsertTest {
+
+    public LSMBTreeInsertTest() {
+        super(LSMBTreeTestHarness.LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST);
+    }
+
+    private final LSMBTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMBTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected OrderedIndexTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys,
+            BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception {
+        return LSMBTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
+                harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes,
+                numKeys, harness.getFileId());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMergeTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMergeTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c4e3dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMergeTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestHarness;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMBTreeMergeTest extends LSMBTreeMergeTestDriver {
+
+    public LSMBTreeMergeTest() {
+        super(LSMBTreeTestHarness.LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST);
+    }
+
+    private final LSMBTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMBTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected OrderedIndexTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys,
+            BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception {
+        return LSMBTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
+                harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes,
+                numKeys, harness.getFileId());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMergeTestDriver.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMergeTestDriver.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..335db7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMergeTestDriver.java
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestDriver;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMTreeIndexAccessor;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class LSMBTreeMergeTestDriver extends OrderedIndexTestDriver {
+
+    private final OrderedIndexTestUtils orderedIndexTestUtils;
+
+    public LSMBTreeMergeTestDriver(BTreeLeafFrameType[] leafFrameTypesToTest) {
+        super(leafFrameTypesToTest);
+        this.orderedIndexTestUtils = new OrderedIndexTestUtils();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys, BTreeLeafFrameType leafType,
+            ITupleReference lowKey, ITupleReference highKey, ITupleReference prefixLowKey, ITupleReference prefixHighKey)
+            throws Exception {
+        OrderedIndexTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, numKeys, leafType);
+
+        // Start off with one tree bulk loaded.
+        // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first one
+        // to determine which field types to generate.
+        if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.bulkLoadIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+        } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.bulkLoadStringTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+        }
+
+        int maxTreesToMerge = 10;
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxTreesToMerge; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+                if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+                    orderedIndexTestUtils.bulkLoadIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+                } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer) {
+                    orderedIndexTestUtils.bulkLoadStringTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+                }
+            }
+
+            ILSMTreeIndexAccessor accessor = (ILSMTreeIndexAccessor) ctx.getIndexAccessor();
+            accessor.merge();
+
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkPointSearches(ctx);
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkScan(ctx);
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(ctx);
+            orderedIndexTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, lowKey, highKey, true, true);
+            if (prefixLowKey != null && prefixHighKey != null) {
+                orderedIndexTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, prefixLowKey, prefixHighKey, true, true);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getTestOpName() {
+        return "LSM Merge";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7c878f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexBulkLoadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestHarness;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMBTreeMultiBulkLoadTest extends OrderedIndexBulkLoadTest {
+    public LSMBTreeMultiBulkLoadTest() {
+        // Using 5 bulk load rounds.
+        super(LSMBTreeTestHarness.LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST, 5);
+    }
+
+    private final LSMBTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMBTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected OrderedIndexTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys,
+            BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception {
+        return LSMBTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
+                harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes,
+                numKeys, harness.getFileId());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeUpdateTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeUpdateTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c325025
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/LSMBTreeUpdateTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexUpdateTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestHarness;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMBTreeUpdateTest extends OrderedIndexUpdateTest {
+
+    public LSMBTreeUpdateTest() {
+        super(LSMBTreeTestHarness.LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST);
+    }
+
+    private final LSMBTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMBTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected OrderedIndexTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeys,
+            BTreeLeafFrameType leafType) throws Exception {
+        return LSMBTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
+                harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes,
+                numKeys, harness.getFileId());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/multithread/LSMBTreeMultiThreadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/multithread/LSMBTreeMultiThreadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..750340f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/multithread/LSMBTreeMultiThreadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.multithread;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestWorkloadConf;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeUtils;
+
+public class LSMBTreeMultiThreadTest extends OrderedIndexMultiThreadTest {
+
+    private LSMBTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMBTreeTestHarness();
+
+    private LSMBTreeTestWorkerFactory workerFactory = new LSMBTreeTestWorkerFactory();
+
+    @Override
+    protected void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) throws TreeIndexException {
+        return LSMBTreeUtils.createLSMTree(harness.getMemBufferCache(),
+                harness.getMemFreePageManager(), harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(),
+                harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(),
+                typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory getWorkerFactory() {
+        return workerFactory;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> getTestWorkloadConf() {
+        ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> workloadConfs = new ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf>();
+
+        // Insert only workload.
+        TestOperation[] insertOnlyOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertOnlyOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertOnlyOps)));
+
+        // Insert and merge workload.
+        TestOperation[] insertMergeOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.MERGE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertMergeOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertMergeOps)));
+
+        // Inserts mixed with point searches and scans.
+        TestOperation[] insertSearchOnlyOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.POINT_SEARCH,
+                TestOperation.SCAN };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertSearchOnlyOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertSearchOnlyOps)));
+
+        // Inserts, updates, and deletes.
+        TestOperation[] insertDeleteUpdateOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE,
+                TestOperation.UPDATE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertDeleteUpdateOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertDeleteUpdateOps)));
+
+        // Inserts, updates, deletes and merges.
+        TestOperation[] insertDeleteUpdateMergeOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE,
+                TestOperation.UPDATE, TestOperation.MERGE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertDeleteUpdateMergeOps,
+                getUniformOpProbs(insertDeleteUpdateMergeOps)));
+
+        // All operations except merge.
+        TestOperation[] allNoMergeOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE,
+                TestOperation.UPDATE, TestOperation.POINT_SEARCH, TestOperation.SCAN };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(allNoMergeOps, getUniformOpProbs(allNoMergeOps)));
+
+        // All operations.
+        TestOperation[] allOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE,
+                TestOperation.UPDATE, TestOperation.POINT_SEARCH, TestOperation.SCAN, TestOperation.MERGE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(allOps, getUniformOpProbs(allOps)));
+
+        return workloadConfs;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int getFileId() {
+        return harness.getFileId();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getIndexTypeName() {
+        return "LSMBTree";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/multithread/LSMBTreeTestWorker.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/multithread/LSMBTreeTestWorker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8522fb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/multithread/LSMBTreeTestWorker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.multithread;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeDuplicateKeyException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeNonExistentKeyException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeNotUpdateableException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.RangePredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.impls.LSMBTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.impls.LSMBTree.LSMBTreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMMergeInProgressException;
+
+public class LSMBTreeTestWorker extends AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker {
+    
+    private final LSMBTree lsmBTree;
+    private final int numKeyFields;
+    private final ArrayTupleBuilder deleteTb;
+    private final ArrayTupleReference deleteTuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+    
+    public LSMBTreeTestWorker(DataGenThread dataGen, TestOperationSelector opSelector, ITreeIndex index, int numBatches) {
+        super(dataGen, opSelector, index, numBatches);
+        lsmBTree = (LSMBTree) index;
+        numKeyFields = lsmBTree.getComparatorFactories().length;
+        deleteTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(numKeyFields);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void performOp(ITupleReference tuple, TestOperation op) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {        
+        LSMBTreeIndexAccessor accessor = (LSMBTreeIndexAccessor) indexAccessor;
+        ITreeIndexCursor searchCursor = accessor.createSearchCursor();
+        MultiComparator cmp = accessor.getMultiComparator();
+        RangePredicate rangePred = new RangePredicate(tuple, tuple, true, true, cmp, cmp);
+        
+        switch (op) {
+            case INSERT:
+                try {
+                    accessor.insert(tuple);
+                } catch (BTreeDuplicateKeyException e) {
+                    // Ignore duplicate keys, since we get random tuples.
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case DELETE:
+                // Create a tuple reference with only key fields.
+                deleteTb.reset();
+                for (int i = 0; i < numKeyFields; i++) {
+                    deleteTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+                }
+                deleteTuple.reset(deleteTb.getFieldEndOffsets(), deleteTb.getByteArray());
+                try {
+                    accessor.delete(deleteTuple);
+                } catch (BTreeNonExistentKeyException e) {
+                    // Ignore non-existant keys, since we get random tuples.
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case UPDATE: 
+                try {
+                    accessor.update(tuple);
+                } catch (BTreeNonExistentKeyException e) {
+                    // Ignore non-existant keys, since we get random tuples.
+                } catch (BTreeNotUpdateableException e) {
+                    // Ignore not updateable exception due to numKeys == numFields.
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case POINT_SEARCH: 
+                searchCursor.reset();
+                rangePred.setLowKey(tuple, true);
+                rangePred.setHighKey(tuple, true);
+                accessor.search(searchCursor, rangePred);
+                consumeCursorTuples(searchCursor);
+                break;
+                
+            case SCAN:
+                searchCursor.reset();
+                rangePred.setLowKey(null, true);
+                rangePred.setHighKey(null, true);
+                accessor.search(searchCursor, rangePred);
+                consumeCursorTuples(searchCursor);
+                break;
+                
+            case MERGE:
+                try {
+                    accessor.merge();
+                } catch (LSMMergeInProgressException e) {
+                    // Ignore ongoing merges. Do an insert instead.
+                    try {
+                        accessor.insert(tuple);
+                    } catch (BTreeDuplicateKeyException e1) {
+                        // Ignore duplicate keys, since we get random tuples.
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            default:
+                throw new HyracksDataException("Op " + op.toString() + " not supported.");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void consumeCursorTuples(ITreeIndexCursor cursor) throws HyracksDataException {
+        try {
+            while(cursor.hasNext()) {
+                cursor.next();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            cursor.close();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/multithread/LSMBTreeTestWorkerFactory.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/multithread/LSMBTreeTestWorkerFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac23aaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/multithread/LSMBTreeTestWorkerFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.multithread;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector;
+
+public class LSMBTreeTestWorkerFactory implements ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory {
+    @Override
+    public AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker create(DataGenThread dataGen, TestOperationSelector opSelector,
+            ITreeIndex index, int numBatches) {
+        return new LSMBTreeTestWorker(dataGen, opSelector, index, numBatches);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/BTreeBulkLoadRunner.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/BTreeBulkLoadRunner.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f568651
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/BTreeBulkLoadRunner.java
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.perf;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IIndexBulkLoadContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.TupleBatch;
+
+public class BTreeBulkLoadRunner extends BTreeRunner {
+
+    protected final float fillFactor;
+    
+    public BTreeBulkLoadRunner(int numBatches, int pageSize, int numPages, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories, float fillFactor)
+            throws HyracksDataException, BTreeException {
+        super(numBatches, pageSize, numPages, typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+        this.fillFactor = fillFactor;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long runExperiment(DataGenThread dataGen, int numThreads) throws Exception {
+        btree.create(btreeFileId);
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        IIndexBulkLoadContext bulkLoadCtx = btree.beginBulkLoad(1.0f);
+        for (int i = 0; i < numBatches; i++) {
+            TupleBatch batch = dataGen.tupleBatchQueue.take();
+            for (int j = 0; j < batch.size(); j++) {
+                btree.bulkLoadAddTuple(batch.get(j), bulkLoadCtx);    
+            }
+        }
+        btree.endBulkLoad(bulkLoadCtx);
+        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        long time = end - start;
+        return time;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/BTreePageSizePerf.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/BTreePageSizePerf.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e0514b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/BTreePageSizePerf.java
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.perf;
+
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.LogManager;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.SerdeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+
+public class BTreePageSizePerf {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        // Disable logging so we can better see the output times.
+        Enumeration<String> loggers = LogManager.getLogManager().getLoggerNames();
+        while(loggers.hasMoreElements()) {
+            String loggerName = loggers.nextElement();
+            Logger logger = LogManager.getLogManager().getLogger(loggerName);
+            logger.setLevel(Level.OFF);
+        }
+        
+        int numTuples = 1000000;
+        int batchSize = 10000;
+        int numBatches = numTuples / batchSize;
+        
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = new ISerializerDeserializer[] { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes, 30);
+        
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes, fieldSerdes.length);
+        
+        runExperiment(numBatches, batchSize, 1024, 100000, fieldSerdes, cmpFactories, typeTraits);
+        runExperiment(numBatches, batchSize, 2048, 100000, fieldSerdes, cmpFactories, typeTraits);
+        runExperiment(numBatches, batchSize, 4096, 25000, fieldSerdes, cmpFactories, typeTraits);
+        runExperiment(numBatches, batchSize, 8192, 12500, fieldSerdes, cmpFactories, typeTraits);
+        runExperiment(numBatches, batchSize, 16384, 6250, fieldSerdes, cmpFactories, typeTraits);
+        runExperiment(numBatches, batchSize, 32768, 3125, fieldSerdes, cmpFactories, typeTraits);
+        runExperiment(numBatches, batchSize, 65536, 1564, fieldSerdes, cmpFactories, typeTraits);
+        runExperiment(numBatches, batchSize, 131072, 782, fieldSerdes, cmpFactories, typeTraits);
+        runExperiment(numBatches, batchSize, 262144, 391, fieldSerdes, cmpFactories, typeTraits);
+    }
+    
+    private static void runExperiment(int numBatches, int batchSize, int pageSize, int numPages, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits) throws Exception {
+        System.out.println("PAGE SIZE: " + pageSize);
+        System.out.println("NUM PAGES: " + numPages);
+        System.out.println("MEMORY: " + (pageSize * numPages));
+        int repeats = 5;
+        long[] times = new long[repeats];
+        //BTreeRunner runner = new BTreeRunner(numTuples, pageSize, numPages, typeTraits, cmp);
+        InMemoryBTreeRunner runner = new InMemoryBTreeRunner(numBatches, pageSize, numPages, typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+        runner.init();
+        int numThreads = 1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < repeats; i++) {
+            DataGenThread dataGen = new DataGenThread(numThreads, numBatches, batchSize, fieldSerdes, 30, 50, 10, false);
+            dataGen.start();            
+            times[i] = runner.runExperiment(dataGen, numThreads);
+            System.out.println("TIME " + i + ": " + times[i] + "ms");
+        }
+        runner.deinit();
+        long avgTime = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < repeats; i++) {
+            avgTime += times[i];
+        }
+        avgTime /= repeats;
+        System.out.println("AVG TIME: " + avgTime + "ms");
+        System.out.println("-------------------------------");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/BTreeRunner.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/BTreeRunner.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e80544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/BTreeRunner.java
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.perf;
+
+import java.io.File;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.util.BTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestUtils;
+
+public class BTreeRunner extends InMemoryBTreeRunner {
+    protected static final int MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
+    protected static final int HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;       
+    
+    public BTreeRunner(int numTuples, int pageSize, int numPages, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) throws HyracksDataException, BTreeException {
+        super(numTuples, pageSize, numPages, typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected void init(int pageSize, int numPages, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) throws HyracksDataException, BTreeException {
+    	IHyracksTaskContext ctx = TestUtils.create(HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE);
+    	TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(pageSize, numPages, MAX_OPEN_FILES);
+        bufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
+        IFileMapProvider fmp = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
+        FileReference file = new FileReference(new File(fileName));
+        bufferCache.createFile(file);
+        btreeFileId = fmp.lookupFileId(file);
+        bufferCache.openFile(btreeFileId);
+        btree = BTreeUtils
+                .createBTree(bufferCache, typeTraits, cmpFactories, BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/ConcurrentSkipListRunner.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/ConcurrentSkipListRunner.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f44966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/ConcurrentSkipListRunner.java
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.perf;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListSet;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.TupleBatch;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
+
+public class ConcurrentSkipListRunner implements IExperimentRunner {
+    public class TupleComparator implements Comparator<ITupleReference> {
+        private final MultiComparator cmp;
+
+        public TupleComparator(MultiComparator cmp) {
+            this.cmp = cmp;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compare(ITupleReference o1, ITupleReference o2) {
+            return cmp.compare(o1, o2);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private final TupleComparator tupleCmp;
+    private final int numBatches;
+    private final int batchSize;
+    private final int tupleSize;
+    private final ITypeTraits[] typeTraits;
+    
+    public ConcurrentSkipListRunner(int numBatches, int batchSize, int tupleSize, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, MultiComparator cmp) {
+        this.numBatches = numBatches;
+        this.tupleSize = tupleSize;
+        this.batchSize = batchSize;
+        this.typeTraits = typeTraits;
+        tupleCmp = new TupleComparator(cmp);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public long runExperiment(DataGenThread dataGen, int numThreads) throws InterruptedException {
+        ConcurrentSkipListSet<ITupleReference> skipList = new ConcurrentSkipListSet<ITupleReference>(tupleCmp);
+        SkipListThread[] threads = new SkipListThread[numThreads];
+        int threadNumBatches = numBatches / numThreads;
+        for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++) {
+            threads[i] = new SkipListThread(dataGen, skipList, threadNumBatches, batchSize);            
+        }
+        // Wait until the tupleBatchQueue is completely full.
+        while (dataGen.tupleBatchQueue.remainingCapacity() != 0) {
+            Thread.sleep(10);
+        }
+        
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++) {
+            threads[i].start();
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++) {
+            threads[i].join();
+        }
+        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        long time = end - start;
+        return time;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void init() throws Exception {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deinit() throws Exception {
+    }
+    
+    public void reset() throws Exception {
+    }
+    
+    public class SkipListThread extends Thread {
+    	private final DataGenThread dataGen;
+    	private final ConcurrentSkipListSet<ITupleReference> skipList;
+    	private final int numBatches;
+        public final TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory;
+        public final TypeAwareTupleWriter tupleWriter;
+        public final TypeAwareTupleReference[] tuples;        
+        public final ByteBuffer tupleBuf; 
+
+        public SkipListThread(DataGenThread dataGen, ConcurrentSkipListSet<ITupleReference> skipList, int numBatches, int batchSize) {
+            this.dataGen = dataGen;
+            this.numBatches = numBatches;
+            this.skipList = skipList;
+            tupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
+            tupleWriter = (TypeAwareTupleWriter) tupleWriterFactory.createTupleWriter();
+            int numTuples = numBatches * batchSize;
+            tuples = new TypeAwareTupleReference[numTuples];
+            tupleBuf = ByteBuffer.allocate(numTuples * tupleSize);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
+                tuples[i] = (TypeAwareTupleReference) tupleWriter.createTupleReference();
+            }
+        }
+    	
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            int tupleIndex = 0;
+            try {                
+                for (int i = 0; i < numBatches; i++) {
+                    TupleBatch batch = dataGen.tupleBatchQueue.take();
+                    for (int j = 0; j < batch.size(); j++) {
+                        // Copy the tuple to the buffer and set the pre-created tuple ref.                        
+                        tupleWriter.writeTuple(batch.get(j), tupleBuf.array(), tupleIndex * tupleSize);
+                        tuples[tupleIndex].resetByTupleOffset(tupleBuf, tupleIndex * tupleSize);
+                        skipList.add(tuples[tupleIndex]);
+                        tupleIndex++;
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                System.out.println(tupleIndex);
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/IExperimentRunner.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/IExperimentRunner.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ea3a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/IExperimentRunner.java
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.perf;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+
+public interface IExperimentRunner {
+    public static int DEFAULT_MAX_OUTSTANDING = 100000;
+    
+    public void init() throws Exception;
+    
+    public long runExperiment(DataGenThread dataGen, int numThreads) throws Exception;
+    
+    public void reset() throws Exception;
+    
+    public void deinit() throws Exception;
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/InMemoryBTreeRunner.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/InMemoryBTreeRunner.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e601db3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/InMemoryBTreeRunner.java
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.perf;
+
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.impls.BTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.TupleBatch;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.HeapBufferAllocator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICacheMemoryAllocator;
+
+public class InMemoryBTreeRunner extends Thread implements IExperimentRunner {
+    protected IBufferCache bufferCache;
+    protected int btreeFileId;
+    
+    protected final static SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("ddMMyy-hhmmssSS");
+    protected final static String tmpDir = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");
+    protected final static String sep = System.getProperty("file.separator");
+    protected String fileName;
+    
+    protected final int numBatches;
+    protected BTree btree;    
+    
+    public InMemoryBTreeRunner(int numBatches, int pageSize, int numPages, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) throws HyracksDataException, BTreeException {
+        this.numBatches = numBatches;
+        fileName = tmpDir + sep + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
+        init(pageSize, numPages, typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+    }
+    
+    protected void init(int pageSize, int numPages, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) throws HyracksDataException, BTreeException {
+    	ICacheMemoryAllocator allocator = new HeapBufferAllocator();
+        bufferCache = new InMemoryBufferCache(allocator, pageSize, numPages);
+        // Chose an aribtrary file id.
+        btreeFileId = 0;
+        TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new BTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory);
+        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
+        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new InMemoryFreePageManager(bufferCache.getNumPages(), metaFrameFactory);
+        btree = new BTree(bufferCache, typeTraits.length, cmpFactories, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long runExperiment(DataGenThread dataGen, int numThreads) throws Exception {        
+        BTreeThread[] threads = new BTreeThread[numThreads];
+        int threadNumBatches = numBatches / numThreads;
+    	for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++) {
+    		threads[i] = new BTreeThread(dataGen, btree, threadNumBatches);
+    	}
+    	// Wait until the tupleBatchQueue is completely full.
+        while (dataGen.tupleBatchQueue.remainingCapacity() != 0) {
+            Thread.sleep(10);
+        }
+
+    	long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    	for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++) {
+    		threads[i].start();
+    	}
+    	for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++) {
+    		threads[i].join();
+    	}
+    	long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        long time = end - start;
+        return time;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void init() throws Exception {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deinit() throws Exception {
+        bufferCache.closeFile(btreeFileId);
+        bufferCache.close();
+    }
+
+	@Override
+	public void reset() throws Exception {
+		btree.create(btreeFileId);		
+	}
+	
+	public class BTreeThread extends Thread {
+    	private final DataGenThread dataGen;
+    	private final int numBatches;
+    	private final ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor;
+    	public BTreeThread(DataGenThread dataGen, BTree btree, int numBatches) {
+    		this.dataGen = dataGen;
+    		this.numBatches = numBatches;
+    		indexAccessor = btree.createAccessor();
+    	}
+    	
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+                for (int i = 0; i < numBatches; i++) {
+                    TupleBatch batch = dataGen.tupleBatchQueue.take();
+                    for (int j = 0; j < batch.size(); j++) {
+                        try {
+                        	indexAccessor.insert(batch.get(j));
+                        } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/InMemorySortRunner.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/InMemorySortRunner.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53fbd88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/InMemorySortRunner.java
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.perf;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListSet;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.TupleBatch;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriter;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.tuples.TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
+
+public class InMemorySortRunner implements IExperimentRunner {
+    public class TupleComparator implements Comparator<ITupleReference> {
+        private final MultiComparator cmp;
+
+        public TupleComparator(MultiComparator cmp) {
+            this.cmp = cmp;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compare(ITupleReference o1, ITupleReference o2) {
+            return cmp.compare(o1, o2);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private final TupleComparator tupleCmp;
+    private final int numBatches;
+    private final int batchSize;
+    private final int tupleSize;
+    private final ITypeTraits[] typeTraits;
+    
+    private final TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory;
+    private final TypeAwareTupleWriter tupleWriter;
+    private final ArrayList<TypeAwareTupleReference> tuples;        
+    private final ByteBuffer tupleBuf; 
+    
+    public InMemorySortRunner(int numBatches, int batchSize, int tupleSize, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, MultiComparator cmp) {
+        this.numBatches = numBatches;
+        this.tupleSize = tupleSize;
+        this.batchSize = batchSize;
+        this.typeTraits = typeTraits;
+        tupleCmp = new TupleComparator(cmp);
+        tupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
+        tupleWriter = (TypeAwareTupleWriter) tupleWriterFactory.createTupleWriter();
+        int numTuples = numBatches * batchSize;
+        tuples = new ArrayList<TypeAwareTupleReference>();
+        tupleBuf = ByteBuffer.allocate(numTuples * tupleSize);
+        for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
+            tuples.add((TypeAwareTupleReference) tupleWriter.createTupleReference());
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public long runExperiment(DataGenThread dataGen, int numThreads) throws InterruptedException {
+        // Wait until the tupleBatchQueue is completely full.
+        while (dataGen.tupleBatchQueue.remainingCapacity() != 0) {
+            Thread.sleep(10);
+        }
+        
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        int tupleIndex = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < numBatches; i++) {
+            TupleBatch batch = dataGen.tupleBatchQueue.take();
+            for (int j = 0; j < batch.size(); j++) {
+                // Copy the tuple to the buffer and set the pre-created tuple ref.                        
+                tupleWriter.writeTuple(batch.get(j), tupleBuf.array(), tupleIndex * tupleSize);
+                tuples.get(tupleIndex).resetByTupleOffset(tupleBuf, tupleIndex * tupleSize);
+                tupleIndex++;
+            }
+        }
+        // Perform the sort.        
+        Collections.sort(tuples, tupleCmp);
+        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        long time = end - start;
+        return time;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void init() throws Exception {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deinit() throws Exception {
+    }
+    
+    public void reset() throws Exception {
+    }
+    
+    public class SkipListThread extends Thread {
+    	private final DataGenThread dataGen;
+    	private final ConcurrentSkipListSet<ITupleReference> skipList;
+    	private final int numBatches;
+        public final TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory;
+        public final TypeAwareTupleWriter tupleWriter;
+        public final TypeAwareTupleReference[] tuples;        
+        public final ByteBuffer tupleBuf; 
+
+        public SkipListThread(DataGenThread dataGen, ConcurrentSkipListSet<ITupleReference> skipList, int numBatches, int batchSize) {
+            this.dataGen = dataGen;
+            this.numBatches = numBatches;
+            this.skipList = skipList;
+            tupleWriterFactory = new TypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
+            tupleWriter = (TypeAwareTupleWriter) tupleWriterFactory.createTupleWriter();
+            int numTuples = numBatches * batchSize;
+            tuples = new TypeAwareTupleReference[numTuples];
+            tupleBuf = ByteBuffer.allocate(numTuples * tupleSize);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numTuples; i++) {
+                tuples[i] = (TypeAwareTupleReference) tupleWriter.createTupleReference();
+            }
+        }
+    	
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            int tupleIndex = 0;
+            try {                
+                for (int i = 0; i < numBatches; i++) {
+                    TupleBatch batch = dataGen.tupleBatchQueue.take();
+                    for (int j = 0; j < batch.size(); j++) {
+                        // Copy the tuple to the buffer and set the pre-created tuple ref.                        
+                        tupleWriter.writeTuple(batch.get(j), tupleBuf.array(), tupleIndex * tupleSize);
+                        tuples[tupleIndex].resetByTupleOffset(tupleBuf, tupleIndex * tupleSize);
+                        skipList.add(tuples[tupleIndex]);
+                        tupleIndex++;
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                System.out.println(tupleIndex);
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/LSMTreeRunner.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/LSMTreeRunner.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..275621f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/LSMTreeRunner.java
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.perf;
+
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.exceptions.BTreeException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.TupleBatch;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.impls.LSMBTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util.LSMBTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.HeapBufferAllocator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestUtils;
+
+public class LSMTreeRunner implements IExperimentRunner {
+
+    private static final int MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10000;
+    private static final int HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+    
+    protected IHyracksTaskContext ctx; 
+    protected IOManager ioManager;
+    protected IBufferCache bufferCache;
+    protected int lsmtreeFileId;
+    
+    protected final static SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("ddMMyy-hhmmssSS");
+    protected final static String sep = System.getProperty("file.separator");
+    protected final static String classDir = "/lsmtree/";
+    protected String onDiskDir;
+    
+    protected final int numBatches;
+    protected final LSMBTree lsmtree;
+    protected IBufferCache memBufferCache;
+    private final int onDiskPageSize;
+    private final int onDiskNumPages;
+    
+    public LSMTreeRunner(int numBatches, int inMemPageSize, int inMemNumPages, int onDiskPageSize, int onDiskNumPages, ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories) throws BTreeException, HyracksException {
+        this.numBatches = numBatches;
+        
+        this.onDiskPageSize = onDiskPageSize;
+        this.onDiskNumPages = onDiskNumPages;
+        
+        onDiskDir = classDir + sep + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date()) + sep;
+        ctx = TestUtils.create(HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE);
+        
+        TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(this.onDiskPageSize, this.onDiskNumPages, MAX_OPEN_FILES);
+        bufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
+        ioManager = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getIOManager();
+        IFileMapProvider fmp = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
+        
+        InMemoryBufferCache memBufferCache = new InMemoryBufferCache(new HeapBufferAllocator(), inMemPageSize, inMemNumPages);
+        InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager = new InMemoryFreePageManager(inMemNumPages, new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory());
+        
+        lsmtree = LSMBTreeUtils.createLSMTree(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager, ioManager, onDiskDir, bufferCache, fmp, typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+    }
+	@Override
+	public void init() throws Exception {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public long runExperiment(DataGenThread dataGen, int numThreads) throws Exception {
+	    LSMTreeThread[] threads = new LSMTreeThread[numThreads];
+        int threadNumBatches = numBatches / numThreads;
+        for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++) {
+            threads[i] = new LSMTreeThread(dataGen, lsmtree, threadNumBatches);
+        }
+        // Wait until the tupleBatchQueue is completely full.
+        while (dataGen.tupleBatchQueue.remainingCapacity() != 0) {
+            Thread.sleep(10);
+        }
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++) {
+            threads[i].start();
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++) {
+            threads[i].join();
+        }
+        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        long time = end - start;
+        return time;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void reset() throws Exception {
+	    lsmtree.create(lsmtreeFileId);
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public void deinit() throws Exception {
+        bufferCache.closeFile(lsmtreeFileId);
+        bufferCache.close();
+        memBufferCache.closeFile(lsmtreeFileId);
+        memBufferCache.close();
+	}
+
+	public class LSMTreeThread extends Thread {
+        private final DataGenThread dataGen;
+        private final LSMBTree lsmTree;
+        private final int numBatches;
+        private final ITreeIndexAccessor lsmTreeAccessor;
+        public LSMTreeThread(DataGenThread dataGen, LSMBTree lsmTree, int numBatches) {
+            this.dataGen = dataGen;
+            this.lsmTree = lsmTree;
+            this.numBatches = numBatches;
+            lsmTreeAccessor = lsmTree.createAccessor();
+        }
+        
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+                for (int i = 0; i < numBatches; i++) {
+                    TupleBatch batch = dataGen.tupleBatchQueue.take();
+                    for (int j = 0; j < batch.size(); j++) {
+                        try {
+                            lsmTreeAccessor.insert(batch.get(j));
+                        } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+	
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/PerfExperiment.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/PerfExperiment.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c842191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/perf/PerfExperiment.java
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.perf;
+
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.LogManager;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.SerdeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+
+public class PerfExperiment {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        // Disable logging so we can better see the output times.
+        Enumeration<String> loggers = LogManager.getLogManager().getLoggerNames();
+        while(loggers.hasMoreElements()) {
+            String loggerName = loggers.nextElement();
+            Logger logger = LogManager.getLogManager().getLogger(loggerName);
+            logger.setLevel(Level.OFF);
+        }
+        
+        int numTuples = 100000; // 100K
+        //int numTuples = 1000000; // 1M
+        //int numTuples = 2000000; // 2M
+        //int numTuples = 3000000; // 3M
+        //int numTuples = 10000000; // 10M
+        //int numTuples = 20000000; // 20M
+        //int numTuples = 30000000; // 30M
+        //int numTuples = 40000000; // 40M
+        //int numTuples = 60000000; // 60M
+        //int numTuples = 100000000; // 100M
+        //int numTuples = 200000000; // 200M
+        int batchSize = 10000;
+        int numBatches = numTuples / batchSize;
+        
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = new ISerializerDeserializer[] { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes, 30);
+        
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes, fieldSerdes.length);
+        
+        //int repeats = 1000;
+        int repeats = 1;
+        long[] times = new long[repeats];
+
+        int numThreads = 2;
+        for (int i = 0; i < repeats; i++) {
+            //ConcurrentSkipListRunner runner = new ConcurrentSkipListRunner(numBatches, batchSize, tupleSize, typeTraits, cmp);
+            InMemoryBTreeRunner runner = new InMemoryBTreeRunner(numBatches, 8192, 100000, typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+            //BTreeBulkLoadRunner runner = new BTreeBulkLoadRunner(numBatches, 8192, 100000, typeTraits, cmp, 1.0f);
+        	//BTreeRunner runner = new BTreeRunner(numBatches, 8192, 100000, typeTraits, cmp);
+        	//String btreeName = "071211";
+        	//BTreeSearchRunner runner = new BTreeSearchRunner(btreeName, 10, numBatches, 8192, 25000, typeTraits, cmp);
+        	//LSMTreeRunner runner = new LSMTreeRunner(numBatches, 8192, 100, 8192, 250, typeTraits, cmp);
+        	//LSMTreeSearchRunner runner = new LSMTreeSearchRunner(100000, numBatches, 8192, 24750, 8192, 250, typeTraits, cmp); 
+            DataGenThread dataGen = new DataGenThread(numThreads, numBatches, batchSize, fieldSerdes, 30, 50, 10, false);
+            dataGen.start();
+            runner.reset();
+            times[i] = runner.runExperiment(dataGen, numThreads);
+            System.out.println("TIME " + i + ": " + times[i] + "ms");
+            runner.deinit();
+        }
+        long avgTime = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < repeats; i++) {
+            avgTime += times[i];
+        }
+        avgTime /= repeats;
+        System.out.println("AVG TIME: " + avgTime + "ms");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTuplesTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTuplesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce6c27c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/tuples/LSMBTreeTuplesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.tuples;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.SerdeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.IFieldValueGenerator;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMBTreeTuplesTest {
+
+    private final Random rnd = new Random(50);
+    
+    private ByteBuffer writeTuple(ITupleReference tuple, LSMBTreeTupleWriter tupleWriter) {
+        // Write tuple into a buffer, then later try to read it.
+        int bytesRequired = tupleWriter.bytesRequired(tuple);
+        byte[] bytes = new byte[bytesRequired];
+        ByteBuffer targetBuf = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes);
+        tupleWriter.writeTuple(tuple, bytes, 0);
+        return targetBuf;
+    }
+    
+    private void testLSMBTreeTuple(ISerializerDeserializer[] maxFieldSerdes) throws HyracksDataException {        
+        // Create a tuple with the max-1 fields for checking setFieldCount() of tuple references later.
+        ITypeTraits[] maxTypeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(maxFieldSerdes); 
+        IFieldValueGenerator[] maxFieldGens = DataGenUtils.getFieldGensFromSerdes(maxFieldSerdes, rnd, false);
+        // Generate a tuple with random field values.
+        Object[] maxFields = new Object[maxFieldSerdes.length];
+        for (int j = 0; j < maxFieldSerdes.length; j++) {
+            maxFields[j] = maxFieldGens[j].next();
+        }            
+        
+        // Run test for varying number of fields and keys.
+        for (int numKeyFields = 1; numKeyFields < maxFieldSerdes.length; numKeyFields++) {
+            // Create tuples with varying number of fields, and try to interpret their bytes with the lsmBTreeTuple.
+            for (int numFields = numKeyFields; numFields <= maxFieldSerdes.length; numFields++) {                
+                // Create and write tuple to bytes using an LSMBTreeTupleWriter.
+                LSMBTreeTupleWriter maxMatterTupleWriter = new LSMBTreeTupleWriter(maxTypeTraits, numKeyFields, false);
+                ITupleReference maxTuple = TupleUtils.createTuple(maxFieldSerdes, (Object[])maxFields);
+                ByteBuffer maxMatterBuf = writeTuple(maxTuple, maxMatterTupleWriter);
+                // Tuple reference should work for both matter and antimatter tuples (doesn't matter which factory creates it).
+                LSMBTreeTupleReference maxLsmBTreeTuple = (LSMBTreeTupleReference) maxMatterTupleWriter.createTupleReference();
+                
+                ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = Arrays.copyOfRange(maxFieldSerdes, 0, numFields);
+                ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes);                
+                IFieldValueGenerator[] fieldGens = DataGenUtils.getFieldGensFromSerdes(fieldSerdes, rnd, false);
+                // Generate a tuple with random field values.
+                Object[] fields = new Object[numFields];
+                for (int j = 0; j < numFields; j++) {
+                    fields[j] = fieldGens[j].next();
+                }            
+                // Create and write tuple to bytes using an LSMBTreeTupleWriter.
+                ITupleReference tuple = TupleUtils.createTuple(fieldSerdes, (Object[])fields);
+                LSMBTreeTupleWriter matterTupleWriter = new LSMBTreeTupleWriter(typeTraits, numKeyFields, false);
+                LSMBTreeTupleWriter antimatterTupleWriter = new LSMBTreeTupleWriter(typeTraits, numKeyFields, true);
+                LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriter copyTupleWriter = new LSMBTreeCopyTupleWriter(typeTraits, numKeyFields);
+                ByteBuffer matterBuf = writeTuple(tuple, matterTupleWriter);
+                ByteBuffer antimatterBuf = writeTuple(tuple, antimatterTupleWriter);
+
+                // The antimatter buf should only contain keys, sanity check the size.
+                if (numFields != numKeyFields) {
+                    assertTrue(antimatterBuf.array().length < matterBuf.array().length);
+                }
+
+                // Tuple reference should work for both matter and antimatter tuples (doesn't matter which factory creates it).
+                LSMBTreeTupleReference lsmBTreeTuple = (LSMBTreeTupleReference) matterTupleWriter.createTupleReference();                
+                
+                // Use LSMBTree tuple reference to interpret the written tuples.
+                // Repeat the block inside to test that repeated resetting to matter/antimatter tuples works.
+                for (int r = 0; r < 4; r++) {
+                    
+                    // Check matter tuple with lsmBTreeTuple.
+                    lsmBTreeTuple.resetByTupleOffset(matterBuf, 0);
+                    checkTuple(lsmBTreeTuple, numFields, false, fieldSerdes, fields);
+                    
+                    // Create a copy using copyTupleWriter, and verify again.
+                    ByteBuffer copyMatterBuf = writeTuple(lsmBTreeTuple, copyTupleWriter);
+                    lsmBTreeTuple.resetByTupleOffset(copyMatterBuf, 0);
+                    checkTuple(lsmBTreeTuple, numFields, false, fieldSerdes, fields);
+                    
+                    // Check antimatter tuple with lsmBTreeTuple.
+                    lsmBTreeTuple.resetByTupleOffset(antimatterBuf, 0);                                        
+                    // Should only contain keys.
+                    checkTuple(lsmBTreeTuple, numKeyFields, true, fieldSerdes, fields);
+                    
+                    // Create a copy using copyTupleWriter, and verify again.
+                    ByteBuffer copyAntimatterBuf = writeTuple(lsmBTreeTuple, copyTupleWriter);
+                    lsmBTreeTuple.resetByTupleOffset(copyAntimatterBuf, 0);
+                    // Should only contain keys.
+                    checkTuple(lsmBTreeTuple, numKeyFields, true, fieldSerdes, fields);
+                    
+                    // Check matter tuple with maxLsmBTreeTuple.
+                    // We should be able to manually set a prefix of the fields 
+                    // (the passed type traits in the tuple factory's constructor).
+                    maxLsmBTreeTuple.setFieldCount(numFields);
+                    maxLsmBTreeTuple.resetByTupleOffset(matterBuf, 0);
+                    checkTuple(maxLsmBTreeTuple, numFields, false, fieldSerdes, fields);
+                    
+                    // Check antimatter tuple with maxLsmBTreeTuple.
+                    maxLsmBTreeTuple.resetByTupleOffset(antimatterBuf, 0);
+                    // Should only contain keys.
+                    checkTuple(maxLsmBTreeTuple, numKeyFields, true, fieldSerdes, fields);
+                    
+                    // Resetting maxLsmBTreeTuple should set its field count to
+                    // maxFieldSerdes.length, based on the its type traits.
+                    maxLsmBTreeTuple.resetByTupleOffset(maxMatterBuf, 0);
+                    checkTuple(maxLsmBTreeTuple, maxFieldSerdes.length, false, maxFieldSerdes, maxFields);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void checkTuple(LSMBTreeTupleReference tuple, int expectedFieldCount, boolean expectedAntimatter, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, Object[] expectedFields) throws HyracksDataException {
+        assertEquals(expectedFieldCount, tuple.getFieldCount());
+        assertEquals(expectedAntimatter, tuple.isAntimatter());
+        Object[] deserMatterTuple = TupleUtils.deserializeTuple(tuple, fieldSerdes);
+        for (int j = 0; j < expectedFieldCount; j++) {
+            assertEquals(expectedFields[j], deserMatterTuple[j]);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testLSMBTreeTuple() throws HyracksDataException {        
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] intFields = new IntegerSerializerDeserializer[] {
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+        testLSMBTreeTuple(intFields);
+        
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] stringFields = new ISerializerDeserializer[] {
+                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+        testLSMBTreeTuple(stringFields);
+        
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] mixedFields = new ISerializerDeserializer[] {
+                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, UTF8StringSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+        testLSMBTreeTuple(mixedFields);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/util/LSMBTreeTestContext.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/util/LSMBTreeTestContext.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8023b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/util/LSMBTreeTestContext.java
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.SerdeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.tests.OrderedIndexTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.CheckTuple;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.impls.LSMBTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public final class LSMBTreeTestContext extends OrderedIndexTestContext {
+
+    public LSMBTreeTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, ITreeIndex treeIndex) {
+        super(fieldSerdes, treeIndex);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getKeyFieldCount() {
+        LSMBTree lsmTree = (LSMBTree) treeIndex;
+        return lsmTree.getComparatorFactories().length;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
+        LSMBTree lsmTree = (LSMBTree) treeIndex;
+        return lsmTree.getComparatorFactories();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Override to provide upsert semantics for the check tuples.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void insertCheckTuple(CheckTuple checkTuple, Collection<CheckTuple> checkTuples) {
+        if (checkTuples.contains(checkTuple)) {
+            checkTuples.remove(checkTuple);
+        }
+        checkTuples.add(checkTuple);
+    }
+
+    public static LSMBTreeTestContext create(InMemoryBufferCache memBufferCache,
+            InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager, IOManager ioManager, String onDiskDir, IBufferCache diskBufferCache,
+            IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, int numKeyFields, int fileId)
+            throws Exception {
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes);
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes, numKeyFields);
+        LSMBTree lsmTree = LSMBTreeUtils.createLSMTree(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager, ioManager, onDiskDir, diskBufferCache,
+                diskFileMapProvider, typeTraits, cmpFactories);
+        lsmTree.create(fileId);
+        lsmTree.open(fileId);
+        LSMBTreeTestContext testCtx = new LSMBTreeTestContext(fieldSerdes, lsmTree);
+        return testCtx;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/util/LSMBTreeTestHarness.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/util/LSMBTreeTestHarness.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83691ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/btree/util/LSMBTreeTestHarness.java
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.btree.util;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FilenameFilter;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.IODeviceHandle;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.btree.frames.BTreeLeafFrameType;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.HeapBufferAllocator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestUtils;
+
+public class LSMBTreeTestHarness {
+    protected static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(LSMBTreeTestHarness.class.getName());
+    
+    public static final BTreeLeafFrameType[] LEAF_FRAMES_TO_TEST = new BTreeLeafFrameType[] { BTreeLeafFrameType.REGULAR_NSM };
+    
+    private static final long RANDOM_SEED = 50;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_DISK_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_DISK_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
+    //private static final int DEFAULT_DISK_NUM_PAGES = 100;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 200;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES = 100;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+    private static final int DUMMY_FILE_ID = -1;           
+    
+    protected final int diskPageSize;
+    protected final int diskNumPages;
+    protected final int diskMaxOpenFiles;
+    protected final int memPageSize;
+    protected final int memNumPages;
+    protected final int hyracksFrameSize;
+    
+    protected IOManager ioManager;
+    protected IBufferCache diskBufferCache;
+    protected IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider;
+    protected InMemoryBufferCache memBufferCache;
+    protected InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager;
+    protected IHyracksTaskContext ctx;
+    
+    protected final Random rnd = new Random();
+    protected final static SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("ddMMyy-hhmmssSS");
+    protected final static String sep = System.getProperty("file.separator");    
+    protected String onDiskDir;
+    
+    public LSMBTreeTestHarness() {
+    	this.diskPageSize = DEFAULT_DISK_PAGE_SIZE;
+    	this.diskNumPages = DEFAULT_DISK_NUM_PAGES;
+    	this.diskMaxOpenFiles = DEFAULT_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES;
+    	this.memPageSize = DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE;
+    	this.memNumPages = DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES;
+    	this.hyracksFrameSize = DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE;
+    }
+    
+	public LSMBTreeTestHarness(int diskPageSize, int diskNumPages,
+			int diskMaxOpenFiles, int memPageSize, int memNumPages,
+			int hyracksFrameSize) {
+		this.diskPageSize = diskPageSize;
+		this.diskNumPages = diskNumPages;
+		this.diskMaxOpenFiles = diskMaxOpenFiles;
+		this.memPageSize = memPageSize;
+		this.memNumPages = memNumPages;
+		this.hyracksFrameSize = hyracksFrameSize;
+	}
+    
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {        
+        onDiskDir = "lsm_btree_" + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date()) + sep;
+        ctx = TestUtils.create(getHyracksFrameSize());
+        TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(diskPageSize, diskNumPages, diskMaxOpenFiles);
+        diskBufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
+        diskFileMapProvider = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
+        memBufferCache = new InMemoryBufferCache(new HeapBufferAllocator(), memPageSize, memNumPages);
+        memFreePageManager = new InMemoryFreePageManager(memNumPages, new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory());
+        ioManager = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getIOManager();
+        rnd.setSeed(RANDOM_SEED);
+    }
+    
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        diskBufferCache.close();
+        for(IODeviceHandle dev : ioManager.getIODevices()) {            
+            File dir = new File(dev.getPath(), onDiskDir);
+            FilenameFilter filter = new FilenameFilter() {
+                public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
+                    return !name.startsWith(".");
+                }
+            };
+            String[] files = dir.list(filter);
+            for (String fileName : files) {
+                File file = new File(dir.getPath() + File.separator + fileName);
+                file.delete();
+            }
+            dir.delete();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public int getDiskPageSize() {
+        return diskPageSize;
+    }
+    
+    public int getDiskNumPages() {
+        return diskNumPages;
+    }
+    
+    public int getDiskMaxOpenFiles() {
+        return diskMaxOpenFiles;
+    }
+    
+    public int getMemPageSize() {
+        return memPageSize;
+    }
+    
+    public int getMemNumPages() {
+        return memNumPages;
+    }
+    
+    public int getHyracksFrameSize() {
+        return hyracksFrameSize;
+    }
+    
+    public int getFileId() {
+    	return DUMMY_FILE_ID;
+    }
+    
+    public IOManager getIOManager() {
+        return ioManager;
+    }
+    
+    public IBufferCache getDiskBufferCache() {
+    	return diskBufferCache;
+    }
+    
+    public IFileMapProvider getDiskFileMapProvider() {
+    	return diskFileMapProvider;
+    }
+    
+    public InMemoryBufferCache getMemBufferCache() {
+    	return memBufferCache;
+    }
+    
+    public InMemoryFreePageManager getMemFreePageManager() {
+    	return memFreePageManager;
+    }
+    
+    public IHyracksTaskContext getHyracksTastContext() {
+    	return ctx;
+    }
+    
+    public String getOnDiskDir() {
+    	return onDiskDir;
+    }
+    
+    public Random getRandom() {
+        return rnd;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/pom.xml b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..092d3b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+  <groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  <artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test</artifactId>
+  <version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+
+  <parent>
+    <groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+    <artifactId>hyracks-tests</artifactId>
+    <version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  </parent>
+
+  <build>
+    <plugins>
+      <plugin>
+        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+        <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
+        <version>2.0.2</version>
+        <configuration>
+          <source>1.6</source>
+          <target>1.6</target>
+        </configuration>
+      </plugin>
+    </plugins>
+  </build>
+  <dependencies>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>junit</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
+  		<version>4.8.1</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>test</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-control-nc</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-test-support</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>test</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+</project>
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/DummyLSMComponentFinalizer.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/DummyLSMComponentFinalizer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a43f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/DummyLSMComponentFinalizer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common;
+
+import java.io.File;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMComponentFinalizer;
+
+public class DummyLSMComponentFinalizer implements ILSMComponentFinalizer {
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isValid(File file, Object lsmComponent)
+			throws HyracksDataException {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void finalize(Object lsmComponent) throws HyracksDataException {
+	}
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/InMemoryBufferCacheTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/InMemoryBufferCacheTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2238e64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/InMemoryBufferCacheTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.util.HashSet;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.HeapBufferAllocator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.ICachedPage;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.BufferedFileHandle;
+
+public class InMemoryBufferCacheTest{
+    private static final int PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+    private static final int NUM_PAGES = 100;
+    private HashSet<ICachedPage> pinnedPages = new HashSet<ICachedPage>();
+    
+    @Test
+    public void test01() throws Exception {
+        InMemoryBufferCache memBufferCache = new InMemoryBufferCache(new HeapBufferAllocator(), PAGE_SIZE, NUM_PAGES);
+        int dummyFileId = 0;
+        // Pin all pages, and make sure they return unique ICachedPages.
+        // We expect no overflow pages.
+        for (int i = 0; i < NUM_PAGES; i++) {
+            ICachedPage page = memBufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(dummyFileId, i), false);
+            if (pinnedPages.contains(page)) {
+                fail("Id collision for ICachedPage, caused by id: " + i);
+            }
+            pinnedPages.add(page);
+            assertEquals(0, memBufferCache.getNumOverflowPages());
+        }
+        // Pin pages above capacity. We expect to be given new overflow pages.
+        // Going above capacity should be very rare, but nevertheless succeed.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            ICachedPage page = memBufferCache.pin(BufferedFileHandle.getDiskPageId(dummyFileId, i + NUM_PAGES), false);
+            if (pinnedPages.contains(page)) {
+                fail("Id collision for ICachedPage, caused by overflow id: " + i);
+            }
+            pinnedPages.add(page);
+            assertEquals(i + 1, memBufferCache.getNumOverflowPages());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/InMemoryFreePageManagerTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/InMemoryFreePageManagerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd09a3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/InMemoryFreePageManagerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+
+public class InMemoryFreePageManagerTest {
+
+    private final int NUM_PAGES = 100;
+    
+    private void testInMemoryFreePageManager(InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager) throws HyracksDataException {
+        // The first two pages are reserved for the BTree's metadata page and
+        // root page.
+        // The "actual" capacity is therefore numPages - 2.
+        int capacity = memFreePageManager.getCapacity();
+        assertEquals(capacity, NUM_PAGES - 2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
+            int pageId = memFreePageManager.getFreePage(null);
+            // The free pages start from page 2;
+            assertEquals(i + 2, pageId);
+            assertFalse(memFreePageManager.isFull());
+        }
+        // Start asking for 100 pages above the capacity.
+        // Asking for pages above the capacity should be very rare, but
+        // nevertheless succeed.
+        // We expect isFull() to return true.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            int pageId = memFreePageManager.getFreePage(null);
+            assertEquals(capacity + i + 2, pageId);
+            assertTrue(memFreePageManager.isFull());
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void test01() throws HyracksDataException {
+        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
+        InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager = new InMemoryFreePageManager(NUM_PAGES, metaFrameFactory);
+        testInMemoryFreePageManager(memFreePageManager);
+        // We expect exactly the same behavior after a reset().
+        memFreePageManager.reset();
+        testInMemoryFreePageManager(memFreePageManager);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/LSMTreeFileManagerTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/LSMTreeFileManagerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c78afb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/common/LSMTreeFileManagerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FilenameFilter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.IODeviceHandle;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMComponentFinalizer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMFileManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMTreeFileManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
+
+public class LSMTreeFileManagerTest {
+    private static final int DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_NUM_PAGES = 100;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
+    protected final static SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("ddMMyy-hhmmssSS");
+    protected final static String sep = System.getProperty("file.separator");
+    protected IOManager ioManager;
+    protected IFileMapProvider fileMapProvider;
+    protected String baseDir;
+    // Dummy finalizer that always considers components valid. Just for testing.
+    protected ILSMComponentFinalizer componentFinalizer = new DummyLSMComponentFinalizer();
+    
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE, DEFAULT_NUM_PAGES, DEFAULT_MAX_OPEN_FILES);
+        ioManager = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getIOManager();
+        fileMapProvider = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(null);
+        baseDir = "lsm_tree" + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date()) + sep;
+        File f = new File(baseDir);
+        f.mkdirs();
+    }
+    
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        File f = new File(baseDir);
+        f.deleteOnExit();
+    }
+
+    public void sortOrderTest(boolean testFlushFileName) throws InterruptedException, HyracksDataException {
+        ILSMFileManager fileManager = new LSMTreeFileManager(ioManager, fileMapProvider, baseDir);
+        LinkedList<String> fileNames = new LinkedList<String>();
+
+        int numFileNames = 100;
+        long sleepTime = 5;
+        for (int i = 0; i < numFileNames; i++) {
+            String flushFileName = (String) fileManager.getRelFlushFileName();
+            if (testFlushFileName) {
+                fileNames.addFirst(flushFileName);
+            }
+            Thread.sleep(sleepTime);
+            if (!testFlushFileName) {
+                String secondFlushFileName = (String) fileManager.getRelFlushFileName();
+                String mergeFileName = getMergeFileName(fileManager, flushFileName, secondFlushFileName);
+                fileNames.addFirst(mergeFileName);
+                Thread.sleep(sleepTime);
+            }
+        }
+
+        List<String> sortedFileNames = new ArrayList<String>();
+        sortedFileNames.addAll(fileNames);
+
+        // Make sure the comparator sorts in the correct order (i.e., the
+        // reverse insertion order in this case).
+        Comparator<String> cmp = fileManager.getFileNameComparator();
+        Collections.sort(sortedFileNames, cmp);
+        for (int i = 0; i < numFileNames; i++) {
+            assertEquals(fileNames.get(i), sortedFileNames.get(i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void flushAndMergeFilesSortOrderTest() throws InterruptedException, HyracksDataException {
+        sortOrderTest(true);
+        sortOrderTest(false);
+    }
+    
+    public void cleanInvalidFilesTest(IOManager ioManager) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        ILSMFileManager fileManager = new LSMTreeFileManager(ioManager, fileMapProvider, baseDir);
+        fileManager.createDirs();
+        
+        List<FileReference> flushFiles = new ArrayList<FileReference>();
+        List<FileReference> allFiles = new ArrayList<FileReference>();
+        
+        int numFileNames = 100;
+        long sleepTime = 5;
+        // Generate a bunch of flush files.
+        for (int i = 0; i < numFileNames; i++) {
+            String relFlushFileName = (String) fileManager.getRelFlushFileName();
+            FileReference flushFile = fileManager.createFlushFile(relFlushFileName);
+            flushFiles.add(flushFile);
+            Thread.sleep(sleepTime);            
+        }
+        allFiles.addAll(flushFiles);
+        
+        // Simulate merging some of the flush files.
+        // Merge range 0 to 4.
+        FileReference mergeFile1 = simulateMerge(fileManager, flushFiles.get(0), flushFiles.get(4));
+        allFiles.add(mergeFile1);
+        // Merge range 5 to 9.
+        FileReference mergeFile2 = simulateMerge(fileManager, flushFiles.get(5), flushFiles.get(9));
+        allFiles.add(mergeFile2);
+        // Merge range 10 to 19.
+        FileReference mergeFile3 = simulateMerge(fileManager, flushFiles.get(10), flushFiles.get(19));
+        allFiles.add(mergeFile3);
+        // Merge range 20 to 29.
+        FileReference mergeFile4 = simulateMerge(fileManager, flushFiles.get(20), flushFiles.get(29));
+        allFiles.add(mergeFile4);
+        // Merge range 50 to 79.
+        FileReference mergeFile5 = simulateMerge(fileManager, flushFiles.get(50), flushFiles.get(79));
+        allFiles.add(mergeFile5);
+        
+        // Simulate merging of merge files.
+        FileReference mergeFile6 = simulateMerge(fileManager, mergeFile1, mergeFile2);
+        allFiles.add(mergeFile6);
+        FileReference mergeFile7 = simulateMerge(fileManager, mergeFile3, mergeFile4);
+        allFiles.add(mergeFile7);
+        
+        // Create all files and set delete on exit for all files.
+        for (FileReference fileRef : allFiles) {            
+            fileRef.getFile().createNewFile();
+            fileRef.getFile().deleteOnExit();
+        }
+        
+        // Populate expected valid flush files.
+        List<String> expectedValidFiles = new ArrayList<String>();
+        for (int i = 30; i < 50; i++) {
+            expectedValidFiles.add(flushFiles.get(i).getFile().getName());
+        }
+        for (int i = 80; i < 100; i++) {
+            expectedValidFiles.add(flushFiles.get(i).getFile().getName());
+        }
+        
+        // Populate expected valid merge files.
+        expectedValidFiles.add(mergeFile5.getFile().getName());
+        expectedValidFiles.add(mergeFile6.getFile().getName());
+        expectedValidFiles.add(mergeFile7.getFile().getName());
+
+        // Sort expected files.
+        Collections.sort(expectedValidFiles, fileManager.getFileNameComparator());
+        
+        // Pass null and a dummy component finalizer. We don't test for physical consistency in this test.
+        List<Object> validFiles = fileManager.cleanupAndGetValidFiles(null, componentFinalizer);
+        
+        // Check actual files against expected files.
+        assertEquals(expectedValidFiles.size(), validFiles.size());
+        for (int i = 0; i < expectedValidFiles.size(); i++) {
+            String fileName = (String) validFiles.get(i);
+            File f = new File(fileName);
+            assertEquals(expectedValidFiles.get(i), f.getName());
+        }
+        
+        // Make sure invalid files were removed from all IODevices.
+        ArrayList<String> remainingFiles = new ArrayList<String>();
+        for(IODeviceHandle dev : ioManager.getIODevices()) {
+            File dir = new File(dev.getPath(), baseDir);
+            FilenameFilter filter = new FilenameFilter() {
+                public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
+                    return !name.startsWith(".");
+                }
+            };
+            String[] files = dir.list(filter);
+            for (String file : files) {
+                File f = new File(file);
+                remainingFiles.add(f.getName());
+            }
+        }
+        
+        Collections.sort(remainingFiles, fileManager.getFileNameComparator());
+        // Check actual files in directory against expected files.
+        assertEquals(expectedValidFiles.size(), remainingFiles.size());
+        for (int i = 0; i < expectedValidFiles.size(); i++) {
+            assertEquals(expectedValidFiles.get(i), remainingFiles.get(i));            
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void singleIODeviceTest() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        IOManager singleDeviceIOManager = createIOManager(1);
+        cleanInvalidFilesTest(singleDeviceIOManager);
+        cleanDirs(singleDeviceIOManager);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void twoIODevicesTest() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        IOManager twoDevicesIOManager = createIOManager(2);
+        cleanInvalidFilesTest(twoDevicesIOManager);
+        cleanDirs(twoDevicesIOManager);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void fourIODevicesTest() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        IOManager fourDevicesIOManager = createIOManager(4);
+        cleanInvalidFilesTest(fourDevicesIOManager);
+        cleanDirs(fourDevicesIOManager);
+    }
+    
+    private void cleanDirs(IOManager ioManager) {
+        for(IODeviceHandle dev : ioManager.getIODevices()) {
+            File dir = new File(dev.getPath(), baseDir);
+            FilenameFilter filter = new FilenameFilter() {
+                public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
+                    return !name.startsWith(".");
+                }
+            };
+            String[] files = dir.list(filter);
+            for (String file : files) {
+                File f = new File(file);
+                f.delete();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private IOManager createIOManager(int numDevices) throws HyracksException {
+        List<IODeviceHandle> devices = new ArrayList<IODeviceHandle>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numDevices; i++) {
+            String iodevPath = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + sep + "test_iodev" + i;
+            devices.add(new IODeviceHandle(new File(iodevPath), "wa"));
+        }
+        return new IOManager(devices, Executors.newCachedThreadPool());
+    }
+    
+    private FileReference simulateMerge(ILSMFileManager fileManager, FileReference a, FileReference b) throws HyracksDataException {
+        String relMergeFileName = (String) fileManager.getRelMergeFileName(a.getFile().getName(), b.getFile().getName());
+        FileReference mergeFile = fileManager.createMergeFile(relMergeFileName);
+        return mergeFile;
+    }
+    
+    private String getMergeFileName(ILSMFileManager fileNameManager, String firstFile, String lastFile) throws HyracksDataException {
+        File f1 = new File(firstFile);
+        File f2 = new File(lastFile);
+        return (String) fileNameManager.getRelMergeFileName(f1.getName(), f2.getName());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/pom.xml b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d39acf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+  <groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  <artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test</artifactId>
+  <version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+
+  <parent>
+    <groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+    <artifactId>hyracks-tests</artifactId>
+    <version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  </parent>
+
+  <build>
+    <plugins>
+      <plugin>
+        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+        <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
+        <version>2.0.2</version>
+        <configuration>
+          <source>1.6</source>
+          <target>1.6</target>
+        </configuration>
+      </plugin>
+    </plugins>
+  </build>
+  <dependencies>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>junit</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
+  		<version>4.8.1</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>test</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-control-nc</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>compile</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  	<dependency>
+  		<groupId>edu.uci.ics.hyracks</groupId>
+  		<artifactId>hyracks-test-support</artifactId>
+  		<version>0.2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  		<type>jar</type>
+  		<scope>test</scope>
+  	</dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+</project>
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeBulkLoadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c372e66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMRTreeBulkLoadTest extends AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest {
+
+    public LSMRTreeBulkLoadTest() {
+        super(1);
+    }
+
+    private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+        return LSMRTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
+                harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes,
+                valueProviderFactories, numKeys, harness.getFileId());
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeDeleteTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeDeleteTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fff66f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeDeleteTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeDeleteTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMRTreeDeleteTest extends AbstractRTreeDeleteTest {
+
+    private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+        return LSMRTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
+                harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes,
+                valueProviderFactories, numKeys, harness.getFileId());
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeExamplesTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeExamplesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9860315
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeExamplesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.utils.LSMRTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeExamplesTest;
+
+public class LSMRTreeExamplesTest extends AbstractRTreeExamplesTest {
+    private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories)
+            throws TreeIndexException {
+        return LSMRTreeUtils.createLSMTree(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
+                harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), typeTraits,
+                rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int getIndexFileId() {
+        return harness.getFileId();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeInsertTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeInsertTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26c974e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeInsertTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeInsertTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMRTreeInsertTest extends AbstractRTreeInsertTest {
+
+    private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+        return LSMRTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
+                harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes,
+                valueProviderFactories, numKeys, harness.getFileId());
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab05a88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMRTreeMergeTest extends LSMRTreeMergeTestDriver {
+
+    private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+        return LSMRTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
+                harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes,
+                valueProviderFactories, numKeys, harness.getFileId());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTestDriver.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTestDriver.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c939184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMergeTestDriver.java
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.api.ILSMTreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeTestDriver;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.RTreeTestUtils;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public abstract class LSMRTreeMergeTestDriver extends AbstractRTreeTestDriver {
+
+    private final RTreeTestUtils rTreeTestUtils;
+
+    public LSMRTreeMergeTestDriver() {
+        this.rTreeTestUtils = new RTreeTestUtils();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void runTest(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys, ITupleReference key) throws Exception {
+
+        AbstractRTreeTestContext ctx = createTestContext(fieldSerdes, valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+
+        // Start off with one tree bulk loaded.
+        // We assume all fieldSerdes are of the same type. Check the first one
+        // to determine which field types to generate.
+        if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+            rTreeTestUtils.bulkLoadIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+        } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof DoubleSerializerDeserializer) {
+            rTreeTestUtils.bulkLoadDoubleTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+        }
+
+        int maxTreesToMerge = 3;
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxTreesToMerge; i++) {
+        	for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+        		if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof IntegerSerializerDeserializer) {
+        			rTreeTestUtils.bulkLoadIntTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+                } else if (fieldSerdes[0] instanceof DoubleSerializerDeserializer) {
+                	rTreeTestUtils.bulkLoadDoubleTuples(ctx, numTuplesToInsert, getRandom());
+                }
+            }
+
+            ILSMTreeIndexAccessor accessor = (ILSMTreeIndexAccessor) ctx.getIndexAccessor();
+            accessor.merge();
+
+            rTreeTestUtils.checkScan(ctx);
+            rTreeTestUtils.checkDiskOrderScan(ctx);
+            rTreeTestUtils.checkRangeSearch(ctx, key);
+        }
+        ctx.getIndex().close();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getTestOpName() {
+        return "LSM Merge";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5356d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/LSMRTreeMultiBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class LSMRTreeMultiBulkLoadTest extends AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest {
+    public LSMRTreeMultiBulkLoadTest() {
+        // Using 5 bulk load rounds.
+        super(5);
+    }
+
+    private final LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+        return LSMRTreeTestContext.create(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
+                harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(), harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), fieldSerdes,
+                valueProviderFactories, numKeys, harness.getFileId());
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeMultiThreadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeMultiThreadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d486dd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeMultiThreadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.multithread;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestWorkloadConf;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util.LSMRTreeTestHarness;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.utils.LSMRTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest;
+
+public class LSMRTreeMultiThreadTest extends AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest {
+
+    private LSMRTreeTestHarness harness = new LSMRTreeTestHarness();
+
+    private LSMRTreeTestWorkerFactory workerFactory = new LSMRTreeTestWorkerFactory();
+
+    @Override
+    protected void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories)
+            throws TreeIndexException {
+        return LSMRTreeUtils.createLSMTree(harness.getMemBufferCache(), harness.getMemFreePageManager(),
+                harness.getIOManager(), harness.getOnDiskDir(), harness.getDiskBufferCache(),
+                harness.getDiskFileMapProvider(), typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories,
+                valueProviderFactories);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory getWorkerFactory() {
+        return workerFactory;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> getTestWorkloadConf() {
+        ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> workloadConfs = new ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf>();
+
+        // Insert only workload.
+        TestOperation[] insertOnlyOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertOnlyOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertOnlyOps)));
+
+        // Insert and merge workload.
+        TestOperation[] insertMergeOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.MERGE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertMergeOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertMergeOps)));
+
+        // Inserts mixed with scans.
+        TestOperation[] insertSearchOnlyOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.SCAN };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertSearchOnlyOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertSearchOnlyOps)));
+
+        // Inserts and deletes.
+        TestOperation[] insertDeleteOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertDeleteOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertDeleteOps)));
+
+        // Inserts, deletes and merges.
+        TestOperation[] insertDeleteMergeOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE,
+                TestOperation.MERGE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertDeleteMergeOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertDeleteMergeOps)));
+
+        // All operations except merge.
+        TestOperation[] allNoMergeOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE,
+                TestOperation.SCAN };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(allNoMergeOps, getUniformOpProbs(allNoMergeOps)));
+
+        // All operations.
+        TestOperation[] allOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE, TestOperation.SCAN,
+                TestOperation.MERGE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(allOps, getUniformOpProbs(allOps)));
+
+        return workloadConfs;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int getFileId() {
+        return harness.getFileId();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getIndexTypeName() {
+        return "LSMRTree";
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeTestWorker.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeTestWorker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37e5c96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeTestWorker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.multithread;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.impls.LSMMergeInProgressException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTree.LSMRTreeAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
+
+public class LSMRTreeTestWorker extends AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker {
+
+    private final LSMRTree lsmRTree;
+    private final int numFields;
+    private final ArrayTupleBuilder rearrangedTb;
+    private final ArrayTupleReference rearrangedTuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+
+    public LSMRTreeTestWorker(DataGenThread dataGen, TestOperationSelector opSelector, ITreeIndex index, int numBatches) {
+        super(dataGen, opSelector, index, numBatches);
+        lsmRTree = (LSMRTree) index;
+        numFields = lsmRTree.getFieldCount();
+        rearrangedTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(numFields);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void performOp(ITupleReference tuple, TestOperation op) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+        LSMRTreeAccessor accessor = (LSMRTreeAccessor) indexAccessor;
+        ITreeIndexCursor searchCursor = accessor.createSearchCursor();
+        MultiComparator cmp = accessor.getMultiComparator();
+        SearchPredicate rangePred = new SearchPredicate(tuple, cmp);
+
+        switch (op) {
+            case INSERT:
+                rearrangeTuple(tuple, cmp);
+                accessor.insert(rearrangedTuple);
+                break;
+
+            case DELETE:
+                rearrangeTuple(tuple, cmp);
+                accessor.delete(rearrangedTuple);
+                break;
+
+            case SCAN:
+                searchCursor.reset();
+                rangePred.setSearchKey(null);
+                accessor.search(searchCursor, rangePred);
+                consumeCursorTuples(searchCursor);
+                break;
+
+            case MERGE:
+                try {
+                    accessor.merge();
+                } catch (LSMMergeInProgressException e) {
+                    // Ignore ongoing merges. Do an insert instead.
+                    rearrangeTuple(tuple, cmp);
+                    accessor.insert(rearrangedTuple);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                throw new HyracksDataException("Op " + op.toString() + " not supported.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void rearrangeTuple(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp) throws HyracksDataException {
+        // Create a tuple with rearranged key values to make sure lower points
+        // have larger coordinates than high points.
+        rearrangedTb.reset();
+        int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
+                    tuple.getFieldLength(i), tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j));
+            if (c > 0) {
+                rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j));
+            } else {
+                rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+            }
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
+                    tuple.getFieldLength(i), tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j));
+            if (c > 0) {
+                rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+            } else {
+                rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j));
+            }
+        }
+        for (int i = cmp.getKeyFieldCount(); i < numFields; i++) {
+            rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+        }
+        rearrangedTuple.reset(rearrangedTb.getFieldEndOffsets(), rearrangedTb.getByteArray());
+    }
+
+    private void consumeCursorTuples(ITreeIndexCursor cursor) throws HyracksDataException {
+        try {
+            while (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                cursor.next();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            cursor.close();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeTestWorkerFactory.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeTestWorkerFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50774c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/multithread/LSMRTreeTestWorkerFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.multithread;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector;
+
+public class LSMRTreeTestWorkerFactory implements ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory {
+    @Override
+    public AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker create(DataGenThread dataGen, TestOperationSelector opSelector,
+            ITreeIndex index, int numBatches) {
+        return new LSMRTreeTestWorker(dataGen, opSelector, index, numBatches);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestContext.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestContext.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9552dbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestContext.java
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.SerdeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.utils.LSMRTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.RTreeCheckTuple;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public final class LSMRTreeTestContext extends AbstractRTreeTestContext {
+
+    public LSMRTreeTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, ITreeIndex treeIndex) {
+        super(fieldSerdes, treeIndex);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getKeyFieldCount() {
+        LSMRTree lsmTree = (LSMRTree) treeIndex;
+        return lsmTree.getComparatorFactories().length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Override to provide delete semantics for the check tuples.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void deleteCheckTuple(RTreeCheckTuple checkTuple, Collection<RTreeCheckTuple> checkTuples) {
+        while (checkTuples.remove(checkTuple)) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
+        LSMRTree lsmTree = (LSMRTree) treeIndex;
+        return lsmTree.getComparatorFactories();
+    }
+
+    public static LSMRTreeTestContext create(InMemoryBufferCache memBufferCache,
+            InMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager, IOManager ioManager, String onDiskDir, IBufferCache diskBufferCache,
+            IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider, ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeyFields, int fileId) throws Exception {
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes);
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories = SerdeUtils
+                .serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes, numKeyFields);
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes,
+                fieldSerdes.length);
+        LSMRTree lsmTree = LSMRTreeUtils.createLSMTree(memBufferCache, memFreePageManager, ioManager, onDiskDir, diskBufferCache,
+                diskFileMapProvider, typeTraits, rtreeCmpFactories, btreeCmpFactories, valueProviderFactories);
+        lsmTree.create(fileId);
+        lsmTree.open(fileId);
+        LSMRTreeTestContext testCtx = new LSMRTreeTestContext(fieldSerdes, lsmTree);
+        return testCtx;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestHarness.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestHarness.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c12a4dcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/lsm/rtree/util/LSMRTreeTestHarness.java
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.util;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FilenameFilter;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.IODeviceHandle;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.control.nc.io.IOManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.common.freepage.InMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTreeInMemoryBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.lsm.rtree.impls.LSMRTreeInMemoryFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.HeapBufferAllocator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestUtils;
+
+public class LSMRTreeTestHarness {
+    protected static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(LSMRTreeTestHarness.class.getName());
+
+    private static final long RANDOM_SEED = 50;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_DISK_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_DISK_NUM_PAGES = 1000;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 2000;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES = 100;
+    // private static final int DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES = 10;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+    private static final int DUMMY_FILE_ID = -1;
+
+    protected final int diskPageSize;
+    protected final int diskNumPages;
+    protected final int diskMaxOpenFiles;
+    protected final int memPageSize;
+    protected final int memNumPages;
+    protected final int hyracksFrameSize;
+
+    protected IOManager ioManager;
+    protected IBufferCache diskBufferCache;
+    protected IFileMapProvider diskFileMapProvider;
+    protected LSMRTreeInMemoryBufferCache memBufferCache;
+    protected LSMRTreeInMemoryFreePageManager memFreePageManager;
+    protected IHyracksTaskContext ctx;
+
+    protected final Random rnd = new Random();
+    protected final static SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("ddMMyy-hhmmssSS");
+    protected final static String sep = System.getProperty("file.separator");
+    protected String onDiskDir;
+
+    public LSMRTreeTestHarness() {
+        this.diskPageSize = DEFAULT_DISK_PAGE_SIZE;
+        this.diskNumPages = DEFAULT_DISK_NUM_PAGES;
+        this.diskMaxOpenFiles = DEFAULT_DISK_MAX_OPEN_FILES;
+        this.memPageSize = DEFAULT_MEM_PAGE_SIZE;
+        this.memNumPages = DEFAULT_MEM_NUM_PAGES;
+        this.hyracksFrameSize = DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    public LSMRTreeTestHarness(int diskPageSize, int diskNumPages, int diskMaxOpenFiles, int memPageSize,
+            int memNumPages, int hyracksFrameSize) {
+        this.diskPageSize = diskPageSize;
+        this.diskNumPages = diskNumPages;
+        this.diskMaxOpenFiles = diskMaxOpenFiles;
+        this.memPageSize = memPageSize;
+        this.memNumPages = memNumPages;
+        this.hyracksFrameSize = hyracksFrameSize;
+    }
+
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksException {
+        onDiskDir = "lsm_rtree_" + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date()) + sep;
+        ctx = TestUtils.create(getHyracksFrameSize());
+        TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(diskPageSize, diskNumPages, diskMaxOpenFiles);
+        diskBufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
+        diskFileMapProvider = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
+        memBufferCache = new LSMRTreeInMemoryBufferCache(new HeapBufferAllocator(), memPageSize, memNumPages);
+        memFreePageManager = new LSMRTreeInMemoryFreePageManager(memNumPages, new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory());
+        ioManager = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getIOManager();
+        rnd.setSeed(RANDOM_SEED);
+    }
+
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        diskBufferCache.close();
+        for(IODeviceHandle dev : ioManager.getIODevices()) {            
+            File dir = new File(dev.getPath(), onDiskDir);
+            FilenameFilter filter = new FilenameFilter() {
+                public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
+                    return !name.startsWith(".");
+                }
+            };
+            String[] files = dir.list(filter);
+            for (String fileName : files) {
+                File file = new File(dir.getPath() + File.separator + fileName);
+                file.delete();
+            }
+            dir.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int getDiskPageSize() {
+        return diskPageSize;
+    }
+
+    public int getDiskNumPages() {
+        return diskNumPages;
+    }
+
+    public int getDiskMaxOpenFiles() {
+        return diskMaxOpenFiles;
+    }
+
+    public int getMemPageSize() {
+        return memPageSize;
+    }
+
+    public int getMemNumPages() {
+        return memNumPages;
+    }
+
+    public int getHyracksFrameSize() {
+        return hyracksFrameSize;
+    }
+
+    public int getFileId() {
+        return DUMMY_FILE_ID;
+    }
+
+    public IOManager getIOManager() {
+    	return ioManager;
+    }
+    
+    public IBufferCache getDiskBufferCache() {
+        return diskBufferCache;
+    }
+
+    public IFileMapProvider getDiskFileMapProvider() {
+        return diskFileMapProvider;
+    }
+
+    public InMemoryBufferCache getMemBufferCache() {
+        return memBufferCache;
+    }
+
+    public InMemoryFreePageManager getMemFreePageManager() {
+        return memFreePageManager;
+    }
+
+    public IHyracksTaskContext getHyracksTastContext() {
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    public String getOnDiskDir() {
+        return onDiskDir;
+    }
+
+    public Random getRandom() {
+        return rnd;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 8f619a4..0000000
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/AbstractRTreeTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * you may obtain a copy of the License from
- * 
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- * 
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree;
-
-import java.io.File;
-import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
-import java.util.Date;
-import java.util.logging.Logger;
-
-import org.junit.AfterClass;
-
-public abstract class AbstractRTreeTest {
-
-	protected static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(AbstractRTreeTest.class.getName());
-	protected final static SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat(
-			"ddMMyy-hhmmssSS");
-	protected final static String tmpDir = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");
-	protected final static String sep = System.getProperty("file.separator");
-	protected final static String fileName = tmpDir + sep
-			+ simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
-
-	@AfterClass
-	public static void cleanup() throws Exception {
-		File f = new File(fileName);
-		f.deleteOnExit();
-	}
-}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeBulkLoadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeBulkLoadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38f3a66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeBulkLoadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestHarness;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class RTreeBulkLoadTest extends AbstractRTreeBulkLoadTest {
+
+    public RTreeBulkLoadTest() {
+        super(1);
+    }
+
+    private final RTreeTestHarness harness = new RTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+        return RTreeTestContext.create(harness.getBufferCache(), harness.getTreeFileId(), fieldSerdes,
+                valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeDeleteTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeDeleteTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f1d647
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeDeleteTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeDeleteTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestHarness;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class RTreeDeleteTest extends AbstractRTreeDeleteTest {
+
+    private final RTreeTestHarness harness = new RTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+        return RTreeTestContext.create(harness.getBufferCache(), harness.getTreeFileId(), fieldSerdes,
+                valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeExamplesTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeExamplesTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8932656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeExamplesTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeExamplesTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestHarness;
+
+public class RTreeExamplesTest extends AbstractRTreeExamplesTest {
+    private final RTreeTestHarness harness = new RTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories)
+            throws TreeIndexException {
+        return RTreeUtils.createRTree(harness.getBufferCache(), typeTraits,
+                valueProviderFactories, rtreeCmpFactories);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int getIndexFileId() {
+        return harness.getTreeFileId();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeInsertTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeInsertTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..943c477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeInsertTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeInsertTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestHarness;
+
+/**
+ * Tests the BTree insert operation with strings and integer fields using
+ * various numbers of key and payload fields.
+ * 
+ * Each tests first fills a BTree with randomly generated tuples. We compare the
+ * following operations against expected results: 1. Point searches for all
+ * tuples. 2. Ordered scan. 3. Disk-order scan. 4. Range search (and prefix
+ * search for composite keys).
+ * 
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class RTreeInsertTest extends AbstractRTreeInsertTest {
+
+    private final RTreeTestHarness harness = new RTreeTestHarness();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected AbstractRTreeTestContext createTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes,
+            IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories, int numKeys) throws Exception {
+        return RTreeTestContext.create(harness.getBufferCache(), harness.getTreeFileId(), fieldSerdes,
+                valueProviderFactories, numKeys);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Random getRandom() {
+        return harness.getRandom();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeSearchCursorTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeSearchCursorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0631c20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeSearchCursorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.accessors.PointableBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.IntegerPointable;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManager;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSearchCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.RTreeCheckTuple;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.RTreeTestUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.AbstractRTreeTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+
+public class RTreeSearchCursorTest extends AbstractRTreeTest {
+
+    private final RTreeTestUtils rTreeTestUtils;
+    private Random rnd = new Random(50);
+
+    public RTreeSearchCursorTest() {
+        this.rTreeTestUtils = new RTreeTestUtils();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        super.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+    @Test
+    public void rangeSearchTest() throws Exception {
+        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            LOGGER.info("TESTING RANGE SEARCH CURSOR FOR RTREE");
+        }
+
+        IBufferCache bufferCache = harness.getBufferCache();
+        int rtreeFileId = harness.getTreeFileId();
+
+        // Declare fields.
+        int fieldCount = 5;
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
+        typeTraits[0] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[1] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[2] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[3] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        typeTraits[4] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
+        // Declare field serdes.
+        ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
+                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
+
+        // Declare keys.
+        int keyFieldCount = 4;
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = new IBinaryComparatorFactory[keyFieldCount];
+        cmpFactories[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        cmpFactories[1] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        cmpFactories[2] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+        cmpFactories[3] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        // create value providers
+        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
+                cmpFactories.length, IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
+
+        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
+        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
+
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
+                valueProviderFactories);
+        ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
+                valueProviderFactories);
+
+        IRTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame = (IRTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
+        IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IRTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
+        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, 0, metaFrameFactory);
+
+        RTree rtree = new RTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmpFactories, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory,
+                leafFrameFactory);
+        rtree.create(rtreeFileId);
+        rtree.open(rtreeFileId);
+
+        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference tuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = rtree.createAccessor();
+        int numInserts = 10000;
+        ArrayList<RTreeCheckTuple> checkTuples = new ArrayList<RTreeCheckTuple>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numInserts; i++) {
+            int p1x = rnd.nextInt();
+            int p1y = rnd.nextInt();
+            int p2x = rnd.nextInt();
+            int p2y = rnd.nextInt();
+
+            int pk = rnd.nextInt();;
+
+            TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(tb, tuple, Math.min(p1x, p2x), Math.min(p1y, p2y), Math.max(p1x, p2x),
+                    Math.max(p1y, p2y), pk);
+            try {
+                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
+            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
+            }
+            RTreeCheckTuple checkTuple = new RTreeCheckTuple(fieldCount, keyFieldCount);
+            checkTuple.add(Math.min(p1x, p2x));
+            checkTuple.add(Math.min(p1y, p2y));
+            checkTuple.add(Math.max(p1x, p2x));
+            checkTuple.add(Math.max(p1y, p2y));
+            checkTuple.add(pk);
+
+            checkTuples.add(checkTuple);
+        }
+
+        // Build key.
+        ArrayTupleBuilder keyTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(keyFieldCount);
+        ArrayTupleReference key = new ArrayTupleReference();
+        TupleUtils.createIntegerTuple(keyTb, key, -1000, -1000, 1000, 1000);
+
+        MultiComparator cmp = MultiComparator.create(cmpFactories);
+        ITreeIndexCursor searchCursor = new RTreeSearchCursor(interiorFrame, leafFrame);
+        SearchPredicate searchPredicate = new SearchPredicate(key, cmp);
+
+        RTreeCheckTuple keyCheck = (RTreeCheckTuple) rTreeTestUtils.createCheckTupleFromTuple(key, fieldSerdes,
+                keyFieldCount);
+        ArrayList<RTreeCheckTuple> expectedResult = rTreeTestUtils.getRangeSearchExpectedResults(checkTuples, keyCheck);
+
+        rTreeTestUtils.getRangeSearchExpectedResults(checkTuples, keyCheck);
+        indexAccessor.search(searchCursor, searchPredicate);
+
+        rTreeTestUtils.checkExpectedResults(searchCursor, expectedResult, fieldSerdes, keyFieldCount, null);
+
+        rtree.close();
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 9fe2c94..0000000
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/RTreeTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,769 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * you may obtain a copy of the License from
- * 
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- * 
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree;
-
-import java.io.DataOutput;
-import java.io.File;
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-import java.util.Random;
-import java.util.logging.Level;
-
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameTupleAccessor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.accessors.PointableBinaryComparatorFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.DoublePointable;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.IntegerPointable;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.FrameTupleAccessor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.FrameTupleAppender;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.FrameTupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.TupleUtils;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.impls.TreeDiskOrderScanCursor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.util.TreeIndexStats;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.util.TreeIndexStatsGatherer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestUtils;
-
-public class RTreeTest extends AbstractRTreeTest {
-    private static final int PAGE_SIZE = 256;
-    private static final int NUM_PAGES = 10;
-    private static final int MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
-    private static final int HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
-    private IHyracksTaskContext ctx = TestUtils.create(HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE);
-
-    // create an R-tree of two dimensions
-    // fill the R-tree with random values using insertions
-    // perform ordered scan
-    @Test
-    public void test01() throws Exception {
-
-        TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(PAGE_SIZE, NUM_PAGES, MAX_OPEN_FILES);
-        IBufferCache bufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
-        IFileMapProvider fmp = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
-        FileReference file = new FileReference(new File(fileName));
-        bufferCache.createFile(file);
-        int fileId = fmp.lookupFileId(file);
-        bufferCache.openFile(fileId);
-
-        // declare keys
-        int keyFieldCount = 4;
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[keyFieldCount];
-        cmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-        cmps[1] = cmps[0];
-        cmps[2] = cmps[0];
-        cmps[3] = cmps[0];
-
-        // declare tuple fields
-        int fieldCount = 7;
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
-        typeTraits[0] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[1] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[2] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[3] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[4] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[5] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[6] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-
-        // create value providers
-        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
-                cmps.length, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
-
-        MultiComparator cmp = new MultiComparator(cmps);
-
-        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
-
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame = metaFrameFactory.createFrame();
-
-        IRTreeFrame interiorFrame = (IRTreeFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
-        IRTreeFrame leafFrame = (IRTreeFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, fileId, 0, metaFrameFactory);
-
-        RTree rtree = new RTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmp, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
-        rtree.create(fileId);
-        rtree.open(fileId);
-
-        ByteBuffer hyracksFrame = ctx.allocateFrame();
-        FrameTupleAppender appender = new FrameTupleAppender(ctx.getFrameSize());
-        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
-        DataOutput dos = tb.getDataOutput();
-
-        @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] recDescSers = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-        RecordDescriptor recDesc = new RecordDescriptor(recDescSers);
-        IFrameTupleAccessor accessor = new FrameTupleAccessor(ctx.getFrameSize(), recDesc);
-        accessor.reset(hyracksFrame);
-        FrameTupleReference tuple = new FrameTupleReference();
-
-        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = rtree.createAccessor();
-
-        Random rnd = new Random();
-        rnd.setSeed(50);
-
-        Random rnd2 = new Random();
-        rnd2.setSeed(50);
-        for (int i = 0; i < 5000; i++) {
-
-            double p1x = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p1y = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p2x = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p2y = rnd.nextDouble();
-
-            double pk1 = rnd2.nextDouble();
-            int pk2 = rnd2.nextInt();
-            double pk3 = rnd2.nextDouble();
-
-            tb.reset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk1, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk2, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk3, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-
-            appender.reset(hyracksFrame, true);
-            appender.append(tb.getFieldEndOffsets(), tb.getByteArray(), 0, tb.getSize());
-
-            tuple.reset(accessor, 0);
-
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("INSERTING " + i + " " + Math.min(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.min(p1y, p2y) + " "
-                            + Math.max(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.max(p1y, p2y));
-                }
-            }
-
-            try {
-                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
-            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
-            } catch (Exception e) {
-                e.printStackTrace();
-            }
-        }
-
-        String rtreeStats = rtree.printStats();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info(rtreeStats);
-        }
-
-        // disk-order scan
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("DISK-ORDER SCAN:");
-        }
-        TreeDiskOrderScanCursor diskOrderCursor = new TreeDiskOrderScanCursor(leafFrame);
-        indexAccessor.diskOrderScan(diskOrderCursor);
-        try {
-            while (diskOrderCursor.hasNext()) {
-                diskOrderCursor.next();
-                ITupleReference frameTuple = diskOrderCursor.getTuple();
-                String rec = TupleUtils.printTuple(frameTuple, recDescSers);
-                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                    LOGGER.info(rec);
-                }
-            }
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-            e.printStackTrace();
-        } finally {
-            diskOrderCursor.close();
-        }
-
-        TreeIndexStatsGatherer statsGatherer = new TreeIndexStatsGatherer(bufferCache, freePageManager, fileId,
-                rtree.getRootPageId());
-        TreeIndexStats stats = statsGatherer.gatherStats(leafFrame, interiorFrame, metaFrame);
-        String string = stats.toString();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info(string);
-        }
-
-        rtree.close();
-        bufferCache.closeFile(fileId);
-        bufferCache.close();
-
-    }
-
-    // create an R-tree of two dimensions
-    // fill the R-tree with random values using insertions
-    // and then delete all the tuples which result of an empty R-tree
-    @Test
-    public void test02() throws Exception {
-
-        TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(PAGE_SIZE, NUM_PAGES, MAX_OPEN_FILES);
-        IBufferCache bufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
-        IFileMapProvider fmp = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
-        FileReference file = new FileReference(new File(fileName));
-        bufferCache.createFile(file);
-        int fileId = fmp.lookupFileId(file);
-        bufferCache.openFile(fileId);
-
-        // declare keys
-        int keyFieldCount = 4;
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[keyFieldCount];
-        cmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-        cmps[1] = cmps[0];
-        cmps[2] = cmps[0];
-        cmps[3] = cmps[0];
-
-        // declare tuple fields
-        int fieldCount = 7;
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
-        typeTraits[0] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[1] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[2] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[3] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[4] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[5] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[6] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-
-        // create value providers
-        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
-                cmps.length, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
-
-        MultiComparator cmp = new MultiComparator(cmps);
-
-        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
-
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame = metaFrameFactory.createFrame();
-
-        IRTreeFrame interiorFrame = (IRTreeFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
-        IRTreeFrame leafFrame = (IRTreeFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, fileId, 0, metaFrameFactory);
-
-        RTree rtree = new RTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmp, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
-        rtree.create(fileId);
-        rtree.open(fileId);
-
-        ByteBuffer hyracksFrame = ctx.allocateFrame();
-        FrameTupleAppender appender = new FrameTupleAppender(ctx.getFrameSize());
-        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
-        DataOutput dos = tb.getDataOutput();
-
-        @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] recDescSers = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-        RecordDescriptor recDesc = new RecordDescriptor(recDescSers);
-        IFrameTupleAccessor accessor = new FrameTupleAccessor(ctx.getFrameSize(), recDesc);
-        accessor.reset(hyracksFrame);
-        FrameTupleReference tuple = new FrameTupleReference();
-
-        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = rtree.createAccessor();
-
-        Random rnd = new Random();
-        rnd.setSeed(50);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 5000; i++) {
-
-            double p1x = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p1y = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p2x = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p2y = rnd.nextDouble();
-
-            double pk1 = rnd.nextDouble();
-            int pk2 = rnd.nextInt();
-            double pk3 = rnd.nextDouble();
-
-            tb.reset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk1, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk2, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk3, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-
-            appender.reset(hyracksFrame, true);
-            appender.append(tb.getFieldEndOffsets(), tb.getByteArray(), 0, tb.getSize());
-
-            tuple.reset(accessor, 0);
-
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("INSERTING " + i + " " + Math.min(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.min(p1y, p2y) + " "
-                            + Math.max(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.max(p1y, p2y));
-                }
-            }
-
-            try {
-                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
-            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
-            } catch (Exception e) {
-                e.printStackTrace();
-            }
-        }
-
-        String rtreeStats = rtree.printStats();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info(rtreeStats);
-        }
-
-        rnd.setSeed(50);
-        for (int i = 0; i < 5000; i++) {
-
-            double p1x = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p1y = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p2x = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p2y = rnd.nextDouble();
-
-            double pk1 = rnd.nextDouble();
-            int pk2 = rnd.nextInt();
-            double pk3 = rnd.nextDouble();
-
-            tb.reset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk1, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk2, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk3, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-
-            appender.reset(hyracksFrame, true);
-            appender.append(tb.getFieldEndOffsets(), tb.getByteArray(), 0, tb.getSize());
-
-            tuple.reset(accessor, 0);
-
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("DELETING " + i + " " + Math.min(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.min(p1y, p2y) + " "
-                            + Math.max(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.max(p1y, p2y));
-                }
-            }
-
-            try {
-                indexAccessor.delete(tuple);
-            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
-            } catch (Exception e) {
-                e.printStackTrace();
-            }
-        }
-
-        TreeIndexStatsGatherer statsGatherer = new TreeIndexStatsGatherer(bufferCache, freePageManager, fileId,
-                rtree.getRootPageId());
-        TreeIndexStats stats = statsGatherer.gatherStats(leafFrame, interiorFrame, metaFrame);
-        String string = stats.toString();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info(string);
-        }
-
-        rtree.close();
-        bufferCache.closeFile(fileId);
-        bufferCache.close();
-
-    }
-
-    // create an R-tree of three dimensions
-    // fill the R-tree with random values using insertions
-    // perform ordered scan
-    @Test
-    public void test03() throws Exception {
-
-        TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(PAGE_SIZE, NUM_PAGES, MAX_OPEN_FILES);
-        IBufferCache bufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
-        IFileMapProvider fmp = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
-        FileReference file = new FileReference(new File(fileName));
-        bufferCache.createFile(file);
-        int fileId = fmp.lookupFileId(file);
-        bufferCache.openFile(fileId);
-
-        // declare keys
-        int keyFieldCount = 6;
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[keyFieldCount];
-        cmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-        cmps[1] = cmps[0];
-        cmps[2] = cmps[0];
-        cmps[3] = cmps[0];
-        cmps[4] = cmps[0];
-        cmps[5] = cmps[0];
-
-        // declare tuple fields
-        int fieldCount = 9;
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
-        typeTraits[0] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[1] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[2] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[3] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[4] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[5] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[6] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[7] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[8] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-
-        // create value providers
-        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
-                cmps.length, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
-
-        MultiComparator cmp = new MultiComparator(cmps);
-
-        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
-
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame = metaFrameFactory.createFrame();
-
-        IRTreeFrame interiorFrame = (IRTreeFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
-        IRTreeFrame leafFrame = (IRTreeFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, fileId, 0, metaFrameFactory);
-
-        RTree rtree = new RTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmp, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
-        rtree.create(fileId);
-        rtree.open(fileId);
-
-        ByteBuffer hyracksFrame = ctx.allocateFrame();
-        FrameTupleAppender appender = new FrameTupleAppender(ctx.getFrameSize());
-        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
-        DataOutput dos = tb.getDataOutput();
-
-        @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] recDescSers = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-        RecordDescriptor recDesc = new RecordDescriptor(recDescSers);
-        IFrameTupleAccessor accessor = new FrameTupleAccessor(ctx.getFrameSize(), recDesc);
-        accessor.reset(hyracksFrame);
-        FrameTupleReference tuple = new FrameTupleReference();
-
-        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = rtree.createAccessor();
-
-        Random rnd = new Random();
-        rnd.setSeed(50);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 5000; i++) {
-
-            double p1x = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p1y = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p1z = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p2x = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p2y = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p2z = rnd.nextDouble();
-
-            double pk1 = rnd.nextDouble();
-            int pk2 = rnd.nextInt();
-            double pk3 = rnd.nextDouble();
-
-            tb.reset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1z, p2z), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1z, p2z), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk1, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk2, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk3, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-
-            appender.reset(hyracksFrame, true);
-            appender.append(tb.getFieldEndOffsets(), tb.getByteArray(), 0, tb.getSize());
-
-            tuple.reset(accessor, 0);
-
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("INSERTING " + i + " " + Math.min(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.min(p1y, p2y) + " "
-                            + Math.min(p1z, p2z) + " " + " " + Math.max(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.max(p1y, p2y) + " "
-                            + Math.max(p1z, p2z));
-                }
-            }
-
-            try {
-                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
-            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
-            } catch (Exception e) {
-                e.printStackTrace();
-            }
-        }
-
-        String rtreeStats = rtree.printStats();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info(rtreeStats);
-        }
-
-        // disk-order scan
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("DISK-ORDER SCAN:");
-        }
-        TreeDiskOrderScanCursor diskOrderCursor = new TreeDiskOrderScanCursor(leafFrame);
-        indexAccessor.diskOrderScan(diskOrderCursor);
-        try {
-            while (diskOrderCursor.hasNext()) {
-                diskOrderCursor.next();
-                ITupleReference frameTuple = diskOrderCursor.getTuple();
-                String rec = TupleUtils.printTuple(frameTuple, recDescSers);
-                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                    LOGGER.info(rec);
-                }
-            }
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-            e.printStackTrace();
-        } finally {
-            diskOrderCursor.close();
-        }
-
-        TreeIndexStatsGatherer statsGatherer = new TreeIndexStatsGatherer(bufferCache, freePageManager, fileId,
-                rtree.getRootPageId());
-        TreeIndexStats stats = statsGatherer.gatherStats(leafFrame, interiorFrame, metaFrame);
-        String string = stats.toString();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info(string);
-        }
-
-        rtree.close();
-        bufferCache.closeFile(fileId);
-        bufferCache.close();
-
-    }
-
-    // create an R-tree of two dimensions
-    // fill the R-tree with random integer key values using insertions
-    // perform ordered scan
-    @Test
-    public void test04() throws Exception {
-
-        TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(PAGE_SIZE, NUM_PAGES, MAX_OPEN_FILES);
-        IBufferCache bufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
-        IFileMapProvider fmp = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
-        FileReference file = new FileReference(new File(fileName));
-        bufferCache.createFile(file);
-        int fileId = fmp.lookupFileId(file);
-        bufferCache.openFile(fileId);
-
-        // declare keys
-        int keyFieldCount = 4;
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[keyFieldCount];
-        cmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(IntegerPointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-        cmps[1] = cmps[0];
-        cmps[2] = cmps[0];
-        cmps[3] = cmps[0];
-
-        // declare tuple fields
-        int fieldCount = 7;
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
-        typeTraits[0] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[1] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[2] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[3] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[4] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[5] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[6] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-
-        // create value providers
-        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
-                cmps.length, IntegerPointable.FACTORY);
-
-        MultiComparator cmp = new MultiComparator(cmps);
-
-        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
-
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame = metaFrameFactory.createFrame();
-
-        IRTreeFrame interiorFrame = (IRTreeFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
-        IRTreeFrame leafFrame = (IRTreeFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, fileId, 0, metaFrameFactory);
-
-        RTree rtree = new RTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmp, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
-        rtree.create(fileId);
-        rtree.open(fileId);
-
-        ByteBuffer hyracksFrame = ctx.allocateFrame();
-        FrameTupleAppender appender = new FrameTupleAppender(ctx.getFrameSize());
-        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
-        DataOutput dos = tb.getDataOutput();
-
-        @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] recDescSers = { IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-        RecordDescriptor recDesc = new RecordDescriptor(recDescSers);
-        IFrameTupleAccessor accessor = new FrameTupleAccessor(ctx.getFrameSize(), recDesc);
-        accessor.reset(hyracksFrame);
-        FrameTupleReference tuple = new FrameTupleReference();
-
-        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = rtree.createAccessor();
-
-        Random rnd = new Random();
-        rnd.setSeed(50);
-
-        Random rnd2 = new Random();
-        rnd2.setSeed(50);
-        for (int i = 0; i < 5000; i++) {
-
-            int p1x = rnd.nextInt();
-            int p1y = rnd.nextInt();
-            int p2x = rnd.nextInt();
-            int p2y = rnd.nextInt();
-
-            double pk1 = rnd2.nextDouble();
-            int pk2 = rnd2.nextInt();
-            double pk3 = rnd2.nextDouble();
-
-            tb.reset();
-            IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk1, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk2, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk3, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-
-            appender.reset(hyracksFrame, true);
-            appender.append(tb.getFieldEndOffsets(), tb.getByteArray(), 0, tb.getSize());
-
-            tuple.reset(accessor, 0);
-
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("INSERTING " + i + " " + Math.min(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.min(p1y, p2y) + " "
-                            + Math.max(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.max(p1y, p2y));
-                }
-            }
-
-            try {
-                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
-            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
-            } catch (Exception e) {
-                e.printStackTrace();
-            }
-        }
-
-        String rtreeStats = rtree.printStats();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info(rtreeStats);
-        }
-
-        // disk-order scan
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info("DISK-ORDER SCAN:");
-        }
-        TreeDiskOrderScanCursor diskOrderCursor = new TreeDiskOrderScanCursor(leafFrame);
-        indexAccessor.diskOrderScan(diskOrderCursor);
-        try {
-            while (diskOrderCursor.hasNext()) {
-                diskOrderCursor.next();
-                ITupleReference frameTuple = diskOrderCursor.getTuple();
-                String rec = TupleUtils.printTuple(frameTuple, recDescSers);
-                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                    LOGGER.info(rec);
-                }
-            }
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-            e.printStackTrace();
-        } finally {
-            diskOrderCursor.close();
-        }
-
-        TreeIndexStatsGatherer statsGatherer = new TreeIndexStatsGatherer(bufferCache, freePageManager, fileId,
-                rtree.getRootPageId());
-        TreeIndexStats stats = statsGatherer.gatherStats(leafFrame, interiorFrame, metaFrame);
-        String string = stats.toString();
-        if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-            LOGGER.info(string);
-        }
-
-        rtree.close();
-        bufferCache.closeFile(fileId);
-        bufferCache.close();
-
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/SearchCursorTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/SearchCursorTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index a232e37..0000000
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/SearchCursorTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,252 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * you may obtain a copy of the License from
- * 
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- * 
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree;
-
-import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
-import java.io.DataInput;
-import java.io.DataInputStream;
-import java.io.DataOutput;
-import java.io.File;
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Random;
-import java.util.logging.Level;
-
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.comm.IFrameTupleAccessor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.RecordDescriptor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.accessors.PointableBinaryComparatorFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.DoublePointable;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.data.std.primitive.IntegerPointable;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.FrameTupleAccessor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.FrameTupleAppender;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.FrameTupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.DoubleSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.marshalling.IntegerSerializerDeserializer;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IFreePageManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexAccessor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.frames.LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.freepage.LinkedListFreePageManager;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeInteriorFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.api.IRTreeLeafFrame;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.frames.RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTreeSearchCursor;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tuples.RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
-import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestUtils;
-
-public class SearchCursorTest extends AbstractRTreeTest {
-    private static final int PAGE_SIZE = 256;
-    private static final int NUM_PAGES = 10;
-    private static final int MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
-    private static final int HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
-    private IHyracksTaskContext ctx = TestUtils.create(HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE);
-
-    // create an R-tree of two dimensions
-    // fill the R-tree with random values using insertions
-    // and then perform range search
-    @Test
-    public void searchCursorTest() throws Exception {
-
-        TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(PAGE_SIZE, NUM_PAGES, MAX_OPEN_FILES);
-        IBufferCache bufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
-        IFileMapProvider fmp = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
-        FileReference file = new FileReference(new File(fileName));
-        bufferCache.createFile(file);
-        int fileId = fmp.lookupFileId(file);
-        bufferCache.openFile(fileId);
-
-        // declare keys
-        int keyFieldCount = 4;
-        IBinaryComparator[] cmps = new IBinaryComparator[keyFieldCount];
-        cmps[0] = PointableBinaryComparatorFactory.of(DoublePointable.FACTORY).createBinaryComparator();
-        cmps[1] = cmps[0];
-        cmps[2] = cmps[0];
-        cmps[3] = cmps[0];
-
-        // declare tuple fields
-        int fieldCount = 5;
-        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = new ITypeTraits[fieldCount];
-        typeTraits[0] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[1] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[2] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[3] = DoublePointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-        typeTraits[4] = IntegerPointable.TYPE_TRAITS;
-
-        // create value providers
-        IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories = RTreeUtils.createPrimitiveValueProviderFactories(
-                cmps.length, DoublePointable.FACTORY);
-
-        MultiComparator cmp = new MultiComparator(cmps);
-
-        RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory tupleWriterFactory = new RTreeTypeAwareTupleWriterFactory(typeTraits);
-
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory interiorFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMInteriorFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
-        ITreeIndexFrameFactory leafFrameFactory = new RTreeNSMLeafFrameFactory(tupleWriterFactory,
-                valueProviderFactories);
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrameFactory metaFrameFactory = new LIFOMetaDataFrameFactory();
-        ITreeIndexMetaDataFrame metaFrame = metaFrameFactory.createFrame();
-
-        IRTreeInteriorFrame interiorFrame = (IRTreeInteriorFrame) interiorFrameFactory.createFrame();
-        IRTreeLeafFrame leafFrame = (IRTreeLeafFrame) leafFrameFactory.createFrame();
-        IFreePageManager freePageManager = new LinkedListFreePageManager(bufferCache, fileId, 0, metaFrameFactory);
-
-        RTree rtree = new RTree(bufferCache, fieldCount, cmp, freePageManager, interiorFrameFactory, leafFrameFactory);
-        rtree.create(fileId);
-        rtree.open(fileId);
-
-        ByteBuffer hyracksFrame = ctx.allocateFrame();
-        FrameTupleAppender appender = new FrameTupleAppender(ctx.getFrameSize());
-        ArrayTupleBuilder tb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(fieldCount);
-        DataOutput dos = tb.getDataOutput();
-
-        @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
-        ISerializerDeserializer[] recDescSers = { DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE,
-                DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE, IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE };
-        RecordDescriptor recDesc = new RecordDescriptor(recDescSers);
-        IFrameTupleAccessor accessor = new FrameTupleAccessor(ctx.getFrameSize(), recDesc);
-        accessor.reset(hyracksFrame);
-        FrameTupleReference tuple = new FrameTupleReference();
-
-        ITreeIndexAccessor indexAccessor = rtree.createAccessor();
-
-        Random rnd = new Random();
-        rnd.setSeed(50);
-        for (int i = 0; i < 5000; i++) {
-
-            double p1x = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p1y = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p2x = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p2y = rnd.nextDouble();
-
-            int pk = rnd.nextInt();
-
-            tb.reset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-
-            appender.reset(hyracksFrame, true);
-            appender.append(tb.getFieldEndOffsets(), tb.getByteArray(), 0, tb.getSize());
-
-            tuple.reset(accessor, 0);
-
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                if (i % 1000 == 0) {
-                    LOGGER.info("INSERTING " + i + " " + Math.min(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.min(p1y, p2y) + " "
-                            + Math.max(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.max(p1y, p2y));
-                }
-            }
-
-            try {
-                indexAccessor.insert(tuple);
-            } catch (TreeIndexException e) {
-            } catch (Exception e) {
-                e.printStackTrace();
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
-            double p1x = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p1y = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p2x = rnd.nextDouble();
-            double p2y = rnd.nextDouble();
-
-            int pk = rnd.nextInt();
-
-            tb.reset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.min(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1x, p2x), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            DoubleSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(Math.max(p1y, p2y), dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-            IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.serialize(pk, dos);
-            tb.addFieldEndOffset();
-
-            appender.reset(hyracksFrame, true);
-            appender.append(tb.getFieldEndOffsets(), tb.getByteArray(), 0, tb.getSize());
-
-            tuple.reset(accessor, 0);
-
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                LOGGER.info(i + " Searching for: " + Math.min(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.min(p1y, p2y) + " "
-                        + Math.max(p1x, p2x) + " " + Math.max(p1y, p2y));
-            }
-
-            ITreeIndexCursor searchCursor = new RTreeSearchCursor(interiorFrame, leafFrame);
-            SearchPredicate searchPredicate = new SearchPredicate(tuple, cmp);
-
-            indexAccessor.search(searchCursor, searchPredicate);
-
-            ArrayList<Integer> results = new ArrayList<Integer>();
-            try {
-                while (searchCursor.hasNext()) {
-                    searchCursor.next();
-                    ITupleReference frameTuple = searchCursor.getTuple();
-                    ByteArrayInputStream inStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(frameTuple.getFieldData(4),
-                            frameTuple.getFieldStart(4), frameTuple.getFieldLength(4));
-                    DataInput dataIn = new DataInputStream(inStream);
-                    Integer res = IntegerSerializerDeserializer.INSTANCE.deserialize(dataIn);
-                    results.add(res);
-                }
-            } catch (Exception e) {
-                e.printStackTrace();
-            } finally {
-                searchCursor.close();
-            }
-            if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
-                LOGGER.info("There are " + results.size() + " objects that satisfy the query");
-            }
-        }
-
-        rtree.close();
-        bufferCache.closeFile(fileId);
-        bufferCache.close();
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/multithread/RTreeMultiThreadTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/multithread/RTreeMultiThreadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad5e46f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/multithread/RTreeMultiThreadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.multithread;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestWorkloadConf;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils.RTreeTestHarness;
+
+public class RTreeMultiThreadTest extends AbstractRTreeMultiThreadTest {
+
+    private RTreeTestHarness harness = new RTreeTestHarness();
+
+    private RTreeTestWorkerFactory workerFactory = new RTreeTestWorkerFactory();
+
+    @Override
+    protected void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndex createTreeIndex(ITypeTraits[] typeTraits, IBinaryComparatorFactory[] rtreeCmpFactories,
+            IBinaryComparatorFactory[] btreeCmpFactories, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories)
+            throws TreeIndexException {
+        return RTreeUtils.createRTree(harness.getBufferCache(), typeTraits,
+                valueProviderFactories, rtreeCmpFactories);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory getWorkerFactory() {
+        return workerFactory;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> getTestWorkloadConf() {
+        ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf> workloadConfs = new ArrayList<TestWorkloadConf>();
+
+        // Insert only workload.
+        TestOperation[] insertOnlyOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertOnlyOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertOnlyOps)));
+
+        // Inserts mixed with scans.
+        TestOperation[] insertSearchOnlyOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.SCAN,
+                TestOperation.DISKORDER_SCAN };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertSearchOnlyOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertSearchOnlyOps)));
+
+        // Inserts and deletes.
+        TestOperation[] insertDeleteOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(insertDeleteOps, getUniformOpProbs(insertDeleteOps)));
+
+        // All operations mixed.
+        TestOperation[] allOps = new TestOperation[] { TestOperation.INSERT, TestOperation.DELETE, TestOperation.SCAN,
+                TestOperation.DISKORDER_SCAN };
+        workloadConfs.add(new TestWorkloadConf(allOps, getUniformOpProbs(allOps)));
+
+        return workloadConfs;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int getFileId() {
+        return harness.getTreeFileId();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getIndexTypeName() {
+        return "RTree";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/multithread/RTreeTestWorker.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/multithread/RTreeTestWorker.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72af5f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/multithread/RTreeTestWorker.java
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.multithread;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.comm.io.ArrayTupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.data.accessors.ITupleReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndexCursor;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.TreeIndexException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.ophelpers.MultiComparator;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector.TestOperation;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.SearchPredicate;
+
+public class RTreeTestWorker extends AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker {
+
+    private final RTree rtree;
+    private final int numFields;
+    private final ArrayTupleReference rearrangedTuple = new ArrayTupleReference();
+    private final ArrayTupleBuilder rearrangedTb;
+
+    public RTreeTestWorker(DataGenThread dataGen, TestOperationSelector opSelector, ITreeIndex index, int numBatches) {
+        super(dataGen, opSelector, index, numBatches);
+        rtree = (RTree) index;
+        numFields = rtree.getFieldCount();
+        rearrangedTb = new ArrayTupleBuilder(numFields);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void performOp(ITupleReference tuple, TestOperation op) throws HyracksDataException, TreeIndexException {
+        RTree.RTreeAccessor accessor = (RTree.RTreeAccessor) indexAccessor;
+        ITreeIndexCursor searchCursor = accessor.createSearchCursor();
+        ITreeIndexCursor diskOrderScanCursor = accessor.createDiskOrderScanCursor();
+        MultiComparator cmp = accessor.getOpContext().cmp;
+        SearchPredicate rangePred = new SearchPredicate(tuple, cmp);
+
+        switch (op) {
+            case INSERT:
+                rearrangeTuple(tuple, cmp);
+                accessor.insert(rearrangedTuple);
+                break;
+
+            case DELETE:
+                rearrangeTuple(tuple, cmp);
+                accessor.delete(rearrangedTuple);
+                break;
+
+            case SCAN:
+                searchCursor.reset();
+                rangePred.setSearchKey(null);
+                accessor.search(searchCursor, rangePred);
+                consumeCursorTuples(searchCursor);
+                break;
+
+            case DISKORDER_SCAN:
+                diskOrderScanCursor.reset();
+                accessor.diskOrderScan(diskOrderScanCursor);
+                consumeCursorTuples(diskOrderScanCursor);
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                throw new HyracksDataException("Op " + op.toString() + " not supported.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void rearrangeTuple(ITupleReference tuple, MultiComparator cmp) throws HyracksDataException {
+        // Create a tuple with rearranged key values to make sure lower points
+        // have larger coordinates than high points.
+        rearrangedTb.reset();
+        int maxFieldPos = cmp.getKeyFieldCount() / 2;
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
+                    tuple.getFieldLength(i), tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j));
+            if (c > 0) {
+                rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j));
+            } else {
+                rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+            }
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxFieldPos; i++) {
+            int j = maxFieldPos + i;
+            int c = cmp.getComparators()[i].compare(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i),
+                    tuple.getFieldLength(i), tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j));
+            if (c > 0) {
+                rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+            } else {
+                rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(j), tuple.getFieldStart(j), tuple.getFieldLength(j));
+            }
+        }
+        for (int i = cmp.getKeyFieldCount(); i < numFields; i++) {
+            rearrangedTb.addField(tuple.getFieldData(i), tuple.getFieldStart(i), tuple.getFieldLength(i));
+        }
+        rearrangedTuple.reset(rearrangedTb.getFieldEndOffsets(), rearrangedTb.getByteArray());
+    }
+
+    private void consumeCursorTuples(ITreeIndexCursor cursor) throws HyracksDataException {
+        try {
+            while (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                cursor.next();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            cursor.close();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/multithread/RTreeTestWorkerFactory.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/multithread/RTreeTestWorkerFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..822bf76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/multithread/RTreeTestWorkerFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.multithread;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.datagen.DataGenThread;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.test.TestOperationSelector;
+
+public class RTreeTestWorkerFactory implements ITreeIndexTestWorkerFactory {
+    @Override
+    public AbstractTreeIndexTestWorker create(DataGenThread dataGen, TestOperationSelector opSelector,
+            ITreeIndex index, int numBatches) {
+        return new RTreeTestWorker(dataGen, opSelector, index, numBatches);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/AbstractRTreeTest.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/AbstractRTreeTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fccb29c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/AbstractRTreeTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils;
+
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+
+public abstract class AbstractRTreeTest {
+    protected final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(RTreeTestHarness.class.getName());
+    protected final RTreeTestHarness harness;
+
+    public AbstractRTreeTest() {
+        harness = new RTreeTestHarness();
+    }
+
+    public AbstractRTreeTest(int pageSize, int numPages, int maxOpenFiles, int hyracksFrameSize) {
+        harness = new RTreeTestHarness(pageSize, numPages, maxOpenFiles, hyracksFrameSize);
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.setUp();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        harness.tearDown();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestContext.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestContext.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c298c0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestContext.java
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.IBinaryComparatorFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ISerializerDeserializer;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.dataflow.value.ITypeTraits;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.dataflow.common.util.SerdeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.common.api.ITreeIndex;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.impls.RTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.tests.AbstractRTreeTestContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.util.RTreeUtils;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class RTreeTestContext extends AbstractRTreeTestContext {
+
+    public RTreeTestContext(ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, ITreeIndex treeIndex) {
+        super(fieldSerdes, treeIndex);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getKeyFieldCount() {
+        RTree rtree = (RTree) treeIndex;
+        return rtree.getComparatorFactories().length;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IBinaryComparatorFactory[] getComparatorFactories() {
+        RTree rtree = (RTree) treeIndex;
+        return rtree.getComparatorFactories();
+    }
+
+    public static RTreeTestContext create(IBufferCache bufferCache, int rtreeFileId,
+            ISerializerDeserializer[] fieldSerdes, IPrimitiveValueProviderFactory[] valueProviderFactories,
+            int numKeyFields) throws Exception {
+        ITypeTraits[] typeTraits = SerdeUtils.serdesToTypeTraits(fieldSerdes);
+        IBinaryComparatorFactory[] cmpFactories = SerdeUtils.serdesToComparatorFactories(fieldSerdes, numKeyFields);
+        RTree rtree = RTreeUtils
+                .createRTree(bufferCache, typeTraits, valueProviderFactories, cmpFactories);
+        rtree.create(rtreeFileId);
+        rtree.open(rtreeFileId);
+        RTreeTestContext testCtx = new RTreeTestContext(fieldSerdes, rtree);
+        return testCtx;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestHarness.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestHarness.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8e9eab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/am/rtree/utils/RTreeTestHarness.java
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009-2010 by The Regents of the University of California
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * you may obtain a copy of the License from
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.am.rtree.utils;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.context.IHyracksTaskContext;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.exceptions.HyracksDataException;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.api.io.FileReference;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.buffercache.IBufferCache;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.storage.common.file.IFileMapProvider;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestStorageManagerComponentHolder;
+import edu.uci.ics.hyracks.test.support.TestUtils;
+
+public class RTreeTestHarness {
+
+    private static final long RANDOM_SEED = 50;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE = 256;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_NUM_PAGES = 100;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_OPEN_FILES = 10;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE = 128;
+
+    protected final int pageSize;
+    protected final int numPages;
+    protected final int maxOpenFiles;
+    protected final int hyracksFrameSize;
+
+    protected IHyracksTaskContext ctx;
+    protected IBufferCache bufferCache;
+    protected int treeFileId;
+
+    protected final Random rnd = new Random();
+    protected final SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("ddMMyy-hhmmssSS");
+    protected final String tmpDir = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");
+    protected final String sep = System.getProperty("file.separator");
+    protected String fileName;
+
+    public RTreeTestHarness() {
+        this.pageSize = DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE;
+        this.numPages = DEFAULT_NUM_PAGES;
+        this.maxOpenFiles = DEFAULT_MAX_OPEN_FILES;
+        this.hyracksFrameSize = DEFAULT_HYRACKS_FRAME_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    public RTreeTestHarness(int pageSize, int numPages, int maxOpenFiles, int hyracksFrameSize) {
+        this.pageSize = pageSize;
+        this.numPages = numPages;
+        this.maxOpenFiles = maxOpenFiles;
+        this.hyracksFrameSize = hyracksFrameSize;
+    }
+
+    public void setUp() throws HyracksDataException {
+        fileName = tmpDir + sep + simpleDateFormat.format(new Date());
+        ctx = TestUtils.create(getHyracksFrameSize());
+        TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.init(pageSize, numPages, maxOpenFiles);
+        bufferCache = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getBufferCache(ctx);
+        IFileMapProvider fmp = TestStorageManagerComponentHolder.getFileMapProvider(ctx);
+        FileReference file = new FileReference(new File(fileName));
+        bufferCache.createFile(file);
+        treeFileId = fmp.lookupFileId(file);
+        bufferCache.openFile(treeFileId);
+        rnd.setSeed(RANDOM_SEED);
+    }
+
+    public void tearDown() throws HyracksDataException {
+        bufferCache.closeFile(treeFileId);
+        bufferCache.close();
+        File f = new File(fileName);
+        f.deleteOnExit();
+    }
+
+    public IHyracksTaskContext getHyracksTaskContext() {
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    public IBufferCache getBufferCache() {
+        return bufferCache;
+    }
+
+    public int getTreeFileId() {
+        return treeFileId;
+    }
+
+    public String getFileName() {
+        return fileName;
+    }
+
+    public Random getRandom() {
+        return rnd;
+    }
+
+    public int getPageSize() {
+        return pageSize;
+    }
+
+    public int getNumPages() {
+        return numPages;
+    }
+
+    public int getHyracksFrameSize() {
+        return hyracksFrameSize;
+    }
+
+    public int getMaxOpenFiles() {
+        return maxOpenFiles;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/BufferCacheRegressionTests.java b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/BufferCacheRegressionTests.java
index 6c91cdd..fff9e31 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/BufferCacheRegressionTests.java
+++ b/hyracks-tests/hyracks-storage-common-test/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/hyracks/storage/common/BufferCacheRegressionTests.java
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
 		}
 		bufferCache.closeFile(firstFileId);
 		if (deleteFile) {
-			bufferCache.deleteFile(firstFileId);
+			bufferCache.deleteFile(firstFileId, false);
 		}
 
 		// Create a file with the same name.
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
 		testFileHandle.close();
 		bufferCache.closeFile(secondFileId);
 		if (deleteFile) {
-			bufferCache.deleteFile(secondFileId);
+			bufferCache.deleteFile(secondFileId, false);
 		}
 		bufferCache.close();
 	}
diff --git a/hyracks-tests/pom.xml b/hyracks-tests/pom.xml
index b120ba82..4596297 100644
--- a/hyracks-tests/pom.xml
+++ b/hyracks-tests/pom.xml
@@ -16,5 +16,8 @@
     <module>hyracks-storage-am-btree-test</module>
     <module>hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex-test</module>
     <module>hyracks-storage-am-rtree-test</module>
+    <module>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common-test</module>
+    <module>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree-test</module>
+    <module>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree-test</module>
   </modules>
 </project>
diff --git a/pom.xml b/pom.xml
index 0ab0646..ef46dab 100644
--- a/pom.xml
+++ b/pom.xml
@@ -94,6 +94,9 @@
     <module>hyracks-storage-am-common</module>
     <module>hyracks-storage-am-btree</module>
     <module>hyracks-storage-am-invertedindex</module>
+    <module>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-common</module>
+    <module>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-btree</module>
+    <module>hyracks-storage-am-lsm-rtree</module>
     <module>hyracks-storage-am-rtree</module>
     <module>hyracks-test-support</module>
     <module>hyracks-tests</module>